Jim Chuchu: Why are stolen African artifacts still in Western museums? | TED

64,612 views ・ 2021-08-25

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: jiwon choo κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:04
If you live in New York or London or some other so-called cultural capital,
0
4584
4672
λ§Œμ•½μ— λ‰΄μš•μ΄λ‚˜ 런던과 같은 μ†Œμœ„ λ¬Έν™”μ˜ 쀑심지에 μ‚΄κ³  μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
00:09
it’s likely that you visited an art museum
1
9297
2294
ν•œλ²ˆμ―€μ€ λ―Έμˆ κ΄€μ„ λ°©λ¬Έν•΄λ³Έ 적이 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:11
that features a collection of African art.
2
11633
2127
아프리카 미술 μž‘ν’ˆμ„ μ „μ‹œν•˜λŠ” 그런 λ―Έμˆ κ΄€ 말이죠.
00:14
These collections usually consist of masks and sculptures,
3
14761
3170
주둜 λ§ˆμŠ€ν¬λ‚˜ 쑰각상을 μ „μ‹œν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
00:17
but also include weapons and ceremonial dress,
4
17973
3086
무기, 예볡
00:21
cutlery, jewelry, and even toys.
5
21101
2335
식기ꡬλ₯˜, 보석 심지어 μž₯λ‚œκ°λ„ ν¬ν•¨λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
These objects are markers of traditions and cultural beliefs,
6
24563
3420
이런 물건듀은 전톡과 문화적인 신념
00:28
but also of adaptation and ingenuity, science and spirituality.
7
28024
4922
적응λ ₯, 독창성, κ³Όν•™, μ˜μ„±μ˜ 증거가 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:33
Cultural objects are the way that human beings say, β€œWe were here.”
8
33989
3253
문화적 물건은 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ β€œμš°λ¦¬ 여기에 μ‘΄μž¬ν–ˆμ–΄μš”β€ 라고 μ•Œλ €μ£ΌλŠ” 것과 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:38
Have you ever wondered how these African objects ended up in museums?
9
38493
4213
μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μ˜ μœ λ¬Όλ“€μ΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 결과적으둜 λ―Έμˆ κ΄€μ— μ „μ‹œλ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€ 생각해 λ³Έ 적 μžˆλ‚˜μš”?
00:43
Some were bought by traders and tourists,
10
43415
2669
μΌλΆ€λŠ” μƒμΈλ“€μ΄λ‚˜ 관광객듀이 사듀여 μ™”κ³ 
00:46
some gifts exchanged in acts of friendship
11
46126
3336
μΌλΆ€λŠ” μš°μ •μ˜ 의미둜 μ„ λ¬Όλ˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:49
and some were excavated in archaeological digs.
12
49504
2878
λ˜ν•œ κ³ κ³ ν•™μžλ“€μ΄ λ°œκ΅΄ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
But then there are many others that were looted during raids,
13
53133
3587
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μŠ΅κ²©ν•˜μ—¬ μ•½νƒˆν•œ μœ λ¬Όλ“€λ„ λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:56
confiscated by colonial forces and stolen at gunpoint.
14
56761
3879
식민 κ°•λŒ€κ΅­μ˜ νž˜μ— λͺ°μˆ˜λ‹Ήν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ 총ꡬ의 μ•žμ—μ„œ ꡴볡할 수 밖에 μ—†μ—ˆμ£ .
01:02
I’m an artist and I tell stories for a living.
15
62350
3504
μ €λŠ” μ˜ˆμˆ κ°€μ΄κ³  이야기λ₯Ό λ§ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ§μ—…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
To tell stories you need imagination and memory.
16
65895
2670
이야기λ₯Ό μ „ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„  창의λ ₯κ³Ό κΈ°μ–΅λ ₯이 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:09
And in Kenya, we have a gap in our memory.
