How porn changes the way teens think about sex | Emily F. Rothman

翻译人员: psjmz mz 校对人员: Jiasi Hao

[This talk contains mature content]

[ 本演讲包含成人内容 ]

Six years ago,

6 年前，

I discovered something that scientists have been wanting to know for years.

我发现了科学家一直想知道的事情。

How do you capture the attention

你如何吸引一屋子

of a roomful of extremely bored teenagers?

无聊透顶的青少年的注意力？

It turns out all you have to do is mention the word pornography.

结果发现你所要做的事情 无非是提到“色情”这个词。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Let me tell you how I first learned this.

让我告诉你们 我第一次是怎么发现的。

In 2012, I was sitting in a crowded room full of high school students

2012 年，我坐在 满是高中生的屋子里，

who were attending an after-school program in Boston.

他们在参加 波士顿的一个课后项目。

And my job, as guest speaker for the day,

作为当天的演讲嘉宾，我的工作是

was to inspire them to think about how exciting it would be

激发他们思考 在公共卫生部门发展职业生涯

to have a career in public health.

可能是一件多么令人激动的事。

The problem was,

问题是

as I looked at their faces,

当我看着他们的脸蛋，

I could see that their eyes were glazing over,

我可以看到他们目光呆滞

and they were just tuning out.

且无心听讲。

It didn't even matter that I wore

即便那天我穿了

what I thought was my cool outfit that day.

我自认为很酷的衣服，也丝毫没用。

I was just losing my audience.

我就要失去我的听众了。

So, then one of the two adults who worked for the program said,

然后两个成年项目工作人员中， 有一个人说，

"Aren't you doing some research about pornography?

“你不是在做一些关于色情的研究吗？

Maybe tell them about that."

也许可以跟他们讲讲那个。”

All of a sudden, that room full of high school students exploded

突然之间， 满屋子的高中学生沸腾了，

into laughter, high fives.

爆发出了笑声，相互击掌。

I think there were some loud hooting noises.

我印象当时有一些响亮的嚎叫声。

And all anyone had done was say that one word -- pornography.

所有的一切 只因有人说了一个词——色情作品。

That moment would prove to be an important turning point

那一刻，对我而言，以及我的

for me and my professional mission of finding solutions

找到终结约会和性暴力解决方法的 职业使命而言，

to end dating and sexual violence.

结果是一个关键的转折点。

At that point, I'd been working for more than a decade

那时，我已经用了超过 10 年时间

on this seemingly intractable problem of dating violence.

在研究这个似乎非常棘手的 约会暴力问题。

Data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

美国疾病控制和预防中心的数据

demonstrate that one in five high school-attending youth

显示美国每年有 1/5 的高中生

experience physical and/or sexual abuse

遭遇过约会伴侣的

by a dating partner each year in the US.

身体虐待或性暴力行为。

That makes dating violence more prevalent

这使得同一年龄群体的 约会暴力问题

than being bullied on school property,

要比校园凌霸、

seriously considering suicide,

认真考虑过自杀，

or even vaping,

甚至吸烟的问题

in that same population.

更加普遍盛行。

But solutions were proving elusive.

但事实证明很难找到解决方案。

And I was working with a research team

我在和一个研究团队合作

that was hunting for novel answers to the question:

以寻找解决这个问题的 新颖的答案：

What's causing dating abuse, and how do we stop it?

是什么导致约会暴力？ 我们如何制止它？

One of the research studies that we were working on at the time

我们那时正在进行的其中一项研究

happened to include a few questions about pornography.

碰巧包括了几个关于色情的问题。

And something unexpected was emerging from our findings.

于是我们发现了 一些意料之外的东西。

Eleven percent of the teen girls in our sample

我们样本中 11% 的青少女

reported that they had been forced or threatened

报告称她们曾被强迫或威胁

to do sexual things that the perpetrator saw in pornography.

做犯罪者在色情作品中 看到的性行为。

That got me curious.

这引起了我好奇。

Was pornography to blame for any percentage of dating violence?

色情作品要为任何约会暴力负责吗？

Or was it more like a coincidence that the pornography users

还是说色情作品的受众

also happen to be more likely to be in unhealthy relationships?

