How AI is making it easier to diagnose disease | Pratik Shah

86,175 views ・ 2018-08-21

TED


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譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Helen Chang
00:13
Computer algorithms today are performing incredible tasks
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現今的電腦演算法能夠執行 很了不起的工作任務,
00:17
with high accuracies, at a massive scale, using human-like intelligence.
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有高度的精確性,規模可以很大, 且用的是類似人類的智慧。
00:21
And this intelligence of computers is often referred to as AI
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這種電腦的智慧通常被稱為 AI,
00:25
or artificial intelligence.
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也就是人工智慧。
00:27
AI is poised to make an incredible impact on our lives in the future.
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人工智慧已經準備好要對 我們未來的生活造成衝擊。
00:32
Today, however, we still face massive challenges
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然而我們現今仍然面臨很大的挑戰,
00:36
in detecting and diagnosing several life-threatening illnesses,
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包括偵測與診斷數種 會威脅生命的疾病,
00:40
such as infectious diseases and cancer.
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比如感染性疾病以及癌症。
00:44
Thousands of patients every year
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每年,有數千名病人
00:46
lose their lives due to liver and oral cancer.
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因為肝癌或口腔癌而喪命。
00:49
Our best way to help these patients
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若要幫助這些病人的最好方法
00:52
is to perform early detection and diagnoses of these diseases.
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就是早期偵測並診斷出這些疾病。
00:57
So how do we detect these diseases today, and can artificial intelligence help?
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現今我們要如何偵測出這些疾病? 人工智慧能幫得上忙嗎?
01:03
In patients who, unfortunately, are suspected of these diseases,
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對於很不幸被懷疑可能 得了這些疾病的病人,
01:07
an expert physician first orders
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專業的醫生首先會囑咐
01:10
very expensive medical imaging technologies
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採用非常昂貴的醫療成像技術,
01:12
such as fluorescent imaging, CTs, MRIs, to be performed.
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例如螢光成像、 電腦斷層掃瞄、核磁共振。
01:17
Once those images are collected,
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一旦收集到了這些影像,
01:19
another expert physician then diagnoses those images and talks to the patient.
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會有另一位專業醫生根據 這些影像做診斷,並和病人談。
01:24
As you can see, this is a very resource-intensive process,
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不難看出,這是非常耗資源的過程,
01:28
requiring both expert physicians, expensive medical imaging technologies,
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需要專業的醫生 和昂貴的醫療成像技術兩者,
01:32
and is not considered practical for the developing world.
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而這在開發中國家是不實際的;
01:35
And in fact, in many industrialized nations, as well.
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事實上,在許多工業化的國家亦然。
01:39
So, can we solve this problem using artificial intelligence?
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所以,我們能用人工智慧 來解決這個問題嗎?
01:43
Today, if I were to use traditional artificial intelligence architectures
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現今,若我要用傳統人工智慧架構
01:47
to solve this problem,
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來解決這個問題,
01:49
I would require 10,000 --
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我會需要一萬——
01:50
I repeat, on an order of 10,000 of these very expensive medical images
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我重覆一次,大約一萬張 這種非常昂貴的醫療影像
01:54
first to be generated.
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先被產生出來。
01:56
After that, I would then go to an expert physician,
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產生出來後,接著去找專業醫生,
01:59
who would then analyze those images for me.
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來為我分析這些影像。
02:01
And using those two pieces of information,
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用這兩種資訊,
02:03
I can train a standard deep neural network or a deep learning network
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我就能訓練標準的 深度類神經網路或深度學習網路
02:07
to provide patient's diagnosis.
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來提供對病人的診斷。
02:09
Similar to the first approach,
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和第一個方法很類似,
02:11
traditional artificial intelligence approaches
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傳統人工智慧方法
02:13
suffer from the same problem.
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也會遇到同樣的問題。
02:14
Large amounts of data, expert physicians and expert medical imaging technologies.
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大量的資料、專業醫生, 以及專業醫療成像技術。
02:20
So, can we invent more scalable, effective
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我們是否能發明 更有擴展性、更有效,
02:24
and more valuable artificial intelligence architectures
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且更有價值的人工智慧架構,
02:27
to solve these very important problems facing us today?
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來解決我們現今所面臨的 這些非常重要的問題?
02:31
And this is exactly what my group at MIT Media Lab does.
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這就是我的團隊在麻省理工學院 媒體實驗室在做的事。
02:34
We have invented a variety of unorthodox AI architectures
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我們已經發明了多種 非正統的人工智慧架構
02:38
to solve some of the most important challenges facing us today
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來解決我們現今在醫療成像 及臨床實驗方面
02:41
in medical imaging and clinical trials.
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所面臨的一些最重要的挑戰。
02:44
