Jim Chuchu: Why are stolen African artifacts still in Western museums? | TED
64,330 views ・ 2021-08-25
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譯者: Sin Hang Sophia Leung
審譯者: Shelley Tsang 曾雯海
00:04
If you live in New York or London
or some other so-called cultural capital,
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如果你住在紐約、倫敦,
或者是其他所謂的文化首都,
00:09
it’s likely that you visited an art museum
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您很可能參觀過藝術博物館...
00:11
that features
a collection of African art.
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...收藏非洲藝術品的藝術博物館。
00:14
These collections usually consist
of masks and sculptures,
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這些藏品通常包括面具和雕塑,
00:17
but also include weapons
and ceremonial dress,
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但也有武器和禮服,
00:21
cutlery, jewelry, and even toys.
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餐具、珠寶,甚或玩具。
00:24
These objects are markers
of traditions and cultural beliefs,
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這些物品是傳統和文化信仰的標誌,
00:28
but also of adaptation and ingenuity,
science and spirituality.
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也包括適應和獨創性、科學和靈性。
00:33
Cultural objects are the way
that human beings say, “We were here.”
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文物是人類說「我們曾經在這裡」的方式。
00:38
Have you ever wondered how
these African objects ended up in museums?
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你曾否想過這些非洲物品是如何被送到博物館的呢?
00:43
Some were bought by traders and tourists,
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有些是由商人和遊客購買的,
00:46
some gifts exchanged
in acts of friendship
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有些是在友誼的交流中作為禮物互贈的,
00:49
and some were excavated
in archaeological digs.
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而有些則是在考古發掘中出土。
00:53
But then there are many others
that were looted during raids,
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但還有許多其他物品是在搶劫行動中被掠奪的。
00:56
confiscated by colonial forces
and stolen at gunpoint.
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被殖民軍隊沒收,或是在持槍威脅下被盗走。
01:02
I’m an artist and I tell
stories for a living.
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我是一名藝術家,而我靠講故事維生。
01:05
To tell stories you need
imagination and memory.
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要講故事,你必須得有想像力和記憶。
01:09
And in Kenya, we have a gap in our memory.
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在肯尼亞,我們的記憶中存在一個空白。
01:12
So much of what happened
in between the late 1800s
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有很多在19世紀末到1963年我們獨立的時期之間發生的許多事情...
01:15
until our independence
in 1963 is missing
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...都失蹤了。
01:18
because too many of the objects that tell
the stories from that period are gone.
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因為那時候很多講述故事經過的物件都不見了。
01:23
According to a 2018 report
on African cultural heritage,
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根據2018年關於非洲文化遺產的報告,
01:27
90 percent of sub-Saharan Africa’s
material cultural legacy
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撒哈拉以南非洲90%的物質文化遺產...
01:31
is housed outside the African continent.
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...都位於非洲大陸之外。
01:34
What does it mean for a society
to lose so many objects?
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對一個社會來說失去這麼多物品意味著什麼呢?
01:39
It means that we forget our religions
and our spiritual practices.
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這意味著我們將忘記我們的宗教和靈性實踐。
01:44
It means that we forget the names
of our kingdoms and heroes.
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這意味我們將忘記我們王國和英雄的名字。
01:48
It means that we forget our music,
our crafts and our languages.
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這意味我們將忘記我們的音樂、手工藝和語言。
01:52
We forget our stories.
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我們將忘記我們的故事。
01:54
And as a result,
we adopt other people’s religions
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結果是,我們接受了其他人的宗教,
01:57
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並將我們自己的宗教稱為巫術。
02:01
We start to eat burgers and pasta
and look down on our indigenous foods
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我們開始吃漢堡包和義大利麵,然後貶低土著食物。
02:07
and our children
begin to believe in their hearts
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而我們的孩子亦將從心地相信...
02:09
that other societies
have richer cultures.
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..其他社會有著比較濃厚的文化。
02:13
Where do you begin
to fix something like this?
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如何開始修復這樣的情況呢?
02:16
One place to start is to find out exactly
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我們可以從了解..
02:18
which objects are missing
and where they are.
