What it takes to make change | Jacqueline Novogratz

翻译人员: Zhen Jia 校对人员: Cissy Yun

几年前，我在卢旺达的基加利

向 1000 万东非低收入人群

介绍了一项离网太阳能计划。

A few years ago, I found myself in Kigali, Rwanda

我正等待着与总统和他的部长交谈，

presenting a plan to bring off-grid solar electricity

我回想起 自己 30 年前来到这个地方。

to 10 million low-income East Africans.

25 岁的我放弃了银行职业，

As I waited to speak to the president and his ministers,

与一小群卢旺达妇女

I thought about how I'd arrived in that same place 30 years before.

创立了该国第一家小额信贷银行。

A 25-year-old who left her career in banking

这发生的几个月前，当地女性获得了

独立开设银行账户的权利， 她们不再需要丈夫的签名同意了。

to cofound the nation's first microfinance bank

with a small group of Rwandan women.

在我上台之前，

And that happened just a few months after women had gained the right

一位年轻的女性走近我。

to open a bank account without their husband's signature.

“诺沃格拉茨女士，”她问道，

“您应该认识我的阿姨。”

Just before I got on stage,

“真的吗？

她叫什么名字？”

a young woman approached me.

她回答道，“费力古拉。”

"Ms. Novogratz," she said,

"I think you knew my auntie."

当时，我的眼眶就湿润了。

"Really?

What was her name?"

作为首批国家女议员中的一位，

She said, "Felicula."

费力古拉是银行的联合创始人，

I could feel tears well.

但在银行创立之后不久，

她就死于一次离奇的交通肇事逃逸。

One of the first women parliamentarians in the country,

Felicula was a cofounder,

有些人把她的死和她发起的

but soon after we'd established the bank,

Felicula was killed in a mysterious hit-and-run accident.

废除彩礼的政策联系起来，

彩礼是指付钱给一个父亲 来娶他女儿的习俗。

Some associated her death to a policy she had sponsored

to abolish bride price,

她的死让我震惊不已。

or the practice of paying a man for the hand of his daughter in marriage.

几年之后，

我也离开了这个国家，

卢旺达爆发了种族灭绝事件。

I was devastated by her death.

我不得不承认，

And then a few years after that,

after I'd left the country,

我时不时就会想到 这些人所做的工作，

Rwanda exploded in genocide.

我不禁想知道， 这些工作的影响力。

And I have to admit there were times

when I thought about all the work so many had done,

我转身走向那个女人，问道，

and I wondered what it had amounted to.

“对不起，你能再说一次你是谁吗?”

她回答说，“我的名字叫莫尼克,

我是卢旺达国家银行的副总督。”

I turned back to the woman.

"I'm sorry, would you tell me who you are again?"

如果你在我刚起步的时候告诉我，

She said, "Yes, my name is Monique,

在一代人的时间里，

and I'm the deputy governor of Rwanda's National Bank."

一位年轻女性将会去 领导她国家的金融版块，

If you had told me when we were just getting started

我不一定会相信你。

that within a single generation,

我也意识到 我已回到了原地，

a young woman will go on to help lead her nation's financial sector,

去继续费力古拉已经开始 却无法在生前完成的工作。

I'm not sure I would have believed you.

And I understood that I was back in that same place

对我来说，我也准备重新致力于

我此生也许无法完成的梦想。

to continue work Felicula had started but could not complete in her lifetime.

那天晚上我决定 给下一代孩子写一封信，

And that it was to me to recommit

to dreams so big I might not complete them in mine.

因为我的前辈们传承给我 不少智慧和知识；

That night I decided to write a letter to the next generation

因为我越来越有紧迫感

觉得我此生可能没法 完成我的使命；

because so many have passed on their wisdom and knowledge to me,

还因为我想把它传递给

because I feel a growing sense of urgency

每一个想改变世界的人

that I might not finish the work I came to do,

以他们的方式改变世界。

and because I want to pass that forward

我们的下一代 现在正在街上。

to everyone who wants to create change in this world

他们奔走呼吁

in ways that only they can do.

