Adam Grant: What frogs in hot water can teach us about thinking again | TED

Transcriber:

翻译人员: Hancheng Li 校对人员: Lipeng Chen

You might have heard that if you drop a frog in a pot of boiling water,

你可能听说过，如果把一只青蛙丢进开水里，

it will jump out right away,

它会被烫得立刻跳出来，

but if you put it in lukewarm water, and then slowly heat it up,

但如果把它丢进微温的水里， 然后慢慢把水加热，

the frog won't survive.

青蛙就会被煮熟而死。

The frog's big problem is that it lacks the ability to rethink the situation.

青蛙最大的问题在于 它没有重新思考自己处境的能力。

It doesn’t realize that the warm bath is becoming a death trap --

它没有意识到这锅温水 渐渐成为了自己的葬身之地，

until it’s too late.

等反应过来已经太迟了。

Humans might be smarter than frogs,

人类虽然比青蛙要聪明，

but our world is full of slow-boiling pots.

但我们的世界也有很多类似的一锅锅“温水”。

Think about how slow people were to react to warnings about a pandemic,

人们的反应往往很迟钝， 不管是面对一场全球大流行病，

climate change or a democracy in peril.

还是气候变暖，或者民主政治受到威胁。

We fail to recognize the danger

我们无法意识到这些威胁，

because we're reluctant to rethink the situation.

因为我们不愿意换个角度重新审视。

We struggle with rethinking in all kinds of situations.

在各种场景下我们都会固执己见。

We expect our squeaky brakes to keep working,

我们觉得车上嘎吱作响的刹车还能继续用，

until they finally fail on the freeway.

直到它们在高速公路上失灵。

We believe the stock market will keep going up,

我们坚信股价会一直上涨，

even after we hear about a real-estate bubble.

就算听说有房地产泡沫也绝不改口。

And we keep watching "Game of Thrones" even after the show jumps the shark.

《权力的游戏》每季质量越来越差， 我们还老是追着不放。

Rethinking isn't a hurdle in every part of our lives.

生活中不是所有的方面都存在这个问题。

We're happy to refresh our wardrobes and renovate our kitchens.

我们很乐意给衣柜里添新衣， 或者修缮家里的厨房。

But when it comes to our goals, identities and habits,

但是涉及到我们的个人目标、身份、习惯时，

we tend to stick to our guns.

我们往往会特别固执。

And in a rapidly changing world, that's a huge problem.

在这个迅速变化的大千世界， 这是一个很大的问题。

I'm an organizational psychologist.

我是一名组织心理学家。

It's my job to rethink how we work, lead and live.

我的职责就是去重新思考 我们工作、生活、领导的方式。

But that hasn't stopped me from getting stuck in slow-boiling pots,

然而这没有使我自己 逃脱“温水煮青蛙”的困境。

so I started studying why.

于是我开始研究其中原因。

I learned that intelligence doesn't help us escape;

我了解到，智力本身无法让我们脱困；

sometimes, it traps us longer.

有时，它会让我们困得更久。

Being good at thinking can make you worse at rethinking.

善于思考可能会让人不善于重新思考。

There's evidence that the smarter you are,

有证据显示，一个人越聪明，

the more likely you are to fall victim to the "I'm not biased" bias.

就越有可能陷入“我不会带有偏见”这种偏见。

You can always find reasons

你总可以找到理由

to convince yourself you're on the right path,

说服自己，以为自己的思路是正确的，

which is exactly what my friends and I did on a trip to Panama.

我和朋友的一次巴拿马之行就出现了这种情况。

I worked my way through college,

我在大学期间一直兼职打工，

and by my junior year, I'd finally saved enough money to travel.

到了大三那年终于存够了钱出国旅游。

It was my first time leaving North America.

那是我第一次离开北美洲。

I was excited for my first time climbing a mountain,

我特别期待第一次爬上高山，

actually an active volcano, literally a slow-boiling pot.

那座山恰巧是座活火山，简直跟一锅温水无异。

I set a goal to reach the summit and look into the crater.

我定了一个目标，要爬到山顶， 看看火山口里是什么样。

So, we're in Panama,

于是我们到了巴拿马，

we get off to a late start,

我们去到山脚时有点迟，

but it's only supposed to take about two hours to get to the top.

不过理论上只需要两个小时就能登顶。

After four hours, we still haven't reached the top.