17
69566
2753
μΌ€λƒμ˜ μ—­μ‚¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 기얡에 곡백이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:12
So much of what happened in between the late 1800s
18
72360
3128
1800λ…„λŒ€ ν›„λ°˜λΆ€ν„° 케냐가 λ…λ¦½ν•œ 1963λ…„ μ‚¬μ΄κΉŒμ§€
01:15
until our independence in 1963 is missing
19
75530
3212
λ§Žμ€ 기얡듀이 μ†Œμ‹€λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:18
because too many of the objects that tell the stories from that period are gone.
20
78783
4088
κ·Έ μ‹œκΈ°μ˜ 이야기λ₯Ό μ•Œ 수 μžˆλŠ” μœ λ¬Όλ“€μ΄ μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
01:23
According to a 2018 report on African cultural heritage,
21
83997
3086
2018년에 μ§„ν–‰λœ 아프리카 λ¬Έν™” μœ μ‚° 기둝에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
01:27
90 percent of sub-Saharan Africa’s material cultural legacy
22
87125
3921
90%의 μ‚¬ν•˜λΌ 사막 μ΄λ‚¨μ˜ μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μ˜ 물질 λ¬Έν™” μœ μ‚°λ“€μ΄
01:31
is housed outside the African continent.
23
91087
2503
아프리카 λŒ€λ₯™μ˜ 밖에 μœ„μΉ˜ν•œλ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:34
What does it mean for a society to lose so many objects?
24
94758
3962
λ§Žμ€ μœ λ¬Όλ“€μ„ μžƒλŠ” 것이 μ‚¬νšŒμ—κ²Œ μ–΄λ–€ μ˜λ―ΈμΌκΉŒμš”?
01:39
It means that we forget our religions and our spiritual practices.
25
99763
3712
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 쒅ꡐ와 영적인 κ΄€λ‘€λ₯Ό μžŠμ–΄λ²„λ¦¬κ²Œ 되겠죠.
01:44
It means that we forget the names of our kingdoms and heroes.
26
104017
3337
μ™•κ΅­κ³Ό μ˜μ›…λ“€μ˜ 이름
01:48
It means that we forget our music, our crafts and our languages.
27
108104
3879
그리고 우리의 μŒμ•…, 기술, μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μžŠμ–΄λ²„λ¦¬κ²Œ λœλ‹€λŠ” λœ»μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:52
We forget our stories.
28
112025
2002
우리의 이야기λ₯Ό μžŠμ–΄λ²„λ¦¬κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
And as a result, we adopt other people’s religions
29
114694
3087
κ·Έ 결과둜 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ λ¬Έν™”μ˜ 쒅ꡐλ₯Ό 받아듀이고
우리 고유의 쒅ꡐλ₯Ό 주술이라고 λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:57
30
117822
2378
02:01
We start to eat burgers and pasta and look down on our indigenous foods
31
121910
5130
02:07
and our children begin to believe in their hearts
32
127082
2335
우리의 μžλ…€λ“€μ„ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬νšŒκ°€
02:09
that other societies have richer cultures.
33
129459
2544
λ”μš± ν’λΆ€ν•œ λ¬Έν™”λ₯Ό κ°€μ‘Œλ‹€κ³  μ§„μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ 믿게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
Where do you begin to fix something like this?
34
133171
2503
μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ¬Έμ œλŠ” μ–΄λ””μ„œλΆ€ν„° 고쳐야 ν• κΉŒμš”?
02:16
One place to start is to find out exactly
35
136466
1960
첫 번째둜 μ–΄λ–€ 물건듀이 μ—†μ–΄μ‘ŒλŠ”μ§€
02:18
which objects are missing and where they are.