全面改革 来对抗种族不平等、

That generation is in the streets.

宗教和宗族迫害、

They are crying urgently for wholesale change

灾难性的气候变化、

和其他分裂分割我们的不平等。

against racial injustice,

religious and ethnic persecution,

catastrophic climate change

但是我能对他们说什么呢？

and the cruel inequality that has left us more divided

我是构建者， 我开始专注于技术修复，

and divisive than ever in my lifetime.

But what would I say to them?

但是我们的问题太相互依存了，

I'm a builder, so I started by focusing on technical fixes,

太相互纠缠了。

我们不仅需要系统变革，

but our problems are too interdependent,

我们更需要思想转变。

柏拉图曾写过，一个国家 会着重培养人民感到荣誉的事物。

too entangled.

We need more than a system shift.

长期以来，我们把成功 定义为金钱、权力和名誉。

We need a mind shift.

Plato wrote that a country cultivates what it honors.

现在我们得开始 艰难而漫长的道德改革：

For too long, we have defined success based on money, power and fame.

把我们共享的人类社会和

Now we have to start the hard, long work of moral revolution.

地球的可持续性作为中心点，

优先考虑我们的集体

By that I mean putting our shared humanity

而不是个人。

and the sustainability of the earth at the center of our systems,

如果我们每个人对 这个世界的付出比索取更多？

and prioritizing the collective we,

一切将会改变。

not the individual I.

愤世嫉俗者也许会说 这听起来太理想化了，

What if each of us gave more to the world than we took from it?

但是愤世嫉俗者不会创造未来。

Everything would change.

尽管我知道盲目乐观是愚蠢的

Now cynics might say that sounds too idealistic,

我仍支持那些在艰辛中 抱有希望的人。

but cynics don't create the future.

And though I've learned the folly of unbridled optimism,

我知道改变是可能的。

I stand with those who hold to hard-edged hope.

我和我的团队一起合作过的 企业家和变革者

已经影响了超过 30亿的低收入人群，

I know that change is possible.

有时候我们的努力重塑了整个领域， 来帮助穷人。

The entrepreneurs and change agents with whom my team and I have worked

have impacted more than 300 million low-income people,

但谈到道德变革，

and sometimes reshaped entire sectors to include the poor.

你必须考虑到它的实用性和意义，

这需要新的操作准则。

But you can't really talk about moral revolution

我来分享三个。

without grounding it in practicality and meaning,

首先是道德想象力。

and that requires an entirely new set of operating principles.

太多情况下， 我们习惯从自己视角看待问题，

即使是在为与我们 生活方式完全不同的人，

Let me share just three.

设计解决方案。

The first is moral imagination.

Too often we use the lens only of our own imagination,

道德想象着眼于平等看待他人，

even when designing solutions

for people whose lives are completely different from our own.

不在我们之上 也不在我们之下，

既不理想化他们 也不把他们当做受害者。

Moral imagination starts by seeing others as equal to ourselves,

这需要我们走进别人的生活，

了解什么结构妨碍到了他们，

neither above nor below us,

neither idealizing nor victimizing.

诚实地指出 他们可能阻碍自己的地方。

It requires immersing in the lives of others,

understanding the structures that get in their way

我们需要深度聆听， 询问对方，

and being honest about where they might be holding themselves back.

而非固执己见。

几年前我与一群女织工

That requires deep listening from a place of inquiry,

坐在巴基斯坦的一个乡村外面。

not certainty.

那天很热。

Several years ago I sat with a group of women weavers

在树荫下也是超过48摄氏度的高温。

outside in a rural village in Pakistan.

我想告诉她们 我投资的一家公司

The day was hot ...

over 120 degrees in the shade.

