What it takes to make change | Jacqueline Novogratz

審譯者: Shelley Tsang 曾雯海

幾年前，我到盧安達的 基加利去做簡報，

提出一個將獨立電網太陽能電力帶給

一千萬名低收入東非居民的計畫。

A few years ago, I found myself in Kigali, Rwanda

當我在等候與總統 及他的部長見面時，

presenting a plan to bring off-grid solar electricity

我回想起三十年前 我也來過同樣的地方。

to 10 million low-income East Africans.

當年我才二十五歲， 離開了金融業的職涯，

As I waited to speak to the president and his ministers,

和一小群盧安達女子共同創立了

I thought about how I'd arrived in that same place 30 years before.

該國第一間微額信貸銀行。

A 25-year-old who left her career in banking

銀行創立的幾個月前， 女性才剛爭取到

to cofound the nation's first microfinance bank

無須丈夫簽章即可 在銀行開戶的權利。

with a small group of Rwandan women.

在我即將上台前，

And that happened just a few months after women had gained the right

一名年輕女子來找我。

to open a bank account without their husband's signature.

她說：「諾沃格拉茨小姐， 妳應該認識我的姑姑。」

Just before I got on stage,

「真的嗎？她叫什麼名字？」

a young woman approached me.

她說：「費里庫拉。」

"Ms. Novogratz," she said,

"I think you knew my auntie."

我感到熱淚盈眶。

"Really?

What was her name?"

費里庫拉是盧安達 最早的女國會議員之一，

She said, "Felicula."

也是我的共同創辦人，

I could feel tears well.

但就在我們創立銀行後沒多久，

One of the first women parliamentarians in the country,

她就因一場離奇的 肇事逃逸事故身亡。

Felicula was a cofounder,

有些人認為她的死亡 和她所支持的一項政策有關，

but soon after we'd established the bank,

Felicula was killed in a mysterious hit-and-run accident.

該政策是要廢除聘金，

或者花錢請一個男人 在婚姻中照顧女兒的做法。

Some associated her death to a policy she had sponsored

to abolish bride price,

她的死讓我心力交瘁。

or the practice of paying a man for the hand of his daughter in marriage.

她過世的幾年後，

我離開了盧安達之後，

盧安達發生了種族大屠殺。

I was devastated by her death.

我必須要承認，有些時候，

And then a few years after that,

after I'd left the country,

我會想到這麼多人所付出的心血，

Rwanda exploded in genocide.

納悶這些心血加起來有多少。

And I have to admit there were times

when I thought about all the work so many had done,

我繼續對那名女子說：

and I wondered what it had amounted to.

「對不起，能不能 再說一次你的名字？」

她說：「好的，我叫蒙妮克，

我是盧安達國家銀行的副行長。

I turned back to the woman.

"I'm sorry, would you tell me who you are again?"

當我們才剛剛開始不到一個世代，

She said, "Yes, my name is Monique,

如果此時你告訴我，

and I'm the deputy governor of Rwanda's National Bank."

會有一名年輕女子協助 領導她國家的金融部門，

If you had told me when we were just getting started

我可能不會相信你。

that within a single generation,

我了解我回到同樣的地方

a young woman will go on to help lead her nation's financial sector,

是要接續費里庫拉起頭但無法 在有生之年完成的工作。

I'm not sure I would have believed you.

And I understood that I was back in that same place

輪到我來重新承諾 要實現這個大夢想，

大到我可能也無法在有生之年完成。

to continue work Felicula had started but could not complete in her lifetime.

那晚，我決定寫封信給下一個世代，

And that it was to me to recommit

to dreams so big I might not complete them in mine.

因為好多人將他們的 智慧和知識傳給了我，

That night I decided to write a letter to the next generation

因為我越來越覺得要快點著手，

不然我可能無法完成我要來做的事，

because so many have passed on their wisdom and knowledge to me,

而且我也想要再繼續傳承給

because I feel a growing sense of urgency

所有想要用自己獨有的方式

that I might not finish the work I came to do,

在世界上創造改變的人。

and because I want to pass that forward

那個世代走上了街頭。

to everyone who wants to create change in this world

他們緊迫地呼籲大規模改變，

in ways that only they can do.