36
138468
2711
그리고 μ§€κΈˆ 어디에 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ •ν™•νžˆ νŒŒμ•…ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
In 2018, as a member of The Nest Collective
37
141221
2544
2018λ…„ λ„€μŠ€νŠΈ μ½œλ ‰ν‹°λΈŒμ˜ λ©€λ²„λ‘œμ„œ
02:23
and together the coalition of Kenyan and European museums,
38
143807
3169
케냐와 유럽의 λ°•λ¬Όκ΄€ μ—°ν•©
02:27
artists and researchers,
39
147018
1752
μ˜ˆμˆ κ³Όμ™€ μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜
02:28
we co-founded the International Inventories Programme,
40
148812
3837
ꡭ제 λ¬Όλ₯˜ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ κ³΅λ™μ°½μ—…ν•˜μ˜€κ³ 
02:32
which began creating a database of Kenyan cultural objects
41
152691
3169
케냐 외에 μœ„μΉ˜ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μΌ€λƒμ˜ 문화적 μœ λ¬Όλ“€μ˜
02:35
that are held outside our country.
42
155902
2127
데이타 베이슀λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:38
We called and e-mailed museums across North America and Europe,
43
158071
3337
λ―Έκ΅­κ³Ό μœ λŸ½μ— μžˆλŠ” 박물관에 μ—°λ½ν•˜μ—¬
02:41
asking them if they had any Kenyan cultural objects in their collections.
44
161449
3963
μΌ€λƒμ˜ 문화적 μœ λ¬Όλ“€μ΄ μ „μ‹œλ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€ ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
We hosted public debates about object restitution
45
166371
2919
μœ λ¬Όλ°˜ν™˜μ— κ΄€ν•œ κ³΅κ°œν† λ‘ νšŒλ₯Ό κ°œμ΅œν•˜μ˜€κ³ 
02:49
and created exhibitions to bring the debate into the public sphere.
46
169332
3545
μ „μ‹œνšŒλ₯Ό κ°œμ΅œν•˜λ©΄μ„œ 토둠을 수면 μœ„λ‘œ λ– μ˜€λ₯΄κ²Œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:53
And that was the easy part.
47
173503
1627
κ±°κΈ°κΉŒμ§€λŠ” μ‰¬μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:55
The more difficult part for us Kenyans
48
175171
3420
μΌ€λƒμΈλ“€μ—κ²Œ 더 μ–΄λ €μš΄ 뢀뢄은
02:58
was having to read through the most troubling historical texts and records
49
178633
4379
λ”μ°ν•œ 역사기둝을 μ½μ–΄μ•Όν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:03
from a time in history
50
183054
1210
μ—­μ‚¬μ μœΌλ‘œ
03:04
when Africans were on the receiving end of colonial force,
51
184305
3629
아프리카인듀은 μ‹λ―Όμ§€λ°°λ‘œλΆ€ν„°
03:07
52
187976
1668
폭λ ₯와 차별을 κ²¬λŽŒμ•Όν–ˆκ³ 
03:10
Those texts are still difficult to read even today.
53
190645
2961
이런 기둝듀은 ν˜„μž¬κΉŒμ§€λ„ 읽기 νž˜λ“€ μ •λ„λ‘œ λ”μ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
In two years, we collected data
54
195275
1543
2λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ 우리 νŒ€μ€ 케냐 외에 μœ„μΉ˜ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”
03:16
on more than 32,000 objects held by these institutions,
55
196860
3295
32,000μ—¬ 개의 μœ λ¬Όλ“€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 정보λ₯Ό μˆ˜μ§‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:20
and that might seem like a huge number,
56
200196
2336
큰 숫자처럼 보일 수 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
03:22
but there are many other institutions that haven’t yet replied to our requests.
57
202574
3920
μ €ν¬μ˜ 연락에 λ‹΅λ³€μ‘°μ°¨ μ—†λŠ” 박물관듀도 λ§Žμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
And that’s just Kenya.
58
206536
1877
이것은 μΌ€λƒλ§Œμ˜ 이야기가 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
They are 46 other countries in sub-Saharan Africa
59
208455
2585
μ‚¬ν•˜λΌ 사막 μ΄λ‚¨μ˜ 아프리카에 μœ„μΉ˜ν•œ 46개의 λ‚˜λΌλ“€
03:31
that have experienced a similar extraction of objects.
