What does appendix pain feel like? - David R. Flum

1,274,009 views ใƒป 2024-09-05

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: dana menahem ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:07
In April 1961, the Sixth Soviet Antarctic Expedition took a harrowing turn.
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ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1961 ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืชืคื ื™ืช ืžื—ืจื™ื“ื”.
00:14
Doctor Leonid Rogozov, the teamโ€™s only physician,
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ื”ืจื•ืคื ืœื™ืื•ื ื™ื“ ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื•ื‘, ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช,
00:18
began feeling weak and feverish,
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ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื•ื—ื•ื,
00:21
with an excruciating pain in his right side.
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ืขื ื›ืื‘ ืžื™ื™ืกืจ ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•.
00:25
After a few days, it became clear that he had appendicitis,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื“ืœืงืช ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชืŸ,
00:30
an infection that can cause the appendix to burst.
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ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชืŸ.
00:34
And Rogozov knew that if his appendix did rupture,
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ื•ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื•ื‘ ื™ื“ืข ืฉืื ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชืŸ ืฉืœื• ืื›ืŸ ื™ื™ืงืจืข,
00:38
it would likely kill him.
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื•.
00:40
Outside a blizzard raged,
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ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ืฉืชื•ืœืœื” ืกื•ืคืช ืฉืœื’ื™ื,
00:43
making it dangerous for him to leave the station,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื ื”,
00:45
or to have anyone else travel in.
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ืื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืคื ื™ืžื”.
00:49
So Rogozov faced a gut-wrenching choice: wait for help that may never come,
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ืื– ืขืžื“ ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื•ื‘ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžื™ื™ืกืจืช: ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื–ืจื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชื’ื™ืข,
00:55
or cut open his own abdomen and remove the appendix himself.
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ืื• ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ื‘ื˜ื ื• ื•ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
01:01
While Rogozovโ€™s predicament may have been extreme,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื•ื‘ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™,
01:05
appendicitis is not uncommon.
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ื“ืœืงืช ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชืŸ ืื™ื ื” ื ื“ื™ืจื”.
01:08
It affects roughly 1 in 12 people.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 1 ืžื›ืœ 12 ืื ืฉื™ื.
01:11
So, what causes appendicitis?
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ืื–, ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื“ืœืงืช ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชืŸ?
01:14
And why is this organ so prone to bursting?
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ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ?
01:18
The appendix is a small, worm-shaped pouch attached to the large intestine
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ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ืก ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืชื•ืœืขืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก
01:24
that houses a diversity of gut microbes.
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ื”ืžืื›ืœืก ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ืžืขื™ื™ื.
01:28
Scientists long speculated that it was a useless artifact of evolution.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉื™ืขืจื• ื–ื” ืžื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืคืฅ ื—ืกืจ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
01:33
Recent evidence shows that this organ independently evolved
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ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ืื™ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—
01:37
in many different mammals.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:39
This suggests that it probably has some function,
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ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•,
01:43
though it's likely subtle.
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ืื ื›ื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ืŸ.
01:45
One possibility is that the appendix serves as a reservoir
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ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื•ืกืคืชืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืื’ืจ
01:49
for healthy gut bacteria,
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ืœื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื,
01:51
or it may play a role in mounting immune responses.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
01:55
What we do know is this puzzling organ can cause serious complications.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื” ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื.
02:01
Most cases of appendicitis start with some sort of obstruction.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืœืงืช ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืฉื”ื™ ื—ืกื™ืžื”.
02:06
For example, a small, dried piece of stool,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืฆื•ืื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืžื™ื•ื‘ืฉืช,
02:10
called an appendicolith,
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ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืืกืคื ื“ื™ืงื•ืœื™ื˜,
02:11
can lodge itself in the organโ€™s entrance.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื›ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ.
02:14
Other times, pathogens like viruses or parasites activate the immune system,
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ืคืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืื• ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช
02:20
causing inflammation.
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื“ืœืงืช.
02:22
This immune response may even be triggered
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ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืืฃ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืขืœืช
02:25
by one of hundreds of species of bacteria
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ืžืžืื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื
02:28
that normally reside in your gut.
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ื”ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
02:31
As a result, nearby lymph nodes swell,
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžืคื” ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืชื ืคื—ื•ืช,
02:34
effectively closing off the appendixโ€™s opening.
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ื•ืกื•ื’ืจื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ืคืชื— ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชืŸ.
