Karoli Hindriks: Why the passport needs an upgrade | TED

翻译人员: Tiantian Yang 校对人员: Yip Yan Yeung

我在苏联治理下的爱沙尼亚长大。

一个被锁在铁幕后的国家。

I grew up in Estonia under Soviet occupation.

那时候的一切东西，

面包、袜子、甚至内衣 都是奢侈品。

In a country locked up behind the thick wall of the Iron Curtain.

我梦都没有梦到过 开放的世界是什么样子的。

Back then, where everything,

你看，

墙壁是那么厚重， 边界是那样封闭，

including bread, socks and underwear was a luxury,

I did not dream about the open world.

就连梦和思想都难以穿透。

Because you see,

生活在那样的黑暗里让我好奇

some walls are so thick and borders so closed,

是什么让国家之间的边境和流动

that even dreams and ideas can't travel.

变成了这副模样。

However, having lived in that level of darkness made me wonder

世界经济论坛说，

人力资本是经济增长的驱动力。

why are borders and movement between countries

constructed the way they are.

可为什么全球的人口流动 门槛这么高？

According to the World Economic Forum,

human capital is the driving force for economic growth.

这过程怎么能如此耗时、

如此糟糕透顶、 不近人情、令人恐惧？

So why are the barriers to global mobility so high?

我知道这很可怕，

Why is the process so time-consuming,

因为我在旧金山机场 被拘留了两个小时

so dreadful and daunting, so very scary?

才站在了这个舞台上。

And I know it’s scary,

我有一个想法，

because I was detained at San Francisco airport for two hours

人类的跨境出行不应该如此困难，

just to get on the stage.

这激发了我对一个可以做到 全民无国界畅通出行的未来的设想，

It was the idea

that the cross-border movement of people shouldn't be so difficult

无论你生于何处。

我们正在为跨境流动

that sparked my inspiration for a future of frictionless,

建设一种全球数字身份，

borderless mobility for all,

在这种设计之下， 每个人都会拥有自己的数据，

regardless where they are born.

可以流畅地、 无阻碍地迁徙于世界各地。

We are building a universal digital identity

for cross-border movement.

最终这会使所有人，

One where people own their data

and can seamlessly relocate anywhere they want

无论是高精尖人才 还是寻求庇护的难民，

with minimal friction.

不需要一张纸，就能完成从开始、 追踪到获准的所有移民手续。

One which would eventually allow individuals,

from highly-skilled professionals to refugees seeking safety,

to start, track and get approval for their immigration process

不止有我们在努力。

全球各地的国家和公司 都已经开始运用技术手段

without having to print out a single piece of paper.

简化移民手续。

And we are not alone.

我们正在借此扩展跨境的机会，

Companies and countries around the world have started to leverage technology

in order to ease the complexity of immigration.

以此建立一个更富饶的世界。

By doing so, we are expanding opportunities across borders

2017 年，《经济学人》杂志报道了 一项看似简单的政策，

and through that, helping to build a richer world.

它会让世界变得比原来富裕一整倍。

In 2017, the Economist magazine stated there's one seemingly simple policy

那就是开放边境。

来自于全球发展中心的

经济学家迈克尔·克莱门斯 （Michael Clemens）似乎认为

that would make the world twice as rich as it is.

移民入境方面的障碍是造成

Open borders.

Economist Michael Clemens

人类的现有福利

from the Center of Global Development seems to agree

和潜在福利之间 鸿沟的罪魁祸首。

as he claims that barriers to immigration place one of the fattest of all wedges

但是你知道吗？

问题的源头是我们所知的护照，

between humankind's current welfare

护照最早出现于

and potential welfare.

第一次世界大战的时候， 用作出国必备证件，

But you know what?

The problem starts from what we call a passport,

稍晚于亨利·福特推出 人人都可消费的小汽车之后不久。

which was first introduced

as a globally required travel document during World War I,

现在，我们开的小汽车和当年 相比都升级换代不知道多少次了。

从福特Model T 都已经用到特斯拉了。

slightly after Henry Ford introduced the first affordable automobiles.

我们的护照 还和一个世纪前一个德行。

Today, our cars have come a long way.

We have come from model Ts to Teslas.

除了没有技术加成之外，

护照系统的建设方式也是漏洞百出。

But our passports look and work pretty much the same way as a century ago.

现代护照是西方为主的组织

Besides the lack of technology,

there was also a flaw in the way the passport system was built.

在一战后设计的。

它成为了有权阶级的自由象征，

The modern passport was designed by a Western-centric organization

而且主要是在西方国家，

after the First World War.

是西方世界以外国家的枷锁。

It became an object of freedom for the advantaged,

讽刺的是，

现在的护照再也没法给 这些西方经济体脸上贴金，

mostly Western countries,

but a burden for others.

