What you need to know about face surveillance | Kade Crockford

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Sunny Zhou

How many of you have ever heard someone say

誰曾經聽別人說過「隱私已死」？

privacy is dead?

Raise your hand.

來，請舉手。

How many of you have heard someone say

誰曾經聽別人說過

they don't care about their privacy because they don't have anything to hide?

他們不在乎他們的隱私， 因為他們沒什麼好隱瞞的？

Go on.

来，舉手吧。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Now, how many of you use any kind of encryption software?

現在你們誰有在使用任何一種加密軟體？

Raise your hand.

請舉手。

Or a password to protect an online account?

或者用密碼來保護線上的帳號？

Or curtains or blinds on your windows at home?

或者會在家裏的窗戶上 裝上窗簾或百葉窗？

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

OK, so that's everyone, I think.

好吧，我想每個人都舉手了。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

So why do you do these things?

你們為什麼要這樣做？

My guess is,

我猜是因爲你們在乎自己的隱私。

it's because you care about your privacy.

The idea that privacy is dead is a myth.

隱私已死這個想法是個謎思。

The idea that people don't care about their privacy

認為人可以不用在乎隱私，

because "they have nothing to hide"

只因“他們沒什麼好隱瞞的”， 或“他們沒做錯什麽事”，

or they've done nothing wrong

is also a myth.

這種想法也是個謎思。

I'm guessing that you would not want to publicly share on the internet,

我猜各位都不會想 在網路上公開分享

for the world to see,

讓全世界知道你的所有醫療記錄。

all of your medical records.

Or your search histories from your phone or your computer.

或者你手機或電腦上的 歷史搜索記錄。

And I bet

我敢說，

that if the government wanted to put a chip in your brain

如果政府想要把晶片 植入你的大腦中，

to transmit every one of your thoughts to a centralized government computer,

將你所有的想法通通 傳輸給中央政府的電腦，

you would balk at that.

你一定會遲疑。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

That's because you care about your privacy,

這正是因為你和所有人一樣在乎自己的隱私。

like every human being.

So, our world has changed fast.

我們的世界改變很快。

And today, there is understandably a lot of confusion

目前可以理解的是，

about what privacy is and why it matters.

大家仍對「隱私是什麼」、 「隱私很重要」的問題感到很困惑。

Privacy is not secrecy.

隱私並不是秘密。

It's control.

隱私是控制。

I share information with my doctor about my body and my health,

我和我的醫生分享 我的身體及健康狀況，

expecting that she is not going to turn around

並期望她不會轉身

and share that information with my parents,

就把那些信息告訴我的父母，

or my boss or my kids.

我的老闆，或我的孩子。

That information is private, not secret.

那些信息是隱私，不是秘密。

I'm in control over how that information is shared.

我要能控制那些信息 以何種方式被傳達出去。

You've probably heard people say that there's a fundamental tension

各位可能聽別人說過， 隱私和安全之間，

between privacy on the one hand

存在著一種根本上的緊張關係。

and safety on the other.

But the technologies that advance our privacy

但是科技在保護我們隱私的同時 也提升了安全性。

also advance our safety.

Think about fences, door locks,

例如柵欄、門鎖、

curtains on our windows, passwords,

窗簾、密碼、

encryption software.

加密軟體。

All of these technologies

上述這些科技

simultaneously protect our privacy and our safety.

同時保護著我們的隱私 以及我們的安全。

Dragnet surveillance, on the other hand, protects neither.

而另一方面，天羅地網式的監視 則使兩者都無法保護。

In recent years,

近年來，

the federal government tasked a group of experts

聯邦政府要求一群專家，

called The Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board

組成隱私與公民自由監督委員會，

with examining post-9/11 government surveillance programs,

用以審查911事件後實行的政府監控計劃，

dragnet surveillance programs.

法網監控計畫。

Those experts could not find a single example

那些專家完全找不到任何一個例子

of that dragnet surveillance advancing any safety --

可以說明法網監控 會提升任何安全性——

didn't identify or stop a single terrorist attack.

它完全沒有發現或阻止 任何一次恐怖襲擊。

You know what that information was useful for, though?

不過，你們知道那些資訊 可以用在哪裡嗎？

Helping NSA employees spy on their romantic interests.

協助國家安全局的員工 暗中監視他們感興趣的對象。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

(Audience: Wow.)

（觀眾：哇）

Another example is closer to home.

另一個例子更貼近生活。

So millions of people across the United States and the world

全美國及全世界有數百萬人

are adopting so-called "smart home" devices,

都在使用所謂的 「智慧家庭」裝置。

like internet-connected surveillance cameras.