碰巧更有可能是那些 处于不健康关系的人？

I investigated by reading everything that I could

我通过阅读同行评审的一切文献

from the peer-reviewed literature,

以及我自己的研究

and by conducting my own research.

来调查这个问题。

I wanted to know

我想要知道

what kinds of sexually explicit media youth were watching,

年轻人在看什么样的 色情暴露媒体资料，

and how often and why,

看的频率和原因，

and see if I could piece together

看看我是否 能把所有零碎信息拼凑到一块，

if it was part of the reason that for so many of them

查清色情是不是那么多人

dating relationships were apparently unhealthy.

约会关系明显不健康的部分原因。

As I read, I tried to keep an open mind,

当我阅读时， 我试图让自己保持思想开放，

even though there were plenty of members of the public

尽管已经有无数的公众成员

who'd already made up their mind about the issue.

已经对这个问题做了论断。

Why would I keep an open mind about pornography?

为什么我要对色情作品 保持开放的思想？

Well, I'm a trained social scientist,

我是个受过训练的社会科学家，

so it's my job to be objective.

所以我的工作是要保持客观。

But I'm also what people call sex-positive.

但我也是人们口中 拥有积极性态度的人，

That means that I fully support people's right

这意思是我完全支持人们

to enjoy whatever kind of sex life and sexuality they find fulfilling,

去享受任何一种他们觉得满意的 性爱生活和性行为的权力。

no matter what it involves,

不管它涉及到什么，

as long as it includes the enthusiastic consent

只要它得到了所有关联方的

of all parties involved.

热情同意。

That said, I personally wasn't inclined towards watching pornography.

说到这，我个人不喜欢看色情作品。

I'd seen some, didn't really do anything for me.

我看过一些，但对我并没什么吸引力。

And as a mom of two soon-to-be teenage children,

作为两个即将步入青春期孩子的母亲，

I had my own concerns

关于色情作品会对他们产生什么影响，

about what seeing pornography could do to them.

我有自己的担心。

I noticed that while there were a lot of people

我注意到有很多人

who were denouncing pornography,

在谴责色情作品的同时，

there were also people who were staunch defenders of it

也有很多人因为各种理由

for a variety of reasons.

是它的坚决捍卫者。

So in my scholarly exploration,

于是在我的学术探索中，

I genuinely tried to understand:

我真诚地尝试去理解：

Was pornography bad for you or was it good for you?

色情作品对你有害， 还是对你有益？

Was it misogynist or was it empowering?

是反对女性，还是赋权女性？

And there was not one singular answer that emerged clearly.

没有任何一个答案能够清晰浮现。

There was one longitudinal study that had me really worried,

有一个纵向研究让我很担心，

that showed that teenagers who saw pornography

研究显示看色情作品的青少年

were subsequently more likely to perpetrate sexual violence.

随后更可能实施性暴力。

But the design of the study

但研究的设计

didn't allow for definitive causal conclusions.

并不能明确得出该因果结论。

And there were other studies that did not find

而且其他研究也并未发现

that adolescent pornography use

青少年接触色情作品

was associated with certain negative outcomes.

与某些特定负面后果有关。

Even though there were other studies that did find that.

尽管也有其他的研究 确实发现了其因果关系。

But as I spoke to other experts,

但在我和其他专家的交谈中，

I felt tremendous pressure to pick a side about pornography.

我对针对色情作品选择立场 感到了巨大的压力。

Join one team or the other.

加入一个阵营，或另一个。

I was even told that it was weak-minded of me

我甚至被告知自己心智薄弱，

not to be able to pick out the one correct answer about pornography.

没能力找出 关于色情问题的正确答案。

And it was complicated,

它很复杂，

because there is an industry

因为这是一个行业，

that is capitalizing off of audience's fascination

利用观众对女性的迷恋 来赚取金钱的行业。

with seeing women, in particular, not just having sex,

尤其是，不仅是性爱行为，

but being chocked, gagged, slapped,

还有被掐，被堵嘴，被击打，

spit upon, ejaculated upon,

被唾弃，被颜射，

called degrading names over and over during sex,

在做爱中一次次地 被叫唤侮辱性的名字，

and not always clearly with their consent.

