Why is Texas hold 'em so popular? - James McManus

1,058,840 views ใƒป 2024-01-04

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
Throughout the 1800s, in saloons across the West,
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19, ื‘ืกืœื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื‘,
00:10
you could find cowboys locked in tense standoffs.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืชื•ื—ื™ื.
00:14
But these werenโ€™t shootouts.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืจื™ื•ืช.
00:16
They were simply playing cardsโ€”
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื™ื—ืงื• ืงืœืคื™ื--
00:17
for a mountain of chips worth their weight in gold.
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ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืืกื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ืžืฉืงืœื ื‘ื–ื”ื‘.
00:22
Most men wore loaded pistols in case a player was caught cheating.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืฉืื• ืืงื“ื—ื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉืฉื—ืงืŸ ื ืชืคืก ื‘ื•ื’ื“.
00:26
When they prepared to make their bets, however,
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ืื•ืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
00:28
these cowboys werenโ€™t focused on their holsters or their cards,
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ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ื ืจืชื™ืง ืื• ื‘ืงืœืคื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
00:32
but rather on their opponentโ€™s face.
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ืืœื ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื.
00:34
Because not even a bullet could protect them from a well-executed bluff.
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ื›ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืคื ื™ ื‘ืœื•ืฃ ืžื‘ื•ืฆืข ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
00:41
From its earliest incarnations, poker has always been a battle of nerves.
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ืžืื– ื”ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื•, ืคื•ืงืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื‘ ืขืฆื‘ื™ื.
00:46
The game first emerged around 1800 in the melting pot of New Orleans.
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ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1800 ื‘ืกื™ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ืื•ืจืœื™ื ืก.
00:51
At this time, two games ruled the card tables:
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”, ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืงืœืคื™ื:
00:54
French poque played with a 20-card deck, and English Brag which used 52-cards.
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ืคื•ืง ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืฉืฉื™ื—ืงื• ืขื ื—ืคื™ืกืช 20 ืงืœืคื™ื, ื•ื‘ืจืื’ ืื ื’ืœื™ ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘-52 ืงืœืคื™ื.
01:01
Both these games saw players being dealt five cards from a four-suit deck,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื—ื™ืœืงื• ืœืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืงืœืคื™ื ืžืืจื‘ืข ื—ืคื™ืกื•ืช,
01:06
and then trying to make the best hand possible according to a simple hierarchy.
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ื•ืื– ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
01:12
They would then wager on whether or not they had the best handโ€”
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื”ืžืจื™ื ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืœื -
01:15
either adding more money to the pot
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ืื• ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืขื•ื“ ื›ืกืฃ ืœืงื•ืคื”
01:17
or folding and forfeiting their chance to win it.
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ืื• ื”ืชืงืคืœื• ื•ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื•.
01:20
But since each player's cards were only revealed at the end of the hand,
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ืืš ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืงืœืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื ื—ืฉืคื• ืจืง ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื“,
01:24
someone with bad cards could always bluffโ€”
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื ืงืœืคื™ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ืœืฃ -
01:27
betting enough to scare his opponents into folding.
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ืœื”ืžืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ื“ ืืช ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื• ืฉื™ืชืงืคืœื•.
01:31
Both games had slightly different hand combinations, but most importantly,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืฆืช, ืืš ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
01:36
Brag allowed players to discard and draw new cards,
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ื‘ืจืื’โ€ฒ ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ื•ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืงืœืคื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
01:40
making better hands more likely and allowing for another round of betting.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืกื‘ื‘ ื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืฃ.
01:48
Eventually, the Southerners merged the two games
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืžื™ื–ื’ื• ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื
01:51
into a new version of poqueโ€” which they pronounced pokuhโ€”
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ืœื’ืจืกื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืง -
01:54
that created bigger pots and opportunities for more complex bluffing.
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ืฉืื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ื˜ืื• pokuh - ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ืœื•ืฃ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:00
This winning combination of guile, guts, and gambling caught on quickly.
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ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืžื ืฆื— ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ืื•ืžืฅ ื•ื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ืชืคืก ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
02:05
But its popularity skyrocketed after the invention of the steamboat,
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ืืš ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื–ื™ื ืงื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืฆืืช ืกื™ืจืช ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ,
02:10
which carried livestock, goods, and card games
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ืฉื ืฉืื” ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืงืœืคื™ื
02:13
up the Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri rivers.
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ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™, ืื•ื”ื™ื• ื•ืžื™ื–ื•ืจื™.
02:17
By Abraham Lincolnโ€™s election in 1860,
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ืขื ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1860,
02:20
Americans in every state and territory were playing the newfangled bluffing game.
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ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื™ื—ืงื• ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื‘ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
02:25
And while many played for low, friendly stakes,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืงื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื,
02:28
some gamblers put their homes and livelihoods on the line.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืจื™ื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืคืจื ืกืชื ื‘ืกื›ื ื”.