比如連網的監控攝像頭。

But we know that any technology connected to the internet

但，我們知道， 任何連上網路的技術

can be hacked.

都可能被駭入。

And so if a hacker

如果有駭客

gets into your internet-connected surveillance camera at home,

駭入你家中的網路監控攝像頭，

they can watch you and your family coming and going,

他們就能監視你 和你的家人的行蹤，

finding just the right time to strike.

找到空檔時間去闖空門。

You know what can't be hacked remotely?

你們知道駭客不能 從遠端駭入什麼嗎？

Curtains.

窗簾。（笑聲）

(Laughter)

Fences.

柵欄。

Door locks.

門鎖。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Privacy is not the enemy of safety.

隱私並不是安全的敵人。

It is its guarantor.

隱私是安全的保障。

Nonetheless, we daily face a propaganda onslaught

無論如何，要我們因爲 監控計畫而放棄一些隱私

telling us that we have to give up some privacy in exchange for safety

以交換安全的宣傳， 天天都在轟炸我們。

through surveillance programs.

Face surveillance is the most dangerous of these technologies.

這些科技中， 最危險的就是人臉監控。

There are two primary ways today governments use technologies like this.

目前，政府使用這類 科技的方式主要有兩種。

One is face recognition.

第一是人臉識別。

That's to identify someone in an image.

也就是辨認出影像中的人。

The second is face surveillance,

第二是人臉監控，

which can be used in concert

會用在音樂會中，

with surveillance-camera networks and databases

搭配連網的監控攝像頭和數據庫，

to create records of all people's public movements,

記錄下所有人在公共場所的活動、

habits and associations,

習慣及聯係，

effectively creating a digital panopticon.

有效創造出一種數字化圓形監獄。

This is a panopticon.

這就是圓形監獄。

It's a prison designed to allow a few guards in the center

設計這種監獄的目的， 是爲了用較少的獄警

to monitor everything happening in the cells around the perimeter.

從中心就能監控到 周圍牢房中發生的一切。

The people in those prison cells can't see inside the guard tower,

在牢房中的犯人 看不見獄警塔的內部，

but the guards can see into every inch of those cells.

但獄警可以看見 那些牢房中的每個角落。

The idea here

這裡的想法是，

is that if the people in those prison cells

如果在牢房中的人

know they're being watched all the time,

知道他們時時刻刻 受到／可能受到監視，

or could be,

they'll behave accordingly.

他們就會做出相應的行為。

Similarly, face surveillance enables a centralized authority --

同樣地，人臉監控讓中央機關——

in this case, the state --

在這個例子中就是「州」——

to monitor the totality of human movement and association

能完全監視所有人在公共 場所的活動和聯係。

in public space.

And here's what it looks like

在現實中看起來是這個樣子。

in real life.

In this case, it's not a guard in a tower,

在這個例子中， 並不是塔中有獄警，

but rather a police analyst in a spy center.

而是間諜中心裡有警方分析師。

The prison expands beyond its walls,

監獄擴展到圍牆之外，

encompassing everyone,

時時刻刻圍住

everywhere, all the time.

任何地方的任何人。

In a free society,

在自由社會裡，

this should terrify us all.

這種事應該能把我們都嚇死。

For decades now, we've watched cop shows

數十年來，我們都看過警匪節目

that push a narrative that says

主推的故事線是

technologies like face surveillance ultimately serve the public good.

類似人臉監控的科技 最終對民衆是有益的。

But real life is not a cop drama.

但現實生活並非警匪劇。

The bad guy didn't always do it,

壞事不見得一定是壞人幹的，

the cops definitely aren't always the good guys

警察也絕不見得都是好人，

and the technology doesn't always work.

科技也不會一直有效。

Take the case of Steve Talley,

以史帝夫泰利案為例，

a financial analyst from Colorado.

他是科羅拉多的金融分析師。

In 2015, Talley was arrested, and he was charged with bank robbery

2015 年，泰利被逮捕， 他被控搶劫銀行，

on the basis of an error in a facial recognition system.

控訴的根據是 人臉識別系統的故障。

Talley fought that case

泰利努力洗清罪名， 並最終獲得清白，

and he eventually was cleared of those charges,

but while he was being persecuted by the state,

但在他被州迫害的這段時間，

he lost his house, his job and his kids.

他失去了他的房子、 他的工作和他的孩子。

Steve Talley's case is an example

史帝夫泰利案 說明了當科技出問題時會怎麼樣。

of what can happen when the technology fails.