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...到底是什麼物品消失了,而他們在哪裡。
02:21
In 2018, as a member
of The Nest Collective
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在2018年,作為 “The Nest Collective” 的成員之一,
02:23
and together the coalition
of Kenyan and European museums,
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和肯尼亞以及歐洲的博物館聯盟一起,
02:27
artists and researchers,
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藝術家和研究人員,
02:28
we co-founded the International
Inventories Programme,
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共同創立了國際清單計劃。
02:32
which began creating a database
of Kenyan cultural objects
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該計劃開始建立現在位於非洲大陸之外的肯尼亞文化物品...
02:35
that are held outside our country.
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...的數據庫。
02:38
We called and e-mailed
museums across North America and Europe,
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我們通過電話和電子郵件聯繫了北美和歐洲的博物館,
02:41
asking them if they had any Kenyan
cultural objects in their collections.
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詢問他們的收藏中擁有沒有任何肯尼亞文化物品。
02:46
We hosted public debates
about object restitution
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我們舉辦了關於物品歸還的公開辯論活動,
02:49
and created exhibitions to bring
the debate into the public sphere.
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並創建展覽,將辯論引入公共領域。
02:53
And that was the easy part.
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而那是簡單的部分。
02:55
The more difficult part for us Kenyans
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對我們肯尼亞人來說,較為困難的部分是...
02:58
was having to read through the most
troubling historical texts and records
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...閱讀最令人不安的歷史文獻和記錄。
03:03
from a time in history
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那是來自歷史上的某個時期。
03:04
when Africans were
on the receiving end of colonial force,
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當時非洲人處於殖民力量的接收端,
03:07
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受盡暴力和歧視。
03:10
Those texts are still difficult
to read even today.
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即使在今天,閱讀這些文本仍然很困難。
03:15
In two years, we collected data
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在兩年內,
03:16
on more than 32,000 objects
held by these institutions,
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我們從這些機構收集了超過32000物件的資料。
03:20
and that might seem like a huge number,
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那看似是大數目,
03:22
but there are many other institutions
that haven’t yet replied to our requests.
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單還有很多機構還沒有給我們回覆。
03:26
And that’s just Kenya.
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而那只是肯尼亞。
03:28
They are 46 other countries
in sub-Saharan Africa
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在撒哈拉以南非洲還有其他46個國家...
03:31
that have experienced
a similar extraction of objects.
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...也經歷了類似的物品流失。
03:34
Our next step is to publish
this database online,
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我們的下一步是將這個數據庫在網上發布,
03:37
so the data is accessible
to community leaders
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以便一些一直為物品歸還進行運動的社區領袖...
03:40
who have been campaigning
for the return of sacred objects,
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...可以輕易地存取這些數據。
03:43
but also for every teacher,
researcher and citizen
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也是讓各位希望知道我們遺失了什麼物品...
03:45
who wants to find out
what we are missing
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...在哪裡可以找到物品的
03:47
and where it can be found.
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...老師、研究人員和市民可以閱取資料。
03:50
We are not the only
initiative of our kind.
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我們不是唯一的這類倡議。
03:52
Across Africa and Asia,
there are other projects
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在非洲和亞洲,還有其他類似的項目...
03:55
asking similar questions
about their cultural heritage.
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...也有著相似的文化傳承問題。
03:58
Our hope is that we can provoke
institutions in North America and Europe
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我們的希望是能夠激勵北美和歐洲的機構...
04:03
to rethink the morality
of their collections.
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...讓他們重新思考他們收藏物品的道德。
04:06
We are asking them to account
for the violent histories
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我們要求他們...
04:08
of some of the objects
in their collections
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...透過更真實地表示收藏品...
04:11
by labeling their collections
more truthfully.
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...來解釋其收藏中某些物品的暴力歷史。
04:15
We are asking them to return objects
that were improperly acquired
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我們要求他們歸還以不當方式獲得的物品,
04:18
back to the communities that need them.
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讓它們回到需要它們的社區。
04:22
We are asking them
to trust African museums
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我們要求他們信任非洲博物館...
04:24
to store objects on behalf
of the people of Africa.
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...可以代表非洲人民儲存物品。
04:29
There can be no collective identity
without collective memory.
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沒有集體記憶就沒有集體身份。
04:33
So we are asking for our objects
to help us remember who we are.
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因此,我們要求我們的物品幫助我們記住我們是誰。
04:48
Thank you.
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謝謝大家。
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