也并未每次都获得了她们的同意。

Most people would agree that we have a serious problem

大部分人会同意我们这个国家

with misogyny, sexual violence and rape in this country,

充斥着厌女情结、性暴力和强奸， 这是一个很严重的问题，

and pornography probably isn't helping with any of that.

然而色情作品可能无助于任何一点。

And a critically important problem to me was that

对我而言， 尤其重要的一个问题是

for more than a century,

一个多世纪以来，

the anti-pornography position had been used as a pretext

反色情的立场被用来作为

for discriminating against gays and lesbians

歧视同性恋，

or people who have kinks or have fetishes.

有性癖或恋物癖的人的借口。

So I could see why, on the one hand,

所以我可以知道为什么，

we might be very worried about the messages that pornography is sending,

一方面我们可能会非常担心 色情作品传递的信息，

and on the other hand,

另一方面，

why we might be really worried about going overboard indicting it.

我们可能真会担心过分地控告它。

For the next two years,

在接下来的两年里，

I looked into every scary, horrifying claim that I could find

我研究了每一个我能找到的 关于人们第一次看色情作品的平均年龄的

about the average age at which people first see pornography,

可怕的、令人恐惧的说法，

or what it does to their brains or their sexuality.

以及它对他们的大脑和性行为的影响。

Here's what I have to report back.

这是我需要汇报的。

The free, online, mainstream pornography,

免费、在线、主流的色情作品，

that's the kind that teenagers are most likely to see,

那些青少年更可能看到的，

is a completely terrible form of sex education.

是一种非常糟糕的性教育形式。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

But that's not what it was intended for.

但这本就不是它的目的。

And it probably is not instantly poisoning their minds

它可能并不总是毒害他们的思想

or turning them into compulsive users,

或者把他们变成冲动的用户，

the way that some ideologues would have you believe.

一些理论家可能试图让你相信这点。

It's a rare person who doesn't see some pornography in their youth.

很少有人在年轻时没看过色情作品。

By the time they're 18 years old,

当他们 18 岁时，

93 percent of first year college males and 62 percent of females

93% 大学一年级的男生 和 62% 的女生

have seen pornography at least once.

至少看过一次色情作品。

And though people like to say

尽管人们喜欢说

that the internet has made pornography ubiquitous,

互联网使得色情作品无处不在，

or basically guarantees that any young child

或者基本上保证了每个年轻的孩子

who's handed a smartphone is definitely going to see pornography,

有了手机肯定会去看色情作品，

data don't really support that.

数据并没有真正支持这一论点。

A nationally representative study found that in the year 2000

一个具有全国性代表的研究发现， 在 2000 年，

16 percent of 10-to-13-year-old youth

16% 年龄在 10-13 岁的年轻人

reported that they'd seen pornography in the past year.

报告称他们在过去一年 看过色情作品。

And by 2010, that figure had increased.

到 2010 年，这个数据增长了。

But only to 30 percent.

但只有 30%。

So it wasn't everybody.

所以它不是每一个人。

Our problems with adolescents and sexual violence perpetration

青少年和性暴力犯罪的问题

is not only because of pornography.

不仅仅是因为色情作品。

In fact, a recent study

事实上，一个最近的研究

found that adolescents are more likely to see sexualized images

发现青少年更可能 在色情作品之外的其他媒体

in other kinds of media besides pornography.

看到有关性的图片。

Think about all those sexualized video games,

想想所有这些有关性的视频游戏，

or TV shows, or music videos.

或者电视剧，或音乐视频。

And it could be exposure to a steady stream of violent media

这可能是持续暴露 在特定的强势暴力媒体

that instead of or in addition to the sexualized images

而非性感图片， 或者跟性感图片一道

is causing our problems.

引发了我们的问题。

By focusing on the potential harms of pornography alone,

只是聚焦在色情作品本身的潜在危害上，

we may be distracting ourselves from bigger issues.

我们的注意力可能被从 更大的问题上引开，

Or missing root causes of dating and sexual violence,

或者错过导致约会和性暴力的根本原因。

which are the true public health crises.

这才是真正的公共卫生危机。

That said, even my own research

也就是说，即便我自己的研究

demonstrates that adolescents are turning to pornography

显示青少年正转向色情作品

for education and information about sex.