以前如果一个人手持 一本不错的护照，那就说明

The irony is that today

这个人来自西方国家， 受过良好教育，

the passport doesn't even help those same Western economies anymore,

拥有实用的技能，

because you see, when in the past a good passport could indicate

但是到了 2020 年， 世界经济论坛报道过

a person coming from a Western country with a good education system

世界上最顶尖的三个国家里

受过良好教育的技术移民们来自

and thus useful skills,

印度、中国和菲律宾。

then in 2020, the World Economic Forum reported

that the top three countries

根据 2021 年的亨利护照指数，

where the highly educated migrants came from

were India, China and Philippines.

这三个国家的护照 在最不适宜出行护照之列，

Which, according to 2021 Henley Passport Index

在 110 个国家和地区中 排名分别处于第 85 、

70 和 77 位，

ranked among the least travel-friendly passports in the world

我们再看看最近的移民例子，

ranking respectively 85th,

这是一位极为出色的专业人士 伊布特哈（Ibtehal）的经历。

70th and 77th out of 110.

伊布特哈是一位离婚并取得了 孩子监护权的单亲妈妈，

So let's take a look at a recent relocation experience

抚养着 6 岁的柯南（Kenan） 和 8 岁的塔玛拉（Tamara）。

by a highly skilled specialist called Ibtehal.

Ibtehal is a divorced single mother with full custody rights for her kids,

母子三人都是也门人，

根据 2021 年的亨利护照指数，

six-year-old boy Kenan and an eight-year-old girl Tamara.

这个国家的护照 在 110 位中排名第 106 。

All of them are Yemeni citizens,

又是在护照排名指数中 垫底的一个国家。

which, according to Henley Passport Index 2021,

一家马来西亚技术公司 雇佣了伊布特哈，

ranks 106 out of 110.

公司打算把她和两个孩子 转到欧洲办公室去。

Again, one of the least travel-friendly passports in the world.

移民局告诉她，她的签证批了，

The Malaysian tech company that employed Ibtehal

但是她的孩子们的签证还不能获批。

wanted to transfer her and her family to their European office.

因此她不得不一个人 辗转 6000 英里去大使馆

The immigration authorities let her know that her visa would get approved,

but her underage kids would not get their visas right away.

申请她的签证。

再折腾回马来西亚，等上三个月，

Instead, she was required to travel 6,000 miles alone to the embassy

再回去，

这次才能带着孩子们给他们申请签证。

to apply for her visa.

只有这样，他们母子三人才能一起前往 并在目的地国安顿下来。

Then travel back to Malaysia, wait for three months,

then travel back again,

this time with her kids to apply for their visas.

这样的故事并不是个例。

And only after that could they all go and live in the destination country.

对于今天的移民经历来说， 这个故事是一个非常准确的写照，

这种丑陋的问题正是我想要解决的。

Stories like this are not the exception.

It is a pretty accurate reflection of the immigration experiences today,

而且我知道这分明就是可以办到的，

因为我见证了爱沙尼亚的社会变迁，

and this is exactly the kind of hideous problem that I want to solve.

它从世界上最贫穷的国家之一

变成了一个开放民主的国家， 简直就是一个

And I know it can be solved

because I have seen the Estonian society transform

from one of the poorest countries in the world

利用技术来完成治理 和创新的典型范例。

to an open and democratic one that not only functions but thrives

爱沙尼亚数字化成功的 关键因素之一就是致力于

as a poster child for technology-driven governance and innovation.

打造一个叫做X-Road的平台，

这是爱沙尼亚数字化的 核心骨干技术。

One of the keys to Estonia's success in digitalization was the focus

它的核心在于 每个人都有一个数字身份，

to build one platform called the X-Road,

无论是公共还是私有数据库 都可以互通互联并且协调运营。

the backbone of digital Estonia.

The key to it is one digital identity for each individual

在爱沙尼亚任何事 都可以通过网络解决，

that allows public and private databases to link up and operate in harmony.

除了结婚和离婚。

其他任何事无论事， 交税还是选举投票都可以

Estonians can do everything online,

在线上安全地解决，

other than get married or divorced.

只要花刷照片墙（Instagram） 那么多的时间。

Anything from doing taxes to voting in the elections

数字化每个月帮爱沙尼亚节约的纸

is securely done online

and takes about the same time as checking your Instagram account.

都有一座埃菲尔铁塔那么高。

The digitalization saves Estonia a stack of paper

而且，据爱沙尼亚首席信息官

西姆·斯科（Siim Sikkut）所说，

as high as the Eiffel Tower every month.