给成千上万印度和东非的人口 提供了太阳能灯，

I wanted to tell the women about a company my organization had invested in

我看到了灯光变革的力量，

that was bringing solar light to millions of people across India and East Africa,

让那里的人们可以做 我们眼中理所当然的事情。

“我们有太阳能灯”，我说道，

and I had seen the transformative power of that light

“只花费7美金。

人们觉得这很棒。

to allow people to do things so many of us just take for granted.

如何我们能说服公司 把产品带到巴基斯坦，

"We have this light" I said,

你们都会感兴趣吗?”

"costs about seven dollars.

这个女人凝视着我，

People say it's amazing.

另一个身材高大 有着劳动人民双手的女人看着我，

If we could convince the company to bring those products to Pakistan,

擦去她脸上的汗水，说道，

would you all be interested?"

The women stared,

“我们不需要灯。

我们很热。

and then a big woman whose hands knew hard work looked at me,

我们需要一个电扇。"

“电扇,” 我说

wiped the sweat off her face and said,

“我们没有电扇，

我们有太阳能灯。

"We don't want a light.

但是如果你有灯光， 你的孩子可以晚上学习，

We're hot.

Bring us a fan."

你也可以工作更多…… ”

她打断我。

"Fan," I said.

"We don't have a fan.

“我们工作足够多了。 我们很热。

We have a light.

给我们带来一台电扇吧。”

But if you had this light, your kids can study at night,

这场直率的谈话加深了 我的道德想象力。

you can work more -- "

She cut me off.

"We work enough. We're hot.

Bring us a fan."

我记得自己躺在小旅馆床上

热得难受的那个晚上，

That straight-talking conversation deepened my moral imagination.

幸亏了头顶上的风扇可以解热。

And I remember lying --

sweltering in my bed in my tiny guest house that night,

我想通了，“当然。

电。

so grateful for the clickety-clack of the fan overhead.

风扇。

尊严。”

现在，当我访问我们的公司，

And I thought, "Of course.

现已为超过1个亿的人口 提供照明和电能，

Electricity.

A fan.

在极热之地，

Dignity."

如果我们装了一个屋顶供电系统，

And when I now visit our companies

也会装一个电扇。

who've reached over 100 million people with light and electricity

但是道德想象力也可以 重建和治愈我们的国家。

and it's a really hot place,

and if there's a rooftop system,

there is also a fan.

我自己的国家现在混乱不堪， 因为它终于开始面对

But moral imagination is also needed to rebuild and heal our countries.

它不想面对的事情，

如果我们所有人 真正走进黑人的生活中，

My nation is roiling as it finally confronts

我们会知道 美国奴隶制度的影响是无法抹灭的。

what it's not wanted to see.

每个国家若要开始治愈自己

It would be impossible to deny the legacy of American slavery

要等到人民看到彼此，

if all of us truly immersed in the lives of Black people.

Every nation begins the process of healing

并明白现今我们的努力

when its people begin to see each other

正为个人和集体变革埋下种子。

and to understand that it is in that work that are planted the seeds

这需要我们认清

存在于每个人心中的 阴与阳、善与恶。

of our individual and collective transformation.

在我们的世界中， 我们不得不学会

Now that requires acknowledging the light and shadow,

与我们的对手合作。

the good and evil that exist in every human being.

这就引出了第二个原则：

In our world we have to learn to partner with those

保持相反的价值观的张力。

even whom we consider our adversaries.

如今，太多的领导人 站在一个或是对立面，

This leads to the second principle:

大喊大闹。

holding opposing values in tension.

但道德领袖 会拒绝“是非之墙”这一概念。

Too many of our leaders today stand on one corner or the other,

他们更愿意认同

shouting.

Moral leaders reject the wall of either-or.

对立方认同的 完整或部分事实。

他们做出有原则的决定来获取信任

They're willing to acknowledge a truth or even a partial truth

为别人服务，

in what the other side believes.