But face surveillance is just as dangerous when it works as advertized.

但，人臉監控若能夠做到 宣傳上說的那些功能，

那危險性也一樣可觀。

Just consider how trivial it would be

想想看政府機關多麼輕易

for a government agency to put a surveillance camera

就能把監控攝像頭裝設

在舉辦匿名戒酒會的建築物外面。

outside a building where people meet for Alcoholics Anonymous meetings.

They could connect that camera

他們可以把那個攝像頭連結到 人臉監控的運行程序及數據庫中，

to a face-surveillance algorithm and a database,

press a button and sit back and collect

按下一個鍵之後，只要翹腳坐著

a record of every person receiving treatment for alcoholism.

就可以收集到每位接受 酗酒治療的患者記錄。

It would be just as easy for a government agency

政府機關同樣可以很輕易地

to use this technology to automatically identify

使用這項科技來自動識別

every person who attended the Women's March

參與女權遊行

or a Black Lives Matter protest.

或進行「黑命貴」抗爭的每個人。

Even the technology industry is aware of the gravity of this problem.

就連科技產業也意識到 這個問題有多沉重。

Microsoft's president Brad Smith has called on Congress to intervene.

微軟的總裁布拉德史密斯 已經呼籲國會干預。

Google, for its part,

至於 Google，

has publicly declined to ship a face surveillance product,

則已經公開拒絕 運送人臉監控產品，

in part because of these grave human and civil rights concerns.

有部分原因就是因為這些 關於人權和民權的重大考量。

And that's a good thing.

那是好事。

Because ultimately,

因為，最終，

protecting our open society is much more important

保護我們的開放社會遠比

企業獲利更重要。

than corporate profit.

The ACLU's nationwide campaign

美國公民自由聯盟 有個全國性的活動，

to get the government to pump the brakes

盼能讓政府採煞車，

on the adoption of this dangerous technology

別再採用這項危險的科技，

has prompted reasonable questions from thoughtful people.

該活動已經引發細心的人 提出合理的疑問。

What makes this technology in particular so dangerous?

是什麼讓這項科技特別危險？

Why can't we just regulate it?

爲什麽我們不能只控制它就好了？

In short, why the alarm?

簡言之，為什麼要這麼緊張？

Face surveillance is uniquely dangerous for two related reasons.

人臉監控的危險之處， 獨特在兩個原因，

One is the nature of the technology itself.

第一是這項科技本身的性質。

And the second is that our system

第二是我們的體制

fundamentally lacks the oversight and accountability mechanisms

從根本上就缺乏 監督和問責的機制，

that would be necessary

有這些機制才能確保

to ensure it would not be abused in the government's hands.

這項科技在政府手中不會被濫用。

First, face surveillance enables a totalizing form of surveillance

首先， 人臉監控讓前所未有的

全面監視形式成為可能。

never before possible.

Every single person's every visit to a friend's house,

每個人每次造訪朋友家、

a government office,

政府辦公室、

a house of worship,

教堂、

a Planned Parenthood,

計劃生育協會、

a cannabis shop,

大麻店、

a strip club;

脫衣舞俱樂部；

every single person's public movements, habits and associations

每個人在公共場所的活動、習慣、

聯係，都會被記錄、分類，

documented and catalogued,

not on one day, but on every day,

不是只有一天，是每一天，

merely with the push of a button.

只要按一個鍵就可以了。

This kind of totalizing mass surveillance

這種全面性的大眾監控

fundamentally threatens what it means to live in a free society.

從根本上威脅到了 在自由社會生活的意義。

Our freedom of speech, freedom of association,

我們的言論自由、結社自由、

freedom of religion,

宗教信仰自由、出版自由、

freedom of the press,

our privacy,

我們的隱私，不想被打擾的權利。

our right to be left alone.

You may be thinking,

各位可能在想，

"OK, come on, but there are tons of ways the government can spy on us."

「好啦，拜託，政府還有 一堆其他方式可以監視我們。」

And yes, it's true,

是的，沒錯，

the government can track us through our cell phones,

政府能通過我們的手機來追蹤我們，

但是，如果我想要去墮胎，

but if I want to go to get an abortion,

or attend a political meeting,

或者參加政治集會，

or even just call in sick and play hooky and go to the beach ...

甚至打電話請病假 然後跑去打曲棍球或到海灘去…

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

I can leave my phone at home.

我可以把手機留在家裡。

I cannot leave my face at home.

我不能把我的臉留在家裡。

And that brings me to my second primary concern:

這就來到了我所說的第二項議題：

How we might meaningfully regulate this technology.