光是数字签名

就能让爱沙尼亚每年省下 国内生产总值（GDP）的 2% 。

On top of that, according to Siim Sikkut,

the chief information officer of Estonia,

全球GDP的 2% 大约是 1.7 万亿美元。

the digital signature alone

enables Estonia to save two percent of its GDP every year.

这笔钱可以不止一次 解决国际饥荒问题，

Two percent of GDP globally would be 1.7 trillion dollars.

而是每年 58 次。

With that amount of money, we could solve world hunger not once,

这笔被浪费的钱数额惊人，

却只是因为公共部门没有采用 现成的技术去解决问题。

56 times every year.

我们可以创造一个安全的、

That's a whole lot of money being wasted

because public sectors are not adapting to existing technologies.

全球性的数字身份，

所有用户只需要把数据和文件，

We can tackle that by creating a secure,

比如护照、结婚证、学历证，

universal digital identity

上传到我们的智慧系统，

where all the users need to do is upload their data and documents

系统将这些数据转换为不同部分，

匹配不同国家政府部门的需要。

such as passport, marriage and education certificates

into our smart system,

这个做法的魅力 在于“一劳永逸”的设计。

which then converts that data into pieces

用户只需要上传他们的信息一次

that can be matched to relevant government forms in different countries.

就可以存储下来以备将来之用。

The beauty of it is the once-only rule.

护照是一种流动机制的工具。

The user needs to add their data once

as it is then stored for the future use.

显然现在是把它现代化的时候了。

The passport was created as a mechanism to move.

如果可以把同一个 数字身份信息在世界

It is clearly time to modernize that mechanism.

各国政府的系统内连接起来，

我们的系统就能变身数字护照，

If we could now connect that same digital identity

只要鼠标轻轻一点，

移民申请就被创建、 提交、数字化地追踪了。

to government systems worldwide,

our system could act as a digital passport

想想看再也不用填移民表格了。

and with a click of a button,

immigration applications are created, submitted and digitally tracked.

为了达到这个目标，

我们需要的是政府移民系统的 简单一体化功能，

Imagine never to have to fill any immigration forms ever again.

让我们能在系统上 提交申请、查阅状态。

In order for that to happen,

we need government immigration systems to enable a simple integration,

现在，我们的系统已经可以做到 这些美妙的自动化手续了，

which would allow us to push applications and pull back the status.

但是要让这些数字信息 存入世界各国政府系统里，

得打印数以吨计的资料，

Today, our system is able to do all that beautiful automation,

移民局的工作人员还得 手动把这些信息输入电脑里。

but to get that digital information to government systems worldwide,

在德国，政府雇员忙着敲这些申请，

ton of paper needs to be printed out

and a human at an immigration office needs to type everything in again.

在德国严重人才短缺的时候

要想预约可能得等上一年。

In Germany, officials are so busy typing in applications

that it can take up to a year to even get an appointment,

这不仅仅是系统不高效，

at a time where Germany is experiencing a deep talent crunch.

也不仅是官僚主义在作祟，

这就是实实在在地自己给自己找麻烦。

That is not just an inefficient system,

not a harmless bit of bureaucracy,

4 年前，我们从欧洲到纽约，

it is actively working against itself.

带着我当时 4 岁的女儿玛雅（Maya），

我跟她简单说了一下到了海关 会干什么、为什么这么做。

Four years ago, when traveling to New York City from Europe

with my then four-year-old daughter Maya,

当我们终于到了海关之后，

她当时的样子被机器拍了下来。

I briefed her what to expect at the border and why.

（笑声）

我觉得这就是我们人类对于

When we finally got to the border,

this was her look that the machine captured.

全球移民入境流程的真实情感写照。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

I think it was the most authentic look how we humans feel

去年，我们和柏林移民局 有一个数字化小项目，

about immigration globally.

我的团队帮助他们将一项 90 天的流程缩短到了两天时间。

(Laughter)

Last year, through a small digitalization with Berlin immigration authorities,

想想看一个人 88 天能做多少事。

my team managed to shorten a process that was 90 days into two days.

你的护照是你公民身份的象征。

Think about what a person can do in 88 days.

我们觉得你就是世界的一份子。

一本世界性的电子护照，

Your passport describes you as a resident of your country.

它可以跨越国境，

We say you're a citizen of the world.

带领我们飞向一个跨境

A universal digital passport,

不再浪费时间和资源的世界。

one that would go beyond borders,

will take us towards a world where crossing borders

想想看那 88 天，

is not about waste of time or waste of resources.

我们可以在这真实的人生里 拥有多少美妙的经历。

谢谢。

Think about these 88 days

（掌声）

and how much actual life can fit into it.

Thank you.

(Applause)