Why you should get paid for your data | Jennifer Zhu Scott

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Val Zhang

I grew up in the late '70s in rural China

我在 70 年代後期的中國農村長大，

during the final years of my country's pursuit of absolute equality

那是我的國家以自由為代價

at the expense of liberty.

來追求絕對平等的最後幾年。

At that time, everybody had a job,

那時人人有工作，

but everyone was struggling.

但人人都很辛苦。

In the early '80s, my dad was an electrician,

80 年代初期，我爸爸在當電工，

and my mom worked two shifts in the local hospital.

我媽媽在地方醫院輪兩個班。

But still, we didn't have enough food,

但我們仍然沒有足夠的食物，

and our living conditions were dismal.

過著清苦的生活。

We were undoubtedly equal --

無疑地，人人皆平等——

we were equally poor.

人人一樣窮。

The state owned everything.

什麼都是國家的。

We owned nothing.

我們什麼都沒有。

The story I'm going to share with you is about my struggles

我要跟各位分享的故事， 是我靠著恢復力、勇氣，

of overcoming adversity

with my resilience, grit and sheer determination.

和十足的決心， 努力克服逆境的故事。

No, I'm just kidding, I'm not going to do that to you.

不，開玩笑的， 我不會這樣對你們。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Instead, I'm going to tell you,

我真正要告訴各位的，

what I'm going to talk about today is about a new form of collective poverty

今天我來談的， 是種新式的集體貧窮，

that many of us don't recognize

我們許多人還沒體認到，

and that urgently needs to be understood.

但我們非常需要快點了解它。

I'm sure you've noticed that in the past 20 years,

我相信各位有注意到，這種 資產已在過去 20 年中出現。

that asset has emerged.

It's been generating wealth at a breakneck pace.

它以非常快的速度在創造財富。

As a tool, it has brought businesses deep customer insights,

做為工具，它帶給企業 深入的消費者洞察、

operational efficiency

運作效率，

and enormous top-line growth.

以及可觀的高速營收成長。

But for some,

但，對一些人而言，

it has also provided a device to manipulate a democratic election

它也可以是種操弄民主選舉的手段，

or perform surveillance for profit or political purposes.

或者為了利益或政治目的進行監控。

What is this miracle asset?

這種神奇資產到底是什麼？

You've guessed it: it's data.

你們都猜到了，是數據。

Seven out of the top 10 most valuable companies in the world are tech companies

世上最有價值的 10 家公司中 有 7 家是科技公司，

that either directly generate profit from data

它們直接由數據創造利潤，

or are empowered by data from the core.

或是以數據為核心能力。

Multiple surveys show

多項調查顯示，絕大部分的企業決策者

that the vast majority of business decision makers

regard data as an essential asset for success.

認為數據是成功的必要元素。

We have all experienced how data is shifting this major paradigm shift

我們都經歷了數據為

個人、經濟和政治 生活中帶來重大變革。

for our personal, economic and political lives.

Whoever owns the data owns the future.

擁有數據的人就擁有未來。

But who's producing the data?

但，是誰在製造數據？

I assume everyone in this room has a smartphone,

我假設在座各位都有 智慧手機、幾個社群媒體帳號，

several social media accounts

and has done a Google search or two in the past week.

且在過去一週內曾經 用 Google 做過幾次搜尋。

We are all producing data. Yes.

我們都在製造數據。是的。

It is estimated that by 2030, 10 years from now,

據估計 10 年後，也就是 2030 年，

there will be about 125 billion connected devices in the world.

全世界將會有 1250 億個連結的裝置。

That's an average of about 15 devices per person.

平均 1 個人有 15 個裝置。

We are already producing data every day.

我們已經每天都在製造數據了。

We'll be producing exponentially more.

製造的量還將以指數增長。

Google, Facebook and Tencent's combined revenue in 2018

2018 年，Google、臉書、騰訊

was 236 billion US dollars.