来获得性教育和性相关的信息。

And that's because they can't find

那是因为他们无法在其他地方

reliable and factual information elsewhere.

找到可信和真实的信息。

Less than 50 percent of the states in the United States

美国不到 50% 的州

require that sex education be taught in schools,

要求学校提供性教育，

including how to prevent coerced sex.

包括如何防止强迫性行为。

And less than half of those states

而这些州中，不到一半，

require that the information presented be medically accurate.

要求提供的资料在医学上准确无误。

So in that Boston after-school program,

在波士顿的课后项目中，

those kids really wanted to talk about sex,

这些孩子们真的想要讨论性，

and they really wanted to talk about pornography.

并且他们真的想要讨论色情作品。

And they wanted to talk about those things

他们想要谈论的这些事情

a whole lot more than they wanted to talk about dating or sexual violence.

远远多于他们想要谈论的约会或性暴力。

So we realized,

于是我们意识到，

we could cover all of the same topics that we might normally talk about

我们可以在健康关系教育的幌子下

under the guise of healthy relationships education,

讨论我们通常可能会谈论的 所有相同的话题，

like, what's a definition of sexual consent?

比如，性爱同意的定义是什么？

Or, how do you know if you're hurting somebody during sex?

或者，你如何知道在性爱中 你是否伤害到人？

Or what are healthy boundaries to have when you're flirting?

或者当你调情时， 你的健康边界是什么？

All of these same things we could discuss

所有这些对话我们都可以

by using pornography as the jumping-off point

用色情作为交流的出发点

for our conversation.

来讨论。

It's sort of like when adults give kids a desert like brownies,

这有点像大人 给孩子们吃巧克力蛋糕，

but they secretly baked a zucchini or something healthy inside of it.

但他们偷偷地在里面放了个西葫芦 或是某些健康的东西。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

We could talk to the kids about the healthy stuff,

我们可以跟孩子们谈论健康的东西，

the stuff that's good for you,

对你有益的东西，

but hide it inside a conversation that was about something

但隐藏在他们觉得

that they thought they wanted to be talking about.

他们想要谈论的话题里面。

We also discovered something

我们也发现了一些

that we didn't necessarily set out to find,

我们没有特别去寻找的东西，

which is that there's a fantastic way to have a conversation with teenagers

那就是一种跟青少年讨论色情作品

about pornography.

绝佳的方式。

And that is,

那就是，

keep the conversation true to science.

保持对话的科学真实性。

Admit what we know and what we don't know

承认我们了解的和未知的

about the impact of pornography.

关于色情作品的影响。

Talk about where there are mixed results

谈论在已经进行的研究中，

or where there are weaknesses in the studies that have been conducted.

有哪些不同混杂的研究结论， 有哪些不足之处。

Invite the adolescents to become critical consumers

邀请青少年成为色情作品研究

of the research literature on pornography,

和色情作品本身的

as well as the pornography itself.

批判性用户。

That really fits with adolescent development.

那真的非常适合青少年发展。

Adolescents like to question things

青少年喜欢问问题，

and they like to be invited to think for themselves.

并且他们喜欢被邀请 为他们自己思考。

And we realized by starting to experiment,

通过开始实验，

teaching some classes in consent, respect and pornography,

教授一些关于同意、尊重和色情的课程，

that trying to scare adolescents into a particular point of view

我们意识到试图恐吓青少年 以形成一种特定的观点，

or jam a one-sided argument down their throat about pornography

或者硬塞给他们 一个关于色情的片面论点

not only probably does not work,

不仅可能没有作用，

but really doesn't model the kind of respectful,

而且我们也没能做一个榜样， 示范我们想让他们学习的

consensual behavior that we want them to learn.

那种尊重的、双方同意的行为。

So our approach, what we call pornography literacy,

所以我们的方法， 我们称之为色情作品素质教育，

is about presenting the truth about pornography

是在我们知识范畴内 尽可能地展现

to the best of our knowledge,

色情作品的真相，

given that there is an ever-changing evidence base.