然而四个小时之后，我们还在半山腰上。

It's a little strange that it's taking so long,

花那么长时间感觉有点奇怪，

but we don't stop to rethink whether we should turn around.

但我们完全没停下来思考要不要转身下山。

We've already come so far.

我们已经爬了这么久了。

We have to make it to the top.

我们必须要登到顶峰。

Do not stand between me and my goal.

谁都不能阻止我。

We don't realize we've read the wrong map.

我们没意识到，我们看的地图是错的。

We're on Panama's highest mountain,

我们来到的是巴拿马最高峰，

it actually takes six to eight hours to hike to the top.

登顶需要6到8个小时的时间。

By the time we finally reach the summit,

当我们终于爬到顶时，

the sun is setting.

太阳已经下山了。

We're stranded, with no food, no water, no cell phones,

我们困在山顶，没吃没喝，没有手机，

and no energy for the hike down.

也完全没有下山的体能了。

There's a name for this kind of mistake,

这类的错误有一个统称，

it's called "escalation of commitment to a losing course of action."

叫做“为失败的决策加倍投入”。

It happens when you make an initial investment of time or money,

它的意思是，当你在某件事上 已经投入了一定的金钱或精力，

and then you find out it might have been a bad choice,

但之后发现这件事做下去会导致失败，

but instead of rethinking it, you double down and invest more.

你反而选择加倍投入， 而不是重新思考自己的决定。

You want to prove to yourself and everyone else

你想向自己和别人证明

that you made a good decision.

你做的决定是正确的。

Escalation of commitment

如此的加倍投入

explains so many familiar examples of businesses plummeting.

常常出现在商界各个衰落的大企业身上。

Blockbuster, BlackBerry, Kodak.

比如百视达、黑莓、柯达。

Leaders just kept simmering in their slow-boiling pots,

企业高层一直在温水里被反复炖煮，

failing to rethink their strategies.

未曾思考过转变航向。

Escalation of commitment

如此的加倍投入

explains why you might have stuck around too long in a miserable job,

可能导致你卡在糟糕的工作岗位却不愿离开，

why you've probably waited for a table way too long at a restaurant

在餐厅门口排长队等了太长时间，

and why you might have hung on to a bad relationship

或者是坚决不愿结束一段不顺心的恋情，

long after your friends encouraged you to leave.

即使朋友们已经多次劝你与对方分手。

It's hard to admit that we were wrong

我们很难承认自己犯了错，

and that we might have even wasted years of our lives.

更难承认自己可能已经因此浪费了多年时光。

So we tell ourselves,

于是我们安慰自己，

"If I just try harder, I can turn this around."

“如果我再用功一点，我一定可以扭转局面。”

We live in a culture that worships at the altar of hustle

我们的社会文化崇尚奋斗、拼搏，

and prays to the high priest of grit.

崇尚坚韧不拔的精神。

But sometimes, that leads us to keep going

但有时候，这会让我们盲目向前，

when we should stop to think again.

忘记了停下脚步、重新思考。

Experiments show that gritty people

实验证明，性格坚毅的人

are more likely to overplay their hands in casino games

更有可能在赌博游戏中下过高的赌注，

and more likely to keep trying to solve impossible puzzles.

也更有可能在客观无解的谜题上花更多时间。

My colleagues and I have found

我和我的同事发现

that NBA basketball coaches

美国职业篮球的一些教练

who are determined to develop the potential in rookies

特别坚决地想发掘、培养新秀球员的潜力，

keep them around much longer than their performance justifies.

即使球员表现糟糕， 教练还会让他们长时间上场。

And researchers have even suggested

有另外的研究还表明

that the most tenacious mountaineers are more likely to die on expeditions,

最有毅力的登山者也最有可能死在登山途中，

because they're determined to do whatever it takes to reach the summit.

因为他们下定了决心，无论如何都要攀到山顶。

In Panama, my friends and I got lucky.

回到巴拿马，我和朋友幸亏运气好。

About an hour into our descent,

我们开始下山一个小时后，

a lone pickup truck came down the volcano

一辆孤零零的皮卡车正好从火山开下来，

and rescued us from our slow-boiling pot.

把我们从这锅温水中解救了。

There's a fine line between heroic persistence and stubborn stupidity.