60
211082
2878
μ—­μ‹œ μœ λ¬Όλ“€μ˜ 상싀을 κ²ͺμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
Our next step is to publish this database online,
61
214836
2961
우리 νŒ€μ˜ λ‹€μŒ κ³„νšμ€ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 사싀을 μ˜¨λΌμΈμ— κ³΅κ°œν•˜μ—¬
03:37
so the data is accessible to community leaders
62
217839
2169
μ„±μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ μœ λ¬Όλ“€μ˜ κ·€ν™˜μ„ 바라고 μžˆλŠ”
03:40
who have been campaigning for the return of sacred objects,
63
220049
2962
곡동체 λ¦¬λ”λ“€μ—κ²Œ μ •λ³΄μ˜ 접근성을 μ œκ³΅ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
but also for every teacher, researcher and citizen
64
223052
2753
뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ λΉΌμ•—κΈ΄ μœ λ¬Όλ“€μ˜ 행방을 μ•Œκ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ν•˜λŠ”
03:45
who wants to find out what we are missing
65
225847
1919
ꡐ사, μ—°κ΅¬μž, μ‹œλ―Όλ“€μ—κ²Œ
03:47
and where it can be found.
66
227807
1543
μœ λ¬Όλ“€μ˜ μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό μ•Œλ €μ£Όκ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:50
We are not the only initiative of our kind.
67
230393
2169
주도성을 μ°Ύκ³ μžν•˜λŠ” μ›€μ§μž„μ€
03:52
Across Africa and Asia, there are other projects
68
232604
2586
아프리카 μ „μ—­, μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ—λ„ μ§„ν–‰λ˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:55
asking similar questions about their cultural heritage.
69
235231
2753
λ¬Έν™”μœ μ‚°λ“€μ— λŒ€ν•œ λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ μ˜λ¬Έμ„ κ°–κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
03:58
Our hope is that we can provoke institutions in North America and Europe
70
238651
4463
우리의 희망은 λ―Έκ΅­κ³Ό 유럽의 기관듀을 μžκ·Ήν•˜μ—¬
04:03
to rethink the morality of their collections.
71
243156
3128
μ†Œμž₯ν’ˆμ— λŒ€ν•œ 양심을 λ‹€μ‹œ μƒκ°ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:06
We are asking them to account for the violent histories
72
246326
2627
λ°•λ¬Όκ΄€μ—μ„œ μ†Œμž₯ν•œ 아프리카 μœ λ¬Όλ“€μ„
04:08
of some of the objects in their collections
73
248995
2169
μ‚¬μ‹€λŒ€λ‘œ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κ³  λΆ„λ₯˜ν•˜μ—¬
04:11
by labeling their collections more truthfully.
74
251206
2377
μž”ν˜Ήν•œ 역사에 λŒ€ν•œ μ„€λͺ…을 μš”μ²­ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:15
We are asking them to return objects that were improperly acquired
75
255043
3253
λΆ€λ‹Ήν•˜κ²Œ 얻은 μœ λ¬Όλ“€μ΄ λ‹€μ‹œ
04:18
back to the communities that need them.
76
258338
2335
λ°˜ν™˜λ˜κΈ°λ₯Ό μ›ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
We are asking them to trust African museums
77
262175
2419
아프리카 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ λŒ€μ‹ ν•˜μ—¬ λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:24
to store objects on behalf of the people of Africa.
78
264636
2794
아프리카 박물관이 μœ λ¬Όλ“€μ„ 잘 보쑴할 것이라고 λ―Ώκ³  λ°˜ν™˜ν•΄μ£Όμ‹œκΈΈ μš”μ²­ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:29
There can be no collective identity without collective memory.
79
269098
3212
집단정체성은 κ³΅λ™μ˜ 기얡이 없이 완성될 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:33
So we are asking for our objects to help us remember who we are.
80
273311
4004
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λˆ„κ΅°μ§€ κΈ°μ–΅ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μœ λ¬Όλ“€μ˜ λ°˜ν™˜μ„ μš”μ²­ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:48
Thank you.
81
288576
1043
κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7