我們要如何用有意義的方式 來管制這項科技。

Today, if the government wants to know where I was last week,

現今，如果政府想要 知道我上週在哪裡，

they can't just hop into a time machine and go back in time and follow me.

他們不能就跳上時光機 然後回到過去跟蹤我。

And they also, the local police right now,

如今的地方警察

don't maintain any centralized system of tracking,

他們也沒有任何集中式的追蹤系統，

where they're cataloging every person's public movements all the time,

能夠隨時把每個人 在公共場所的所有活動進行分類，

just in case that information some day becomes useful.

以免有一天會需要那些資訊。

Today, if the government wants to know where I was last week,

現今，如果政府想要 知道我上週在哪裡，

or last month or last year,

或上個月、去年，

they have to go to a judge, get a warrant

他們得要向法官取得搜查令，

and then serve that warrant on my phone company,

再把搜查令送到我的電信公司，

which by the way, has a financial interest in protecting my privacy.

順便説一下，電信公司會因為 財務利益而保護我的隱私。

With face surveillance,

有了人臉監控，

no such limitations exist.

這種限制就不見了。

This is technology that is 100 percent controlled by the government itself.

這項科技百分之百 由政府自己掌控。

So how would a warrant requirement work in this context?

所以，在這種情況下， 在要搜查令時會變成什麼樣子？

Is the government going to go to a judge

政府會向法官取得搜查令，

and get a warrant,

接著把搜查令送到他們自己那裡？

and then serve the warrant on themselves?

That would be like me giving you my diary,

那就像是我把我的日記給你，

and saying, "Here, you can hold on to this forever,

然後說：「拿去， 你可以一直留著它，

but you can't read it until I say it's OK."

但我沒說好之前你都不能讀它。」

So what can we do?

那我們該怎麽做？

The only answer to the threat

針對政府使用人臉監控

posed by the government's use of face surveillance

所造成的威脅，唯一的答案

is to deny the government the capacity to violate the public's trust,

就是拒絕給予政府可以 違反人民信任的能力，

by denying the government the ability

做法是不要給予政府建立

to build these in-house face-surveillance networks.

這些內部人臉監控網路的能力。

And that's exactly what we're doing.

那正是我們現在在做的事。

The ACLU is part of a nationwide campaign

美國公民自由聯盟 是這個全國性的活動一部分，

to pump the brakes on the government's use of this dangerous technology.

該活動旨在阻止政府使用這項危險的科技。

We've already been successful,

我們已經有些成果，

from San Francisco to Somerville, Massachusetts,

從舊金山到馬薩諸塞州的薩默維爾，

we have passed municipal bans

我們已經通過了市政禁令，

on the government's use of this technology.

禁止政府使用這項科技。

And plenty of other communities here in Massachusetts

在馬薩諸塞州以及全國各地 都有許多其他團體

and across the country

are debating similar measures.

也在討論類似的措施。

Some people have told me that this movement is bound to fail.

有些人跟我說， 這項運動注定會失敗。

That ultimately,

他們説，最終，

merely because the technology exists,

單單因為這項科技的存在，

it will be deployed in every context

它就會被各地的各個政府

by every government everywhere.

應用到所有情境中。

Privacy is dead, right?

隱私已死，對吧？

So the narrative goes.

至少說法是這樣的。

Well, I refuse to accept that narrative.

我拒絕接受那種說法。

And you should, too.

各位也應該拒絕。

We can't allow Jeff Bezos or the FBI

我們不能讓傑夫貝佐斯 （亞馬遜創始人）或聯邦調查局

to determine the boundaries of our freedoms in the 21st century.

來決定我們在二十一世紀的自由界線。

If we live in a democracy,

如果我們生活在民主國家，

we are in the driver's seat,

我們就是司機，

shaping our collective future.

來塑造我們共同的未來。

We are at a fork in the road right now.

現在，我們走到了十字路口。

We can either continue with business as usual,

我們可以繼續讓一切照舊，

allowing governments to adopt and deploy these technologies unchecked,

讓政府採取及部署 這些科技，不受管束，

in our communities, our streets and our schools,

部署在我們的社區中、街道上、學校裡，

or we can take bold action now

或者，

我們也可以現在就大膽行動，

to press pause on the government's use of face surveillance,

按下暫停鍵， 阻止政府使用人臉監控，

protect our privacy

保護我們的隱私，

and to build a safer, freer future

建立一個更安全、更自由的未來

for all of us.

為所有人。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause and cheers)

（掌聲及歡呼）