英勇的坚持不懈与愚昧的顽固不化 只有非常细微的区别。

Sometimes the best kind of grit

有时候最好的勇气

is gritting your teeth and packing your bags.

就是一咬牙，决定知难而退。

"Never give up" doesn't mean "keep doing the thing that's failing."

“永不放弃”并不意味着 “不断尝试注定会失败的事”。

It means "don't get locked into one narrow path,

它其实意味着：不要被一条狭窄的道路所困，

and stay open to broadening your goals.

而要保持开放心态，不断拓展自己的目标。

The ultimate goal is to make it down the mountain,

毕竟最终的目的是要顺利下山，

not just to reach the top.

并不是登到山顶就结束了。

Your goals can give you tunnel vision, blinding you to rethinking the situation.

你设定的目标容易给你一孔之见， 使你盲目而无法重新审视局面。

And it's not just goals that can cause this kind of shortsightedness,

这种短见不仅是由设立的目标所造成的，

it's your identity too.

自己的身份也是原因之一。

As a kid, my identity was wrapped up in sports.

我还小的时候，我给自己的定位 就是超级体育迷。

I spent countless hours shooting hoops on my driveway,

我花了无数个小时在家门口训练投篮，

and then I got cut from the middle school basketball team, all three years.

然而后来连续三年没被我们中学篮球队选中。

I spent a decade playing soccer, but I didn't make the high school team.

我踢足球也踢了十年时间， 结果也没被高中足球队选中。

At that point, I shifted my focus to a new sport, diving.

在那之后，我把自己的重心转移到 一项新的运动：跳水。

I was bad,

我跳得很差劲，

I walked like Frankenstein, I couldn't jump,

我助跑僵硬得像机器人，根本跳不起来，

I could hardly touch my toes without bending my knees,

如果不屈膝的话我几乎摸不到脚趾头，

and I was afraid of heights.

而且我还恐高。

But I was determined.

不过我早已下定决心了。

I stayed at the pool until it was dark,

我在跳水池训练到天黑，

and my coach kicked me out of practice. (Laughs)

直到我们教练把我赶出场。（笑声）

I knew that the seeds of greatness are planted in the daily grind,

我知道我每天的不懈努力 一定会让我成就一番伟大事业，

and eventually, my hard work paid off.

最终，我的付出有了回报。

By my senior year, I made the All-American list,

在我高中四年级时，我入选了全美大名单，

and I qualified for the Junior Olympic Nationals.

还成为了青年奥运会国家队的一员。

I was obsessed with diving.

我全身心投入在跳水中。

It was more than something I did, it became who I was.

它不仅仅是我做的一项运动了， 跳水已成为我生命的一部分。

I had a diving sticker on my car,

我的车上贴着跳水相关的贴纸，

and my email address was “diverag at aol.com.”

连我的电子邮箱账号都是[email protected]。

Diving gave me a way to fit in and to stand out.

跳水使我能够融入集体、展现自我。

I had a team where I belonged and a rare skill to share.

我在跳水队中很有归属感， 我的水平也十分出色。

I had people rooting for me and control over my own progress.

有许多人为我加油鼓劲， 我的进步也尽在自己掌握之中。

But when I got to college,

然而当我到了大学，

the sport that I loved became something I started to dread.

我所热爱的这项运动逐渐变成一个噩梦。

At that level,

在大学级别，

I could not beat more talented divers by outworking them.

我没法纯靠努力击败更有天赋的选手。

I was supposed to be doing higher dives,

我本应该继续挑战更高的高度，

but I was still afraid of heights,

然而我还是有恐高的毛病，

and 6am practice was brutal.

而且早上6点起来训练实在太辛苦。

My mind was awake, but my muscles were still asleep.

我的大脑已经清醒了，但肌肉还没完全活过来。

I did back smacks and belly flops

我经常背部着地或者肚皮着地，

and my slow-boiling pot this time was a freezing pool.

我意识到这次的一锅“温水” 就是这个冰冷的跳水池。

There was one question, though, that stopped me from rethinking.

然而有这么一个问题， 让我很不愿意重新审视局面。

"If I'm not a diver, who am I?"

“如果我不跳水的话，那我还能是谁？”

In psychology, there's a term for this kind of failure to rethink --

在心理学中，有个术语就是描述 这种不愿重新思考的心态，

it's called "identity foreclosure."