鉴于有不断变化的证据做为基础。

When people hear that we teach a nine-session, 18-hour class

当人们听说我们给青少年 上 9 节，18 个小时

in pornography literacy to teenagers,

的色情素养课时，

I think that they either think that we're sitting kids down

我想他们要么会认为 我们是跟小朋友们坐下来

and trying to show them how to watch pornography,

并试着告诉他们如何观看色情作品，

which is not what we do,

这不是我们做的，

or that we're part of an anti-pornography activist group

要么会认为 我们是反色情活动组织的成员，

that's trying to convince them that if they ever saw pornography,

试图说服他们 如果他们看了色情作品，

it would be the number one worst thing for their health ever.

这对他们的健康来说可能是 最糟糕的事情。

And that's not it, either.

但这也不是我们做的。

Our secret ingredient is that we're nonjudgmental.

我们的秘诀是不带偏见。

We don't think that youth should be watching pornography.

我们不认为年轻人应该观看色情作品。

But, above all, we want them to become critical thinkers

但最重要的是， 假如某天或当他们观看色情作品时，

if and when they do see it.

我们希望他们 能成为批判性的思考者。

And we've learned,

并且我们学到，

from the number of requests for our curriculum and our training,

就我们从整个美国和其他地方

from across the US and beyond,

对课程和培训需求的数量来看，

that there are a lot of parents and a lot of teachers

有很多的父母和老师，

who really do want to be having these more nuanced

他们真的想和青少年就色情内容

and realistic conversations with teenagers about pornography.

进行更细致、更现实的对话。

We've had requests from Utah to Vermont,

我们接到的请求来自各地， 从犹他州，到佛蒙特州、

to Alabama, to Hawaii.

到阿拉巴马，再到夏威夷。

So in that after-school program,

所以在那个课后项目中，

what I saw, is that from the minute we mentioned the word pornography,

从我们提到色情这个词那一刻起， 我看到的是

those kids were ready to jump in to a back-and-forth

那些孩子已经准备好来回地讨论

about what they did and didn't want to see in pornography,

他们在色情作品中想要看， 和不想要看到什么，

and what they did and didn't want to do during sex.

以及在性爱中他们想做什么， 和不想做什么。

And what was degrading to women

还有什么是对女性的侮辱，

or unfair to men or racist, all of it.

或者对男性的不公，或者种族歧视， 所有这些东西。

And they made some really sophisticated points.

并且他们提出了一些非常成熟的观点。

Exactly the kinds of things that we would want them to be talking about

正是我们希望他们作为 暴力预防活动人士

as violence prevention activists.

能谈论的事情。

And as teachers, we might leave the class one day and think,

作为老师， 有天我们离开课堂可能会想，

"It is really sad that there's that one boy in our class

“真让人难过，我们班上有个男孩

who thinks that all women have orgasms from anal sex."

认为所有女性都能通过肛交 获得性高潮。”

And we might leave class the next week and think,

我们在下周离开课堂时可能会想，

"I'm really glad that there's that one kid in our class who's gay,

“我真的很高兴， 我们班上有个同性恋的孩子

who said that seeing his sexuality represented in pornography

说看到与他相同性取向的角色 出现在色情作品中，

saved his life."

这拯救了他的生活。”

Or, "There's that one girl in our class

又或，“我们班有个女孩说，

who said that she's feeling a lot better about her body,

她对自己的身形感到舒服多了，

because she saw someone shaped like her as the object of desire

因为她在一些温和的色情作品中 看到身材像她那样的人

in some tame pornography."

也能成为人们的欲望对象。”

So this is where I find myself as a violence prevention activist.

所以我把自己看作了 一个暴力预防活动人士。

I find myself talking about and researching pornography.

我发现自己谈论和研究色情作品。

And though it would be easier

尽管万事倘若非黑即白，

if things in life were all one way or the other,

一切都将会变得容易些，

what I've found in my conversations with teenagers about pornography

我在和孩子们谈论色情作品的过程中发现

is that they remain engaged in these conversations

他们仍然非常热衷于这些对话，

because we allow them to grapple with the complexities.

因为我们允许他们解决复杂的问题，

And because we're honest about the science.

因为我们对忠诚于科学。

These adolescents may not be adults yet,

这些青少年可能未成年，

but they are living in an adult world.

但他们正生活在成年人的世界里，

And they're ready for adult conversations.

并且他们准备好参与 成年人的对话了。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（鼓掌）