要求改變種族不公、

That generation is in the streets.

宗教及人種迫害、

They are crying urgently for wholesale change

災難性的氣候變遷，

以及嚴重的不平等，嚴重到我們之間

against racial injustice,

分裂與不合的程度 是我此生所見最高峰。

religious and ethnic persecution,

catastrophic climate change

但我要對他們說什麼？

and the cruel inequality that has left us more divided

我是建造者，所以我從 著重克服技術障礙開始著手。

and divisive than ever in my lifetime.

But what would I say to them?

但我們的問題糾纏在一起，

I'm a builder, so I started by focusing on technical fixes,

太多關聯。

我們需要的不只是改變體制。

but our problems are too interdependent,

我們需要改變想法。

柏拉圖寫過，

too entangled.

國家尊崇什麼，就會培育出什麼。

We need more than a system shift.

長久以來，我們都用金錢、 權力，和名聲來定義成功。

We need a mind shift.

Plato wrote that a country cultivates what it honors.

現在我們得要展開艱難、 漫長的道德革命工作。

For too long, we have defined success based on money, power and fame.

我指的是將我們的共通人性

Now we have to start the hard, long work of moral revolution.

以及地球的永續性 擺在我們體制的核心，

並把大我（我們全體）放在先，

By that I mean putting our shared humanity

而不是小我（我個人）。

and the sustainability of the earth at the center of our systems,

如果我們每個人給予世界的 都比向世界索求的多，會如何？

and prioritizing the collective we,

一切就會改變。

not the individual I.

諷世者可能會說 這聽起來太理想化了，

What if each of us gave more to the world than we took from it?

但未來不是諷世者創造的。

Everything would change.

雖然我學到了盡情樂觀的傻念頭，

Now cynics might say that sounds too idealistic,

我和那些緊緊抓住頑強 希望的人站在同一陣線。

but cynics don't create the future.

And though I've learned the folly of unbridled optimism,

我知道改變是有可能的。

I stand with those who hold to hard-edged hope.

曾經與我及我的團隊 合作過的企業家及變革促進者

已經影響了超過三億名低收入者，

I know that change is possible.

有時甚至做到可以重新改造 整個部門來將窮人納入。

The entrepreneurs and change agents with whom my team and I have worked

have impacted more than 300 million low-income people,

但，如果要談道德革命，

and sometimes reshaped entire sectors to include the poor.

就一定要根據實際性和意義來談，

而那就需要一組全新的運作原則。

But you can't really talk about moral revolution

讓我在這裡分享三條原則。

without grounding it in practicality and meaning,

第一，道德想像力。

and that requires an entirely new set of operating principles.

我們幾乎時時刻刻都在使用 我們自己想像力的濾鏡，

就連在為生活與我們截然不同的人

Let me share just three.

The first is moral imagination.

設計解決方案時，也不例外。

Too often we use the lens only of our own imagination,

道德想像力的第一步，

even when designing solutions

是將他人視為和我們自己平等，

for people whose lives are completely different from our own.

沒有誰比較高誰比較低，

不做理想化，也不去扮演受害者。

Moral imagination starts by seeing others as equal to ourselves,

這就需要進入到他人的生活中，

了解是什麼結構阻擋了他們，

neither above nor below us,

neither idealizing nor victimizing.

且要誠實面對他們在什麼情況下 可能會有所保留。

It requires immersing in the lives of others,

understanding the structures that get in their way

那就需要抱持詢問的立場， 而非肯定的立場，

and being honest about where they might be holding themselves back.

來做深刻的傾聽。

數年前，我和一群女性織布工一起

That requires deep listening from a place of inquiry,

坐在巴基斯坦的一個偏鄉村落外。

not certainty.

那天非常熱……

Several years ago I sat with a group of women weavers

在陰影處也有四十九度。

outside in a rural village in Pakistan.

我想要告訴這些女子 我的組織所投資的一間公司，

The day was hot ...

over 120 degrees in the shade.