總合的收益是 2360 億美金。

Now, how many of you have received payment from them

在座有人曾因貢獻數據， 收到那些企業的酬勞嗎？

for the data you generate for them?

沒有吧？

None, right?

Data has immense value but is centrally controlled and owned.

數據有很高的價值， 但卻由集權控管、持有。

You are all walking raw materials for those large data companies,

對於大型數據公司而言， 各位都是活生生的原料，

but none of you are paid.

但沒有人得到酬勞。

Not only that,

不僅如此，各位甚至不被認為

you're not even considered as part of this equation for income.

是這個收入方程式的一部分。

So once again,

所以，又一次，

we are undoubtedly equal:

無疑的，人人皆平等，

we're equally poor.

人人一樣窮。

Somebody else owns everything, and we own nothing.

別人擁有一切，我們什麼都沒有。

Sounds familiar, doesn't it?

聽起來很耳熟，是吧？

So what should we do?

所以，我們該怎麼做？

There might be some clues in how my life turned out

或許能從我人生的轉捩點借鏡。

after that difficult start.

Things began to look up for my family in the '80s.

80 年代，我的家庭 狀況開始好轉了。

The system evolved,

體制演化了，

and people began to be allowed to own a piece of what we created.

人民開始可以擁有部分自己的成果。

"People diving into the ocean,"

「人們跳下海中」，

or "xia hai," the Chinese term,

或用中文說叫做「下海」，

described those who left state-owned enterprise jobs

指的是有人離開國營事業的工作，

and started their own businesses.

開始創業。

Private ownership of a business

私營企業

became personal ownership of cars,

帶動了私有汽車、

properties, food, clothes and things.

資產、食物、衣服，及其他東西。

The economic machine started rolling,

經濟機器開始運作，

and people's lives began to improve.

人民的生活開始改善。

For the first time,

有生以來第一次，

to get rich was glorious.

變富有是件光榮的事。

So in the '90s, when I went to study in Chengdu in west China,

90 年代，當我在 中國西部的成都讀書，

many young individuals like myself

許多像我這樣的年輕人

were well-positioned to take advantage of the new system.

處在很有利的狀況，善用新體制。

After I graduated from my university,

我從大學畢業後，

I cofounded my first business and moved to Shenzhen,

我和人共同創業，並搬到深圳，

the brand-new special economic zone that used to be a fishing village.

深圳以前是漁村， 現在是全新的經濟特區。

Twenty years later,

20 年後，

Shenzhen has become a global innovation powerhouse.

深圳成了全球創新的重鎮。

Private ownership was a form of liberty we didn't have before.

我們從未有過「私有」 這種形式的自由。

It created unprecedented opportunities for our generations,

它為我們的世代創造出了 前所未有的機會，

motivating us to work and study incredibly hard.

讓我們有動機去努力工作、讀書。

The result was that more than 850 million people rose out of poverty.

結果是，

至少 8 億 5 千萬人脫離了貧困。

According to the World Bank,

根據世界銀行的資訊，

China's extreme poverty rate in 1981, when I was a little kid, was 88 percent.

1981 年，也就是我小時候，

中國人民極度貧窮的比率佔 88%。

By 2015, 0.7 percent.

到了 2015 年，只剩 0.7%。

I am a product of that success,

我是改革成功下的產物，

and I am very happy to share that today, I have my own AI business,

我很高興能告訴各位，現今， 我有自己的人工智慧公司，

and I lead a very worldly and dynamic life,

我過著舒適且精彩的生活，

a path that was unimaginable when I was a kid in west China.

我小時候在中國西部， 無法想像這樣的未來。

Of course, this prosperity came with a trade-off,

當然，這種繁榮也是有代價的，

with equality, the environment and freedom.

那就是平等、環境，和自由。

And obviously I'm not here to argue that China has it all figured out.

顯然我來這裡並不是要 主張中國已經解決了所有問題。

We haven't.

並沒有。

Nor that data is fully comparable to physical assets.

數據也無法完全和實體資產相比。

It is not.