而不是为他们自己。

And they gain trust by making principled decisions

要做好我的工作， 你必须把控局势：

in service of other people,

信赖市场的力量来 保障创新和繁荣，

not themselves.

To succeed in my work has required holding the tension

也要力争解决

between the power of markets to enable innovation and prosperity

市场中会出现的 排外和剥削现象。

那些把利益作为唯一目的的人

and their peril to allow for exclusion

会对这种张力感到不适，

and sometimes exploitation.

那些对企业完全不信任的人 也是同样看法。

Those who see the sole purpose of business as profit

但是，站在任何一边都会 否定并影响创意和生产力潜能，

are not comfortable with that tension,

nor are those who have no trust in business at all.

我们要学习如何利用市场 而不是被它引诱。

But standing on either side negates the creative, generative potential

拿巧克力举例。

这是一个千亿美元的产业，

of learning to use markets without being seduced by them.

依靠500万小农户，

Take chocolate.

而这些农户只能拿到 千亿美元中的极小部分。

It's a hundred-billion-dollar industry

实际上，90%的巧克力农户 一天只赚不到两美元。

dependent on the labor of about five million smallholder farming families

who receive only a tiny fraction of that 100 billion.

有一代新企业家

In fact, 90 percent of them make under two dollars a day.

尝试去改变。

他们开始了解农民的生产成本。

But there's a generation of new entrepreneurs

他们同意以更好的定价 让农民开始赚钱

that is trying to change that.

They start by understanding the production costs of the farmers.

来支撑他们的生活。

They agree to a price that allows the farmers to actually earn income

有时候包括让农户拥有 收益份额和所有权，

建立一个互相信任的社群。

in a way that will sustain their lives.

这些公司会和

Sometimes including revenue-share and ownership models,

只专注于股东利益的公司 一样盈利吗？

building a community of trust.

这可能在短期不会发生。

Now are these companies as profitable

但是这些新企业家 专注于解决问题。

as those that focus solely on shareholder value?

他们厌倦了简单的口号例如 “利成于益。”

Possibly not in the short term.

But these entrepreneurs are focused on solving problems.

他们知道在财政方面 必须要可持续发展，

他们坚持包容穷人和弱者，

They're tired of easy slogans like "doing well by doing good."

这是他们对成功的定义。

They know they have to be financially sustainable,

这使我想到了第三个原则：

陪伴。

and they are insisting on including the poor and the vulnerable

这是耶稣教会的一个名词 意味着一起同行：

in their definition of success.

我会为你举着一面镜子 帮助你看到自己的潜力，

And that brings me to the third principle:

也许会比你独自看到的更多。

accompaniment.

It's actually a Jesuit term that means to walk alongside:

我可以分担你的问题。 但是我不能为你解决——

I'll hold a mirror to you, help you see your potential,

这是你必须学会做的。

maybe more than you see it yourself.

例如，在纽约哈林有一个组织

I'll take on your problem but I can't solve it for you --

叫做“城市卫生局”，

他们会雇佣

that you have to learn to do.

没有医疗经验的当地居民，

For example, in Harlem there's an organization

训练他们来帮助其他居民

called City Health Works

更好地控制慢性疾病，比如痛风、

that hires local residents

高血压、糖尿病。

with no previous health care experience,

trains them to work with other residents

我很荣幸遇见了 德斯蒂尼·贝尔顿，

一位卫生工作者，

so that they can better control chronic diseases like gout,

她向我解释了她的工作。

她说她要检查客户，

hypertension, diabetes.

检查他们的生命体征，

I had the great pleasure of meeting Destini Belton,

带他们去杂货店购物，

one of the health workers,

陪他们散步、

who explained her job to me.

聊天。

She said that she checks in on clients,

checks their vital signs,

她告诉我， “我要让他们知道有人支持他们。”

takes them grocery shopping,

goes on long walks,

这个项目的结果令人震惊。

has conversations.

She told me, "I let them know somebody has their back."