該公司的宗旨在將太陽能產生的光

帶給印度及東非的數百萬人，

I wanted to tell the women about a company my organization had invested in

而我見過那種光有多強的轉變力，

that was bringing solar light to millions of people across India and East Africa,

讓大家去做許多 我們視為理所當然的事。

我說：「我們有這種光。 大約七塊美金。」

and I had seen the transformative power of that light

大家都說很棒。

to allow people to do things so many of us just take for granted.

如果我們能說服那間公司 將那些產品帶到巴基斯坦來，

"We have this light" I said,

你們會不會感興趣？」

"costs about seven dollars.

這些女子瞪著眼，

People say it's amazing.

接著，一名雙手滿是 粗工痕跡的高大女子看著我，

If we could convince the company to bring those products to Pakistan,

一邊擦掉臉上的汗水一邊說：

would you all be interested?"

The women stared,

「我們不想要光。我們很熱。

and then a big woman whose hands knew hard work looked at me,

帶電扇給我們。」

我說：「電扇。我們沒有電扇。

wiped the sweat off her face and said,

我們有光。如果有這種光， 孩子晚上就能讀書，

"We don't want a light.

We're hot.

Bring us a fan."

你能做更多工作——」她打斷了我。

"Fan," I said.

「我們的工作夠了。我們很熱。

"We don't have a fan.

We have a light.

帶電扇給我們。」

But if you had this light, your kids can study at night,

那段非常直白的談話，

you can work more -- "

She cut me off.

加深了我的道德想像力。

"We work enough. We're hot.

Bring us a fan."

我記得我躺下來——

晚上在家庭旅館的床上熱到很難受，

That straight-talking conversation deepened my moral imagination.

對於頭頂上有節奏地 嗄嗄作響的電扇感到很感激。

And I remember lying --

sweltering in my bed in my tiny guest house that night,

我心想：「當然了。

電力。

so grateful for the clickety-clack of the fan overhead.

電扇。

尊嚴。」

現在當我去造訪我們的公司，

And I thought, "Of course.

那些公司已經將光和電力 帶給超過一億人，

Electricity.

A fan.

且那裡真的很熱，

Dignity."

如果有個屋頂上的系統，

And when I now visit our companies

附有電扇就很好。

who've reached over 100 million people with light and electricity

但，若要重建和治癒我們的國家，

and it's a really hot place,

and if there's a rooftop system,

道德想像力也是必要的。

there is also a fan.

我的國家正在動盪中，

But moral imagination is also needed to rebuild and heal our countries.

因為它終於去正視 本來不想看見的東西。

如果我們所有人都能真正 進入到黑人的生活當中，

My nation is roiling as it finally confronts

就不可能否認美國奴隸制度的遺毒。

what it's not wanted to see.

每個國家的療癒過程都始於

It would be impossible to deny the legacy of American slavery

其人民開始看見彼此

if all of us truly immersed in the lives of Black people.

Every nation begins the process of healing

並了解到那些努力種下了

when its people begin to see each other

個人與集體轉變的種子。

and to understand that it is in that work that are planted the seeds

那需要能夠承認每個人身上

都有光與影、好與壞。

of our individual and collective transformation.

在我們的世界裡，我們得要學習

Now that requires acknowledging the light and shadow,

如何與我們眼中的敵人合作。

the good and evil that exist in every human being.

這就帶到了第二條原則：

In our world we have to learn to partner with those

保持相反立場之間的張力。

even whom we consider our adversaries.

現今有太多領導人都會選邊站，

This leads to the second principle:

大聲叫囂。

holding opposing values in tension.

道德領導人會排拒二選一的那道牆。

Too many of our leaders today stand on one corner or the other,

他們會願意認可對方的信念中

shouting.

也有真相或甚至部分真相。

Moral leaders reject the wall of either-or.

他們取得信任的方式， 是做出有原則的決策，

They're willing to acknowledge a truth or even a partial truth

來服務他人，

in what the other side believes.