02:32
These life-changing bets even found their way into popular novels
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ื”ื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืฆืื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ืœืจื•ืžื ื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
02:36
like โ€œGone with the Wind,โ€
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ื›ืžื• โ€œื—ืœืฃ ืขื ื”ืจื•ื—โ€œ,
02:38
where Scarlett Oโ€™Haraโ€™s father wins an entire plantation
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ืฉื ืื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกืงืจืœื˜ ืื•ื”ืจื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžื˜ืข ืฉืœื
02:41
in a single hand of poker.
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ื‘ื™ื“ ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืงืจ.
02:44
But as pots became bigger, so did the temptation to cheat.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื™ ืœืจืžื•ืช.
02:48
Some players enlisted an accomplice to spy on opponents
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื’ื™ื™ืกื• ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืจื’ืœ ืื—ืจ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื
02:52
and used props to communicate their hands.
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ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ื”ื.
02:55
Others marked important cards with nicks, dents, or invisible ink.
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ืื—ืจื™ื ืกื™ืžื ื• ืงืœืคื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื ื—ืจื™ืฆื™ื, ืฉืงืขื™ื ืื• ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”.
03:00
But perhaps the most common method was sneaking a cold deck into the game.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื’ื ื™ื‘ ื—ืคื™ืกื” โ€œืžื•ืขืจืžืชโ€ ืœืžืฉื—ืง.
03:06
Cold decks were pre-sequenced to give victims powerful hands
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โ€œื—ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื•ืขืจืžื•ืชโ€ ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืžืจืืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื•ืช
03:10
that encouraged them to bet big,
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ืฉืขื•ื“ื“ื• ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืžืจ ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
03:12
while giving the cheater an even better one.
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ืชื•ืš ืžืชืŸ ืœืจืžืื™ ื™ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:18
However, even cheaters had to keep up with the gameโ€™s constant changes.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ืจืžืื™ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง.
03:22
As poker moved west with the Gold Rush, new variants emerged.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืคื•ืงืจ ืขื‘ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื” ืขื ื”ื‘ื”ืœื” ืœื–ื”ื‘, ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
03:27
Five-card Stud became the game of choice
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Five-card Stud ื”ืคืš ืœืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”
03:29
among notorious gunmen like Doc Holliday, Wyatt Earp, and Wild Bill Hickok.
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœืฉืžืฆื” ื›ืžื• ื“ื•ืง ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื™ื™, ื•ื•ื™ืื˜ ืืจืค ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ืง.
03:35
With four rounds of betting,
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ืขื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื,
03:37
Five-card Stud produced even more lucrative pots,
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Five-Card Stud ื™ื™ืฆืจ ืงื•ืคื•ืช ืžืฉืชืœืžื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:41
encouraging so much cheating that California outlawed the game in 1885.
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ื•ืขื•ื“ื“ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืžืื•ืช ืฉืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 1885.
03:50
Meanwhile, back in Texas, another variant emerged
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ื˜ืงืกืก, ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื’ืจืกื” ืื—ืจืช
03:53
to solve the common problem of having too many players and not enough cards.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื•ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืงืœืคื™ื.
03:58
This game, known as Texas Hold'em,
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ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื˜ืงืกืก ื”ื•ืœื“ื,
04:01
became a favorite because its low ratio of private, hidden cards
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ื”ืคืš ืœืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ื ืžื•ืš ืฉืœื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืœืคื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื ืกืชืจื™ื
04:05
to shared, exposed cards
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ืœืงืœืคื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื•ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื
04:07
allowed for plenty of deductions and tactical maneuvering.
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ืื™ืคืฉืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืชืžืจื•ืŸ ื˜ืงื˜ื™.
04:11
Even more exciting was no-limit Holdโ€™em, which allowed players to go all in,
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ืžืจื’ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ื”- ื ื• ืœื™ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ืœื“ื, ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก
04:17
betting everything they had at any point in the hand.
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ื•ืœื”ืžืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื“.
04:22
In 1928, Hungarian polymath John von Neumann
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1928 ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ ื’โ€™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ
04:26
sought to explain the nuances of betting and bluffing in mathematical terms.
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ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื™ื•ืื ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืœื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื.
04:31
His work became the foundation for a whole new branch of mathematics
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืขื ืฃ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
04:35
called game theory,
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ื‘ืฉื ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื,
04:37
which has grown to be vitally important not only in high-stakes poker,
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ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืคื•ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
04:41
but in economics and military strategy.
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ืืœื ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช.
04:44
In the late 20th century, game theory became essential
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื” -20, ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช
04:47
for navigating the geopolitical bluffing game of nuclear warfare.
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ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื‘ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช.
04:54
Today, Americaโ€™s card game is an international affair,
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืงืœืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™,
04:58
attracting players from over a hundred countries
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ื”ืžื•ืฉืš ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžืื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
05:01
to the annual World Series of Poker.
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ืœืกื“ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืงืจ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
05:04
Fortunes are made and lost every day on casino floors, poker websites,
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ื”ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจื•ื•ื— ื•ืื•ื‘ื“ ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืงื–ื™ื ื•, ื‘ืืชืจื™ ืคื•ืงืจ
05:09
and in thousands of live and online tournaments.
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ื•ื‘ืืœืคื™ ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื.
05:12
So while a single game's outcome will never be certain,
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ืื– ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”,
05:16
poker is definitely here to stay.
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ื”ืคื•ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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