它並不能。

But my life experience allowed me to see what's hiding in plain sight.

但我的人生經歷讓我能看見 表面下隱藏的東西。

Currently, the public discourse

目前大家的討論，

is so focused on the regulatory and privacy issue

都聚焦在規定和隱私，

when it comes to data ownership.

當談到數據所有權議題，

But I want to ask:

但，我想要問：

What if we look at data ownership in completely different ways?

若我們用不同的觀點 來看待數據所有權呢？

What if data ownership is, in fact,

如果數據所有權實際上是個

a personal, individual and economic issue?

私人、個人、經濟的議題呢？

What if, in the new digital economy,

如果，在新的數位經濟中，

we are allowed to own a piece of what we create

我們能夠擁有自己所創造出的成果，

and give people the liberty of private data ownership?

並賦予眾人其數據的所有權呢？

The legal concept of ownership is when you can possess,

法律上，所有權的概念 是指你可以擁有、

use, gift, pass on, destroy

使用、贈予、傳遞、摧毀，

or trade it or sell your asset

或買賣你的資產，

at a price accepted by you.

只要價格是你可以接受的。

What if we give that same definition to individuals' data,

如果我們把同樣的定義 套用到個人數據上，

so individuals can use or destroy our data

也就是說個人可以 使用或摧毀自己的數據，

or we trade it at our chosen price?

或用自己選擇的價格賣掉？

Now, I know some of you might say,

我知道有些人可能會說：

"I would never, ever trade my data for any amount of money."

「不論多少錢，我的數據都是非賣品。」

But that, let me remind you, is exactly what you're doing now,

但，讓我提醒各位， 那正是你們在做的事，

except you're giving your data away for free.

差別只是你們現在 是把數據免費送人。

Plus, privacy is a very personal and nuanced issue.

此外，隱私是非常 個人化且微妙的議題。

You might have the privilege to prioritize your privacy over money,

你可能有餘裕選擇：隱私重於金錢，

but for millions of small business owners in China

在中國有數百萬名小型企業主

who can't get bank loans easily,

難以取得銀行貸款，

using their data to gain rapid loan approval from AI-powered lenders

他們用隱私換取快速貸款審核，

給那些運用人工智慧的 放款公司，滿足迫切的需求。

can answer their more pressing needs.

What's private to you

你認定的隱私和別人未必相同。

is different from what's private to others.

What's private to you now

你現在認定的隱私，

is different from what was private when you were in college.

和你大學時認定的不會相同。

Or, at least, I hope so.

或，至少我希望如此。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

We are always, although often subconsciously,

雖然通常是潛意識，但我們總是會

making such trade-offs

根據我們多樣化的個人信念

based on our diverse personal beliefs and life priorities.

和人生中重視的優先順序做取捨。

That is why data ownership would be incomplete

這就是為什麼數據所有權

若沒有定價的權力就不算完整。

without a pricing power.

By assigning pricing power to individuals,

賦予個人定價的權力，

we gain a tool to reflect our personal and nuanced preferences.

我們便有工具反映出 每個人細微差別的偏好。

So, for example, you could choose to donate your data for free

比如，你可以選擇 免費捐贈你的數據，

if a contribution to a particular medical research

如果對某個醫學研究能有所貢獻

is very meaningful for you.

對你而言意義非凡。

Or, if we had the tools to set our behavior data

或若我們有工具，能將行為數據訂價，

at a price of, say, 100,000 US dollars,

比如 10 萬美金，

I doubt any political group would be able to target

我懷疑會有任何政治團體能夠

or manipulate your vote.

以你為目標受眾，或操弄你投票。

You control. You decide.

你來掌控。你來決定。

Now, I know this sounds probably implausible,

我知道這可能聽起來難以置信，

but trends are already pointing to

但趨勢已經指出

a growing and very powerful individual data ownership movement.

個人數據所有權運動正蓄勢待發。

First, start-ups are already creating tools

首先，新創公司已經在開發

to allow us to take back some control.