而不是為自己。

And they gain trust by making principled decisions

我的工作若要成功， 就需要保有足夠的張力

in service of other people,

存在於推動創新和繁榮的市場力量

not themselves.

To succeed in my work has required holding the tension

與有可能被排除

甚至被利用的市場風險之間。

between the power of markets to enable innovation and prosperity

如果認為企業的唯一目的就是獲利，

and their peril to allow for exclusion

對那種張力就會感到不舒服，

and sometimes exploitation.

那些完全不相信企業的人亦是如此。

Those who see the sole purpose of business as profit

但不論選哪一邊站，

都會減少去學習使用市場 而非被市場誘惑的潛力，

are not comfortable with that tension,

nor are those who have no trust in business at all.

而這潛力是有創意、有生產力的。

But standing on either side negates the creative, generative potential

以巧克力為例。

它是上兆美金的產業，

of learning to use markets without being seduced by them.

要仰賴五百萬個小農家庭的勞力，

Take chocolate.

這些家庭只能得到 那一兆美金中的一點點。

It's a hundred-billion-dollar industry

事實上，

dependent on the labor of about five million smallholder farming families

他們當中有 90% 的人 可能一天賺不到兩塊錢。

who receive only a tiny fraction of that 100 billion.

但有一個世代的新企業家

In fact, 90 percent of them make under two dollars a day.

在試圖改變這個現象。

他們一開始先去了解 農民的生產成本。

But there's a generation of new entrepreneurs

他們同意訂出一個價格， 讓農民能真正賺取收入，

that is trying to change that.

They start by understanding the production costs of the farmers.

且要能夠維生。

They agree to a price that allows the farmers to actually earn income

有時還會納入利潤分紅 和所有權模型，

建立有信任的共同體。

in a way that will sustain their lives.

這些公司是否會像只著重

Sometimes including revenue-share and ownership models,

股東價值的公司一樣賺錢？

building a community of trust.

短期可能不會。

Now are these companies as profitable

但這些企業家著重的是解決問題。

as those that focus solely on shareholder value?

他們厭倦了簡單的標語， 比如「做好就能過得好」。

Possibly not in the short term.

But these entrepreneurs are focused on solving problems.

他們知道他們在財務上 得要能維持下去，

且他們堅持要把貧人和弱勢族群

They're tired of easy slogans like "doing well by doing good."

納入到他們對成功的定義中。

They know they have to be financially sustainable,

那就帶到了第三條原則：

伴隨。

and they are insisting on including the poor and the vulnerable

這個用語來自耶穌會， 意思是並肩而行。

in their definition of success.

我會為你拿著鏡子，協助你看見自己的潛能，

And that brings me to the third principle:

可能會比你自己看到的更多。

accompaniment.

It's actually a Jesuit term that means to walk alongside:

我可以接你的問題， 但我無法為你解決它——

I'll hold a mirror to you, help you see your potential,

你得自己學習解決。

maybe more than you see it yourself.

比如，在哈林區， 有個組織叫做城市健康工作，

I'll take on your problem but I can't solve it for you --

該組織僱用過去沒有任何 健康照護經驗的當地居民，

that you have to learn to do.

For example, in Harlem there's an organization

訓練他們與其他居民合作，

called City Health Works

把慢性疾病控制得更好，

that hires local residents

如痛風、高血壓、糖尿病。

with no previous health care experience,

trains them to work with other residents

我很榮幸能夠認識那裡的 健康工作者黛絲蒂妮貝爾頓，

so that they can better control chronic diseases like gout,

她向我解釋她的工作。

她說她要去查看客戶的狀況，

hypertension, diabetes.

檢查他們的生命徵象，

I had the great pleasure of meeting Destini Belton,

帶他們去買雜貨，

one of the health workers,

去做長程散步，

who explained her job to me.

去談話。

She said that she checks in on clients,

checks their vital signs,

她告訴我：「我讓他們 知道有人會挺他們。」

takes them grocery shopping,

goes on long walks,

而成果十分驚人。

has conversations.

She told me, "I let them know somebody has their back."