02:38
Because the appendix is a closed loop, when it's sealed, pressure builds quickly.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื•ืกืคืชืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืœืื” ืกื’ื•ืจื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืื˜ื•ื, ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
02:43
This creates the perfect environment for bacteria to colonize and overgrow.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื–ืžืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
02:49
As the inflamed appendix bloats, discomfort sets in.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœืง ืžืชื ืคื—, ืื™ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช.
02:53
And this pain is different from your everyday stomach ache.
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ื•ื”ื›ืื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื›ืื‘ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš.
02:57
It typically starts near the belly button
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืจ
03:00
and then migrates to the lower right abdomen and intensifies.
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ื•ืื– ื ื•ื“ื“ ืœื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื•ืžืชืขืฆื.
03:05
If left untreated, the appendix can continue to stretch,
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ืื ืœื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืžืชื—,
03:09
hindering blood flow and weakening the organ walls.
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ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:12
Eventually, this can cause the appendix to rupture,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืงืจืข ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชืŸ,
03:16
allowing the infection to spread within the abdomen,
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ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ,
03:19
where it can pose fatal consequences.
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ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช.
03:22
Thankfully, not all cases of appendicitis will lead to a rupture,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืœืงืช ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืงืจืข,
03:26
but it's impossible to know exactly when or if
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ืืš ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืชื™ ืื• ืื
03:30
the appendix will burst from symptoms alone.
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ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชืŸ ื™ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ืžืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
03:33
So, itโ€™s recommended that all people with severe abdominal pain
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื›ืื‘ื™ ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืขื–ื™ื
03:38
seek immediate medical attention.
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ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™.
03:41
Since doctors first identified appendicitis in the late 1800s,
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ืžืื– ืฉื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื“ืœืงืช ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื” -19,
03:45
an appendectomy, or the surgical removal of the appendix,
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ืืคื ื“ืงื˜ื•ืžื™ื”, ืื• ื”ืกืจื” ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชืŸ,
03:49
has been the standard treatment.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™.
03:52
Itโ€™s normally performed quickly, within 24 hours of diagnosis.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืชื•ืš 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ืžืจื’ืข ื”ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ.
03:57
Doctors remove the inflamed organ, which can double in size,
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ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžืกื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœืง, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœื•,
04:01
either through one large incision,
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ื“ืจืš ื—ืชืš ืื—ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
04:03
or through several smaller incisions using a camera and small instruments.
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ืื• ื“ืจืš ืžืกืคืจ ื—ืชื›ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฆืœืžื” ื•ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
04:08
Recovery is typically quick,
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ื”ื”ื—ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื”ื™ืจื”,
04:10
and most patients are discharged within a day or two.
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื ืชื•ืš ื™ื•ื ืื• ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื.
04:14
Though, if the appendix has burst, surgery can be more extensive
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชืŸ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ, ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:19
as any bacteria and pus need to be thoroughly cleaned
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช
04:23
from the abdominal cavity.
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ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื•ืžื•ื’ืœื” ืžื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ.
04:25
In the long term, living without an appendix
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ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš, ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืœื ืชื•ืกืคืชืŸ
04:28
is unlikely to lead to any health issues.
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ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ืŸ.
04:31
Today, thanks to medical advances, many patients avoid surgery altogether.
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช, ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ืžื ืขื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื ื™ืชื•ื—.
04:37
Doctors have learned that appendicitis can often be treated
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ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœืžื“ื• ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื“ืœืงืช ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชืŸ
04:40
with a simple course of antibiotics,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืงื•ืคื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืžืชืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”,
04:43
started in the emergency room and continued at home.
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ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
04:47
No matter the chosen course of treatment,
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ,
04:49
itโ€™s likely to be less distressing than Rogozovโ€™s,
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฆืขืจ ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื•ื‘,
04:53
who, after giving himself local anesthesia,
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ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืขืฆืžื• ื”ืจื“ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช,
04:56
removed his own appendix, stitched himself up,
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ื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชืŸ ืฉืœื•, ืชืคืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•,
05:00
and resumed his regular duties just two weeks later.
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ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืจืง ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
05:04
Nevertheless, thanks to his story,
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ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื•,
05:07
doctors on remote stations in Antarctica now know to bring plenty of antibiotics
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื—ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืขืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”
05:12
to treat appendicitis,
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ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื“ืœืงืช ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชืŸ
05:14
just in case.
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ืœื™ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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