4 Ways To Design a Disability-Friendly Future | Meghan Hussey | TED

翻译人员: Li-Hsiang Lee 校对人员: Yip Yan Yeung

I've never known life without disability.

我很难想象一个 没有身障人士的世界。

Disability is where a physical or mental condition or impairment

残障是指 生理或心理上的疾病或损伤

is combined with physical or social barriers

再加上物理或社会层面的障碍，

that make it hard for a person to do certain things

让人难以实现某些事情，

or interact with the world around them.

或是融入他们身边的一切。

Disability is very diverse,

残障的种类非常广泛，

with a wide range of experiences

会带来各种体验，

that can affect a person's ability to see, move, hear, learn,

影响身障人士的视觉、 行动、听觉、学习能力，

communicate or interact with others.

或是和他人沟通的能力。

In my case, my sister Erin is autistic and has intellectual disabilities.

就我身边的例子来说，我姐姐艾琳 患有自闭症伴随智力障碍，

She processes the world differently.

她有她自己的处世方式，

She enjoys riding her bike, collecting rubber ducks,

她喜欢骑自行车， 收集黄色小鸭，

watching YouTube videos on repeat

反复看同一个Youtube影片，

and spending the money she earns at work.

也爱花自己工作赚来的钱。

When she's really happy, she squeals and claps her hands.

开心的时候， 她会一边尖叫一边拍手。

Though, for many people Erin is different,

即便如此，对很多人来说， 艾琳还是很不一样。

she is my normal.

但对我来说，她再正常不过了。

In my family, we were raised with the core value

父母从小教育我们 这样的核心价值观：

that different is not less.

不同并不代表不足。

But it was made clear to me

但我很清楚，

that the rest of the world didn't always share this value.

世界上其他人不一定是这样想的。

Like, I'll never forget, one time in middle school,

我永远不会忘记在我中学的时候，

my sister's aid had made a video of her learning how to communicate

我姐姐的辅助人员做了一段影片， 是关于她如何用短句和手语

using speech and sign

和别人沟通的，

and thriving in an inclusive classroom where she was loved

如何在充满爱和包容的课堂中成长，

and accepted just for who she is.

受到人们的接纳。

And I brought it to school, wanting to share,

我把这个影片带去学校 与同学们分享，

to give my classmates the opportunity to learn more about autism,

让他们有机会了解自闭症，

only to be told by my teacher that the faculty had decided against it

却被老师告知学校不允许我这样做，

to "protect" me from other students inevitably making fun of her.

所谓“保护”我 免受同学们对她的嘲笑。

It was one of many instances that taught me what stigma was.

这只是羞辱我的其中一个例子而已。

With every rude comment,

每一句粗鲁的措辞，

when Erin would have a sensory meltdown in a public place,

让艾琳在公共场合情绪崩溃，

with every casual use of the slur retard, by even childhood friends of mine

每一次童年玩伴脱口而出“弱智”，

with every judgmental stare,

每一个充满嫌弃的眼神，

I learned that the rest of the world didn't necessarily see Erin

我明白世界上的其他人 不会把艾琳当作

for the full human being that she is.

一个健全的人去对待。

Now, when I went off to college, I didn't know what role, if any,

在我离家上大学前， 我不知道身心障碍

disability would play in my life outside my family.

在我的家庭之外， 对我而言会意味着什么。

It wasn't until I studied abroad in China for my International Relations major

直到我去中国研读了国际关系学，

that my personal background with disability

我与身障人士相处的经历，

and my career came together.

从此和我的职业结合起来了。

Through a class I was taking on social issues in Beijing,

我在北京上了一门 关于社会问题的课程，

I had the opportunity to visit an autism school there

恰巧有机会到访 那边一所自闭症学校，

and was introduced to a local disability rights advocacy organization.

又被介绍到当地一个 残疾人权益倡导协会，

I ended up interning with them

最终我在那边实习

and got completely absorbed into that community.

并完全融入了那一群人。

I was finally able to see how my family's struggle

我终于看到了我家庭所经历的困扰，

was part of something much larger,

只是冰山一角，

and the magnitude of what I found actually shocked me.

问题大到令我难以置信。

Over a billion people,

超过十亿人口，

an estimated 15 percent of the world's population,

也就是大概全球 15% 总人口，

have some form of disability.

患有不同形式的身心障碍。

And persons with disabilities as a group worldwide

世界各地的身障人士都同样

face huge amounts of stigma and disadvantage.

处于弱势地位并备受耻辱。

Just to use education as an example,

就教育来说，

of the 240 million children with disabilities in the world,

世界上有 2.4 亿的残障儿童，

about 50 percent have never been to school.

其中一半没能上学。

I was appalled that I had been studying global human rights

更让我震惊的是， 我一直在一所常春藤大学

at an Ivy League school,

研究全球人权议题，

and even though the problem was so unbelievably huge,

而身障人士如此庞大的问题

not once had disability really ever come up.