病人變得更健康， 醫院的負擔減少了。

至於黛絲蒂妮，

她告訴我，她和家人都變得更健康。

And the results have been astounding.

Patients are healthier, hospitals less burdened.

「且，」她補充：

As for Destini,

「我很喜歡能為 我的社區付出的感覺。」

she tells me her family and she are healthier.

我們所有人都渴望被看見，

"And," she adds, "I love that I get to contribute to my community."

渴望自己有價值。

改變的工作，道德革命的工作，

很困難。

All of us yearn to be seen,

但在輕鬆的時候我們不會改變。

to count.

在艱苦的時候我們才會改變。

The work of change,

of moral revolution,

事實上，我漸漸認為， 感到不舒服就表示正在進步。

is hard.

But we don't change in the easy times.

We change in the difficult times.

但，還有一件事，

In fact, I've come to see discomfort as a proxy for progress.

我希望我多年前剛開始時

就能知道這件事。

But there's one more thing.

不論情況變得多艱困，

There's something I wish I'd known when I was just starting out

一定都能找到美好之處。

現在我還記得，在很久以前，

so many years ago.

我會花一整天時間，在肯亞 奈洛比的瑪薩瑞山谷貧民窟，

No matter how hard it gets,

there's always beauty to be found.

和一名又一名女子談話。

I remember now what seems a long time ago,

我傾聽她們的故事， 掙扎與生存的故事，

spending an entire day talking to woman after woman

她們談到失去孩子，

in the Mathare Valley slum in Nairobi, Kenya.

對抗暴力及饑荒，

I listened to their stories of struggle and survival

有時感到她們根本不可能活下來。

as they talked about losing children,

of fighting violence and hunger,

就在我離開前，

下了一場暴雨。

sometimes feeling like they wouldn't even survive.

我坐在我的小車裡面， 車輪卡在泥巴中，

And right before I left,

心想：「我永遠離不開這裡了。」

a huge rainstorm poured down.

突然，有人來拍我的車窗——

And I was sitting in my little car as the wheels stuck in the mud

一名女子示意我跟她走，

我跟去了。跳出車外，冒著大雨。

thinking, "I'm never getting out of here,"

我們走在一條滿是泥巴的小徑上，

when suddenly there was a tap on my window --

a woman who was beckoning me to follow her,

穿過一扇搖搖晃晃的 金屬門，進入一間小屋，

and I did.

Jumped out through the rainstorm,

裡面有一群女子在盡情跳舞。

we went down this little muddy path,

我立刻加入，沉醉在節奏、

through a rickety metal door,

色彩，和微笑當中，

inside a shack

我突然了解到：

where a group of women were dancing with abandon.

I jumped in and found myself lost in the rhythm and the color and the smiles

這就是我們人類會做的事。

當我們沮喪時，

and suddenly I realized:

當我們感到我們正在／ 已經落入絕望中時，

this is what we do as human beings.

我們就會跳舞。

我們就會唱歌。

When we're broken,

我們就會禱告。

when we feel that we are failing or are in despair,

美好也存在於「到場」當中，

we dance.

「付出注意力」當中，

We sing.

We pray.

「當我們不想仁慈時 還能表現仁慈」當中。

Beauty resides too in showing up,

看看在我們集體面對危機時

in paying attention,

in being kind when we feel like being anything but kind.

所爆發出來的藝術、音樂，和詩作。

在最黑暗的時刻，

Look at the explosion of art and music and poetry

我們才有機會找到 我們最深處的美好。

in this moment of our collective crisis.

讓這個時刻成為

It is in the darkest times

我們向前邁進的時刻，

that we have the chance to find our deepest beauty.

我們迫切需要一個新的世代，

So let this be our moment

要用我們最淵博的集體智慧來打造。

to move forward

with the fierce urgency of a new generation

並問問你自己：

fortified with our most profound and collective wisdom.

今天剩下的時間，人生剩下的日子，

你能做些什麼，

來回饋這個世界，讓施比受更多？

And ask yourself:

what can you do with the rest of today

謝謝。

and the rest of your life

to give back more to the world than you take?

Thank you.