患者变得更健康，医院负担也变少。

至于德斯蒂妮，

她告诉我 她和她的家人都更健康。

And the results have been astounding.

Patients are healthier, hospitals less burdened.

“而且”，她补充说， “我很高兴可以为我的社区服务。”

As for Destini,

she tells me her family and she are healthier.

我们所有人都渴望被看到，

"And," she adds, "I love that I get to contribute to my community."

被包括在内。

变革，

道德变革，

很艰难。

All of us yearn to be seen,

人们不会在轻松的时候做出改变，

to count.

我们会在艰难的时候改变。

The work of change,

of moral revolution,

事实上，我已经把不舒服 看作是进步的代表。

is hard.

But we don't change in the easy times.

We change in the difficult times.

但是还有一件事情。

In fact, I've come to see discomfort as a proxy for progress.

我希望在多年前，

我刚起步时就能知道的事。

But there's one more thing.

无论有多困难，

There's something I wish I'd known when I was just starting out

总有美好会被发现。

我记得很久以前，

so many years ago.

我会花一整天和 一个又一个当地的妇女交谈，

No matter how hard it gets,

there's always beauty to be found.

就在肯尼亚内罗毕的 马萨雷贫民窟。

I remember now what seems a long time ago,

我倾听她们讲述 自己奋斗与生存的故事：

spending an entire day talking to woman after woman

失去孩子，

in the Mathare Valley slum in Nairobi, Kenya.

与暴力与饥饿作斗争，

I listened to their stories of struggle and survival

或是感觉无法生存下去时。

as they talked about losing children,

of fighting violence and hunger,

就在我离开之前，

一场暴雨倾盆而下，

sometimes feeling like they wouldn't even survive.

那时我正坐在我的小车里， 我的车轮陷进泥土，

And right before I left,

我想着，“我永远不会离开这里了。”

a huge rainstorm poured down.

突然，有人在我的窗户上轻敲了一下：

And I was sitting in my little car as the wheels stuck in the mud

一个女人向我招手让我跟着她，

我照做了。

thinking, "I'm never getting out of here,"

从暴雨中跳出来，

我们沿着这条泥泞的小路走着，

when suddenly there was a tap on my window --

a woman who was beckoning me to follow her,

通过摇摇欲坠的金属门，

and I did.

进到一个棚屋里，

Jumped out through the rainstorm,

一群女人正在忘我地跳舞。

we went down this little muddy path,

我加入了她们，迷失在节奏、 五光十色和笑容中，

through a rickety metal door,

inside a shack

我突然意识到：

where a group of women were dancing with abandon.

I jumped in and found myself lost in the rhythm and the color and the smiles

这是我们人类应该做的。

当我们支离破碎时，

and suddenly I realized:

当感到挫败或是绝望时，

this is what we do as human beings.

我们跳舞，

我们唱歌，

When we're broken,

我们祈祷。

when we feel that we are failing or are in despair,

美存在于你的参与，

we dance.

存在于你的关注，

We sing.

We pray.

出现于你无法善良对人时 仍坚持自己的善意。

Beauty resides too in showing up,

看看，艺术、音乐和诗歌的爆发

in paying attention,

in being kind when we feel like being anything but kind.

常出现于人类遭遇集体危机的时刻。

在至暗时刻，

Look at the explosion of art and music and poetry

我们才有机会探索最深层次的美丽。

in this moment of our collective crisis.

让这成为我们的时刻

It is in the darkest times

继续前进，

that we have the chance to find our deepest beauty.

带着新一代变革者的紧迫性，

So let this be our moment

装备着我们深刻和集体的智慧。

to move forward

with the fierce urgency of a new generation

然后问问你自己：

fortified with our most profound and collective wisdom.

自己今天剩下的时间可以做什么

余下的生命中可以做什么

让自己对世界回报比索取更多？

And ask yourself:

what can you do with the rest of today

谢谢大家。

and the rest of your life

to give back more to the world than you take?

Thank you.