却从来没有被提出过。

So I decided to pivot,

所以我决定转移研究方向，

and I've spent the past decade in my career to disability inclusion

在过去十年的职业生涯中， 我一直在努力发展

in international development.

全世界对身障人士的包容。

I returned to China on a Fulbright scholarship

我利用弗尔布莱特计划 发放的奖学金回到中国，

to do research on education and programs for autistic adolescents and adults.

对自闭症青少年和成人教育 进行研究，并为他们开设专属项目。

I then went on to do research or work with disability organizations

我接着在一些国家， 如坦桑尼亚、爱尔兰和南非，

in places like Tanzania, Ireland and South Africa.

和当地的身障人士协会一起做研究。

I now work globally with Special Olympics,

我现在在世界各地和特奥会一起，

using sport as a platform to teach and promote inclusive attitudes.

用体育作为平台， 来发展人们对身障人士的包容态度。

And what I found is that all over the world,

而我发现，全世界各个国家，

even though countries' specific cultural context or systems might be different,

就算各自的文化背景不同，

the underlying problem of attitude barriers remains the same.

造成身障人士遭受歧视 其根本问题是一样的。

And the research backs me up.

研究表明我的假设是对的。

The second most cited barriers to inclusion, after lack of data,

除了数据缺乏， 带来这种壁垒的第二大原因，

is negative attitudes towards disability.

是人们对身心障碍的消极态度。

What people don't realize is that exclusion hurts everyone.

人们没有意识到 这样的隔膜伤害了每一个人。

The International Labour Organization estimates that disability exclusion costs

据国际劳动组织预估， 人们对身障人士的排斥，

low- and middle-income countries between three and seven percent of GDP.

让中低收入国家 损失了 3% 到 7% GDP。

But the opposite is also true.

反之亦然，

Inclusion could help everyone.

包容则使得每个人都受益。

Our research at Special Olympics has found

我们通过在特奥会的研究发现，

that inclusive sport and youth leadership programming

充满包容性的体育运动 和青年领导力项目，

has benefits for youth, both with and without disabilities,

对有无残疾的青年人都有好处，

especially when it comes to developing key social and emotional skills

尤其是对于一些 重要的社交和情感技能的发展。

everyone needs to succeed in an increasingly diverse

每个人的成功都需要更多元发展

and interconnected world.

且紧密相连的世界。

And this has held true in countries as different as the United States,

这在不同国家都是如此，

China, India, Kenya and Greece.

不管在美国、中国， 还是印度、肯尼亚和希腊等。

The good news is

好消息是，

there are four things we all can do to make the future more inclusive.

我们可以做到这四件事 来成就未来更包容的社会。

Number one,

第一点，

we need to reevaluate our own attitudes towards disability.

我们需要重新审视 自己对身心障碍的态度。

I still get questions about whether it is "realistic"

我常被问到一类问题，

比如，把身障人士列入国际发展计划 到底实不实际？

to include persons with disabilities in international development programs

when even the so-called regular people are struggling.

毕竟连所谓的“普通人” 都还在为生活苦苦挣扎。

There are still too many stereotypes that associate disability with pity,

仍有太多刻板印象 将残疾与怜悯联系在一起，

and we're still living with social systems and physical structures

我们也仍然生活在一个 身障人士被区隔开的

that segregate people with disabilities.

社会制度和物质结构中。

So fewer people have it as part of their everyday experience,

所以很少人把他们当作 生活应有的一部分，

and it still makes them really uncomfortable.

这也让身障人士感到无比不适。

We need to re-evaluate these attitudes.

我们需要重新审视这些心态。

Needing accommodation or support

需要调整或协助，

does not make a person any less deserving of dignity and respect.

并不意味着他们 在尊严和尊重上矮人一截。

This is a matter of justice and equity, not charity.

这是关于公平和正义的问题， 而不是公益。

Second, choose to include.

第二，主动包容。

Solving this issue is not just a matter of policy.

解决这个问题不只关乎政治。

There are plenty of countries that have disability laws on the books

很多国家有立法保护残障人士，

or have signed and ratified the United Nations Convention

或是签署了

on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities,

《联合国残障人士权利公约》。

but there is still a huge gap between what is written in policy

但在政策内容与实际情况之间，

and what actually happens in practice.

仍然存在巨大差距。

And this comes down to all of us.

而这都会是我们所有人的责任。

We can put pressure on governments

我们可以向政府施压，

to make sure that laws are actually implemented.

来推动法律得到切实执行。

But we can also look at where we have the power to effect change.

但我们也可以看看 我们自身能为此付出什么，

We should be looking at organizations' diversity, equity and inclusion strategies

我们应该看到公益团体为多样性、 公平性和包容性所做的行为，

and see where we can be doing better.