In the example I shared with you today, we had two goals.
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在今天我和各位分享的 例子中,我們有兩個目標。
02:47
Our first goal was to reduce the number of images
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我們的第一個目標是要減少
02:50
required to train artificial intelligence algorithms.
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訓練人工智慧演算法 所需要的影像數量。
02:53
Our second goal -- we were more ambitious,
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我們的第二個目標—— 我們的野心更大,
02:55
we wanted to reduce the use of expensive medical imaging technologies
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我們想要減少使用昂貴醫療成像技術
02:59
to screen patients.
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來篩選病人。
03:00
So how did we do it?
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我們要怎麼做?
03:02
For our first goal,
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針對第一個目標,
03:04
instead of starting with tens and thousands
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不像傳統人工智慧一開始
03:06
of these very expensive medical images, like traditional AI,
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要用到數萬張非常 昂貴的醫療影像,
03:09
we started with a single medical image.
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我們反而從單一張醫療影像開始。
03:11
From this image, my team and I figured out a very clever way
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從這張影像,我和我的團隊 想出了一個非常聰明的方法
03:15
to extract billions of information packets.
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來取出數十億個資訊封包。
03:17
These information packets included colors, pixels, geometry
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這些資訊封包包括用 顏色、像素、幾何學,
03:21
and rendering of the disease on the medical image.
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在醫療影像上呈現疾病。
03:24
In a sense, we converted one image into billions of training data points,
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在某種意義上,我們是把一張影像 轉變為數十億個訓練資料點,
03:28
massively reducing the amount of data needed for training.
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大大減少了訓練所需要的資料量。
03:32
For our second goal,
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至於第二個目標,
03:33
to reduce the use of expensive medical imaging technologies to screen patients,
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也就是減少使用昂貴的 醫療成像技術來篩選病人,
03:37
we started with a standard, white light photograph,
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我們一開始使用的是 一張病人的標準白光照片,
03:40
acquired either from a DSLR camera or a mobile phone, for the patient.
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可以用數位單眼相機或手機來拍攝。
03:44
Then remember those billions of information packets?
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接著,還記得 那數十億個資訊封包嗎?
03:46
We overlaid those from the medical image onto this image,
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我們將那些來自醫療影像的 封包疊到這張影像上,
03:50
creating something that we call a composite image.
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創造出我們所謂的合成影像。
03:53
Much to our surprise, we only required 50 --
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很讓我們驚訝的是, 我們只需要五十張——
03:56
I repeat, only 50 --
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我重覆一次,只要五十張——
03:58
of these composite images to train our algorithms to high efficiencies.
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這種合成影像,就能把我們的 演算法訓練到很高效能的程度。
04:02
To summarize our approach,
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總結一下我們的方法,
04:04
instead of using 10,000 very expensive medical images,
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我們不需要使用一萬張 非常昂貴的醫療影像,
04:07
we can now train the AI algorithms in an unorthodox way,
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我們現在可以用非正統的方法 來訓練人工智慧演算法,
04:10
using only 50 of these high-resolution, but standard photographs,
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只要用五十張高解析度的 一般標準照片,
04:14
acquired from DSLR cameras and mobile phones,
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用數位單眼相機或手機來拍攝即可,
04:17
and provide diagnosis.
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這樣就能提供出診斷結果。
04:18
More importantly,
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更重要的是,
04:19
our algorithms can accept, in the future and even right now,
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在未來,甚至在現在, 我們的演算法能接受
04:23
some very simple, white light photographs from the patient,
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病人非常簡單的白光照片,
04:25
instead of expensive medical imaging technologies.
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取代昂貴的醫療成像技術。
04:29
I believe that we are poised to enter an era
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我相信我們已經準備好 要進入一個新時代,
04:32
where artificial intelligence
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在這個時代,人工智慧
04:34
is going to make an incredible impact on our future.
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將會對我們的未來有很大的衝擊。
04:36
And I think that thinking about traditional AI,
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想想傳統人工智慧,
04:39
which is data-rich but application-poor,
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它在資料上很豐富, 但在應用上很有限,
04:42
we should also continue thinking
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我們應該要持續思考
04:43
about unorthodox artificial intelligence architectures,
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有沒有其他非正統的 人工智慧架構,
04:46
which can accept small amounts of data
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能夠接受更少量的資料,
04:48
and solve some of the most important problems facing us today,
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並解決一些現今我們 面臨最重要的問題,
04:51
especially in health care.
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特別是健康照護問題。
04:52
Thank you very much.
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非常謝謝。
04:54
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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