能讓我們取回一些控制權的工具。

A new browser called Brave

有個新的瀏覽器叫做 Brave，

empowers users with "Brave Shields" -- they literally call it that --

用「Brave 盾牌」——真的 叫這個名字——賦權給使用者，

by aggressively blocking data-grabbing ads and trackers,

它會積極地去阻擋 會抓取數據的廣告和追蹤器，

and avoid leaking data like other browsers.

並避免像其他瀏覽器 那樣洩露數據。

In return, users can take back some bargaining and pricing power.

使用者的回報是取回 一些議價和定價的權力。

When users opt in to accept ads,

當使用者選擇接受廣告，

Brave rewards users with "basic attention tokens"

Brave 就會用「基本注意力 代幣」來獎勵使用者，

that can redeem content behind paywalls from publishers.

代幣可用來兌換付費內容。

And I've been using Brave for a few months.

我已經用 Brave 幾個月了。

It has already blocked more than 200,000 ads and trackers

它已經阻擋了超過 20 萬個廣告和追蹤器，

and saved hours of my time.

幫我省下許多時間。

Now, I know some of you interact with your browser

我知道有些人和瀏覽器的互動

more than with your partners, so --

比和另一半的互動還多，所以——

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

you should at least find one that doesn't waste your time and is not creepy.

你至少該去找個不會浪費時間 且讓你安心的瀏覽器。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Do you think Google is indispensable?

你們認為 Google 是不可或缺的嗎？

Think again.

再想一下。

A search engine is indispensable.

搜尋引擎是不或缺的。

Google just has the monopoly --

Google 只是獨大——目前為止。

for now.

A search engine called DuckDuckGo doesn't store your personal information

有個叫做 DuckDuckGo 的搜尋引擎

不會儲存你的個人資訊， 或讓廣告尾隨你，

or follow you around with ads

or track your personal browsing history.

或追蹤你的個人瀏覽歷史記錄。

Instead, it gives all users the same search results

它反而會提供所有使用者 同樣的搜尋結果，

instead of based on your personal browsing records.

不會根據個人瀏覽記錄 來調整搜尋結果。

In London, a company called digi.me

在倫敦，有間公司叫做 digi.me，

offers an app you can download on your smartphone

它提供一個智慧手機應用程式，

that helps to import and consolidate your data generated by you

它會匯入並整合你的數據，

from your Fitbit, Spotify,

包括來自你的 Fitbit、Spotify、 等社群媒體帳戶的數據。

social media accounts ...

And you can choose where to store your data,

你可以選擇要把 你的數據存在哪裡，

and digi.me will help you to make your data work for you

digi.me 會協助你應用你的數據，

by providing insights that used to be exclusively accessible

它將以前只有大型數據公司

by large data companies.

才能得到的洞察提供給你。

In DC, a new initiative called UBDI, U-B-D-I,

在華盛頓特區有個 新的倡議叫做 UBDI，

Universal Basic Data Income,

即：全民基本數據收入，

helps people to make money

它能協助大家賺錢，

by sharing anonymous insights through their data

透過他們的數據，分享匿名的洞察，

for companies that can use them for market research.

提供洞察給市場研究公司。

And whenever a company purchases a study,

每當有公司購買報告，

users get paid in cash and UBDI points to track their contribution,

使用者就能得到現金和 UBDI 點數來追蹤他們的貢獻，

potentially as much as 1,000 US dollars per year

據估計，每年可賺達 1 千美金。

per their estimation.

UBDI could be a very feasible path for universal basic income

UBDI 或可當作 全民基本收入的可行途徑，

in the AI economy.

在人工智慧經濟環境下。

Further, individual awareness of privacy and data ownership

此外，

每個人對於隱私 和數據所有權的意識

is growing fast

正在快速成長，

as we all become aware of this monster we have unleashed in our pocket.