然后看看我们能改进什么。

Too often we still fall short of recognizing disability

很多时候，我们并没有意识到，

as part of human diversity.

残疾人是人类多样性的一部分。

We would all benefit by not only accommodating

如果职场中， 不仅为残疾人提供一份工作，

but actively supporting and including persons with disabilities

还主动为他们提供帮助， 接纳他们，

in the workplace.

我们自身也会受益。

Third, we need to recognize where disability intersects

第三，我们需要意识到

with every issue area.

残疾与每个问题领域的交叉点。

When we talk about gender equity,

当我们谈到性别平等的时候，

we need to be inclusive of women with disabilities

我们需要将身障女性列入考量，

who are actually more likely to be victims of gender-based violence.

她们是更容易受到性别暴力的群体。

When we talk about global health and health systems,

当我们讨论全球卫生和卫生系统时，

we need to be inclusive of persons with disabilities

我们也应该包含身障人士，

who are more likely to have poor health outcomes,

他们更可能会有健康问题，

often not because of their actual disability

通常不是生理条件的缺陷所带来的，

but because of stigma and lack of access to care.

而是因为羞耻感和 缺乏获取医疗护理的途径。

Everyone has something they can do to make their work more inclusive.

我们每个人都能 为社会包容尽一份心力，

And together,

并且共同努力，

these collective efforts can result in the cultural shift that we need.

这样的合作最终能实现 我们所需要的社会转变。

Finally, and most importantly, don't just listen to me.

最后，最重要的是， 不要只听我说。

Listen to persons with disabilities themselves.

去聆听身障人士他们的心声。

All over the world, there are incredible self advocates.

全世界各地， 有很多为自身群体发声的倡议者。

Like my friend and colleague Ben,

我有一个朋友兼同事叫做本，

who is both legally blind and has intellectual disability

他是法律认定的盲人 及智力残障人士，

and who successfully advocated to the DC Department of Transportation

他成功向哥伦比亚特区 交通部提出建议，

to get voice and sound added to the crosswalks near our office

在我们办公室附近的人行道上， 添加语音系统，

to make it safe for him and people like him

让他和像他一样的行人 穿过马路去上班的时候，

to cross the street going to work.

就安全了许多。

Or Brina from the Philippines,

来自菲律宾的布丽娜，

whose parents were told upon her Down syndrome diagnosis

她的双亲被告知她患有唐氏症，

that they shouldn't set their expectations too high,

所以不要对她抱太大希望。

but who has become an assistant preschool teacher

但她成为了学前助理教师，

and a UNESCO champion for inclusion in education.

以及联合国教科文组织的 教育包容倡导者。

Or Haseeb, who has actually been on a TEDx stage before me

还有哈希布， 他之前踏上过TEDx这个舞台，

to speak out against the stigma he has faced as an autistic young person

讲述他作为一个自闭症年轻人，

在巴基斯坦被羞辱的经历。

in Pakistan.

And I could go on and on and on

还有很多很多其他人，

with others who have shared their lived experience of disability

分享了作为身障人士的生活经验，

in books, speeches, blogs, podcasts and social media.

在书籍、演讲、博客、 广播和社交媒体上。

When you're looking for ways to make your work more inclusive,

如果你正在想办法让自己更加包容，

seek out the voices of persons with disabilities.

去寻求身障人士的建议，

Really take the time to listen to what they have to say

花时间好好聆听他们的心声，

and follow their lead.

跟着他们的脚步。

Disability has always been and will always be a part of my life.

残疾一直以来都是我生活的一部分，

Erin and I deserve to live in a world

艾琳和我都值得活在 这样一个世界，

where she has more opportunities to be supported and included.

一个她更应该被支持和包容的世界。

Erin, Ben, Brina and Haseeb are only four out of over a billion people

艾琳、本、布丽娜和哈希比， 他们只是数十亿人中的其中四人，

who are just trying to find belonging and live their best lives

他们只是想要在这个 并非为他们量身打造的世界，

in a world that was not designed for them.

找到归属感， 过上最好的生活。

Indeed, a world that was designed to hold them back.

诚然，这个世界 给他们设下了艰难险阻。

Not because it had to be that way,

这并不是这个世界原先的样子。

but because people built systems

而是因为人为建成的系统，

around attitudes that other and exclude them.

都基于排斥残障人士的 社会态度之上。

And all of those people have family members like me

在这个社会体系中， 有像我这样的家庭成员。

whose lives are shaped by this issue

无论他们是否意识到，

and communities who are affected, whether they realize it or not.

他们的生活以及所在社区， 都被残障这个问题牵制着。

Disability inclusion is not something nice that we do for those people.

残疾包容并不是 我们为残障人士做的好事，

It is something critical that needs to come from all of us.

而是我们所有人都需要做的重要事情。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）