因為我們都意識到口袋中 釋放出來的這隻怪獸。

I'm a mother of two preteen girls,

我有 2 個還沒到青春期的女兒，

and trust me,

相信我，

the single biggest source of stress and anxiety as a parent,

身為家長，壓力和焦慮最大的來源，

for me, is my children's relationship with technology.

對我來說，就是孩子和科技的關係。

This is a three-page agreement my husband and I make them sign

我和丈夫要求她們簽署3 頁長的合約，

before they receive their first [mobile phone].

簽了之後才能拿到 她們的第 1 支（手機）。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

We want to help them to become

我們想要協助她們成為

digital citizens,

數位公民，

but only if we can make them become smart and responsible ones.

但，前提是我們能讓她們成為 聰明和負責的數位公民。

I help them to understand what kind of data should never be shared.

我協助她們了解，什麼數據 再怎樣都不能分享出去。

So if you Google me,

若用 Google 搜尋我，

in fact -- actually, sorry -- if you DuckDuckGo me,

其實——抱歉—— 若用 DuckDuckGo 搜尋我，

you will find maybe a lot about me and my work,

可能會找到很多關於 我和我工作的數據，

but you may find no information about my daughters.

但可能找不到任何 關於我女兒的資訊。

When they grow up,

她們長大後，

if they want to put themselves out there, it's their choice, not mine,

如果她們想要公開， 那是她們的選擇，不是我的。

despite that I insist they're the most beautiful,

儘管，當然，我堅持她們是世界上

smartest and most extraordinary kids in the world, of course.

最漂亮、最聰明、最出色的孩子。

And I know many people are having similar conversations

我知道許多人有類似的對話，

and making similar decisions,

且做出類似的決定，

which gives me hope

這讓我燃起希望，

that a truly smart data-rich future will be here soon.

能很快見到一個真正 有智慧且豐饒數據的未來。

But I want to highlight the Clause 6 of this agreement.

但，我想要強調合約中的第 6 條。

It says, "I will never, ever search for any information online

這條是：「我絕對不會搜尋任何

if I would be embarrassed if seen by Grandma Dawnie."

唐妮奶奶看到之後，會讓我 覺得不好意思的資訊。」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Try it. It's really effective.

試試這方式。很有效。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Throughout history,

歷史上，

there has always been a trade-off between liberty and equality

一直存在自由和平等之間的取捨，

in the pursuit of prosperity.

在追求繁榮的過程中。

The world has constantly been going through the circle of wealth accumulation

世界經常要經歷：

財富累積到重新分配的循環。

to wealth redistribution.

As the tension between the haves and have-nots

當「有」與「沒有」之間的緊張

is breaking so many countries,

破壞這麼多國家之後，

it is in everyone's interest,

對大家都有利的作法

including the large data companies,

就是把大型數據公司也納入思考，

to prevent this new form of inequality.

來預防這種新形式的不平等。

Of course, individual data ownership is not the perfect nor the complete answer

當然，數據所有權私人化這個答案

無法完美或完整地解決

to this profoundly complex question

這個又深又複雜的問題：

of what makes a good digital society.

怎樣才是好的數位社會？

But according to McKinsey,

但根據麥肯錫，

AI will add 13 trillion US dollars of economic output in the next 10 years.

人工智慧會增加 13 兆美金經濟產值，

在 10 年內。

Data generated by individuals will no doubt contribute

無疑地，個人產生的數據

會對這巨大的成長有所貢獻。

to this enormous growth.

Shouldn't we at least consider an economic model

我們是否至少應該考慮

一個能夠賦權於民的經濟模型？

that empowers the people?

And if private ownership helped to lift more than 850 million people

如果私人所有權協助了

8 億 5 千萬人脫離貧困，

out of poverty,

it is our duty

我們有責任，

and we owe it to future generations

也是我們欠未來世代的，

to create a more inclusive AI economy

要創造出更不排他的人工智慧經濟，

that will empower the people in addition to businesses.

不只賦權給企業，也賦權給人民。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）