它叫做“同一性早闭”。

It's when you settle prematurely on a sense of who you are

它的意思是你过早地承认了自己的身份与个性，

and close your mind to alternative selves.

而不再选择探寻新的自我。

You've probably experienced identity foreclosure.

你可能就经历过同一性早闭。

Maybe you were too attached

或许你曾非常执著于

to an early idea of what school you'd go to,

自己之后想上哪一所学校，

what kind of person you'd marry,

想娶或者想嫁给什么样的人，

or what career you'd choose.

或者想做一份什么样的工作。

Foreclosing on one identity is like following a GPS

对同一性的这种早闭就像跟着GPS导航，

that gives you the right directions to the wrong destination.

它给你指的是正确的路，但目的地却是错的。

After my freshman year of college, I rethought my identity.

在我大一年级之后，我重新思考了我的身份。

I realized that diving was a passion,

我意识到跳水是我的热情，

not a purpose.

不是自己的人生意义。

My values were to grow and excel,

我的价值观是让自己不断成长、出众，

and to contribute to helping my teammates grow and excel.

同时做出贡献，让我的队友也成长、出众。

Grow, excel, contribute.

成长、出众、贡献。

I didn't have to be a diver to grow, excel and contribute.

我不需要去跳水也能做到成长、出众、贡献。

Research suggests that instead of foreclosing on one identity,

研究表明，相比于同一性早闭，

we're better off trying on a range of possible selves.

积极探索多种可能的自我会对我们更有好处。

Retiring from diving

从跳水运动退役

freed me up to spend the summer doing psychology research

让我在暑假有时间去做心理学科研，

and working as a diving coach.

同时还兼职做了跳水教练。

It also gave me time to concentrate on my dorkiest hobby,

我也有空去研究我另一个傻乎乎的兴趣爱好：

performing as a magician.

魔术表演。

I'm still working on my sleight of hand.

我的手法还需要不少练习呢。

Opening my mind to new identities opened new doors.

对新的自我敞开怀抱让我找到了新的人生路。

Research showed me that I enjoyed creating knowledge,

我的研究表明我自己热爱创造知识，

not just consuming it.

而不只是消费知识。

Coaching and performing

做教练以及表演魔术

helped me see myself as a teacher and an entertainer.

让我看到自己作为教师、表演者的样子。

If that hadn't happened,

如果没有这些经历，

I might not have become a psychologist and a professor,

我很可能不会成为心理学家、教授，

and I probably wouldn't be giving this TED talk.

我也大概率不会来做这个TED演讲了。

See, I'm an introvert,

我其实是个内向的人，

and when I first started teaching, I was afraid of public speaking.

在我刚开始给同学上课的时候， 我其实很害怕公众演讲。

I had a mentor, Jane Dutton,

我的一位导师，简·达顿，

who gave me some invaluable advice.

教给我一些非常宝贵的经验。

She said, "You have to unleash your inner magician."

她说：“你要把内心的魔术师展现出来。”

So I turned my class into a live show.

于是我把我的课堂变成了现场表演。

Before the first day, I memorized my students' names and backgrounds,

在第一课之前，我会记住 每个学生的名字和背景，

and then, I mastered my routine.

再之后，我精通了整个流程。

Those habits served me well.

养成这些习惯对我很有好处。

I started to relax more and I started to get good ratings.

我讲课变得越来越自如， 我的教师评分也逐渐提升了。

But just like with goals and identities,

但就好像个人目标、身份一样，

the routines that help us today

这些流程现在有好处，

can become the ruts we get trapped in tomorrow.

但慢慢地总会变得枯燥而僵化。

One day, I taught a class on the importance of rethinking,

有一天，我在课上讲重新思考的重要性，

and afterward, a student came up and said,

下课后，一个同学上前来跟我说：

"You know, you're not following your own principles."

“你有没有发现， 你自己并没遵循课上教的内容。”

They say feedback is a gift,

大家都说反馈是一份礼物，

but right then, I wondered, "How do I return this?"

但就在那一刻，我脑子里却想： “这我不知道怎么接？”

(Takes a breath)

（深呼吸）

I was teaching the same material, the same way, year after year.

年复一年，我都在用同样的方式讲同样的内容。

I didn't want to give up on a performance that was working.

我不愿意放弃行之有效的教学/表演方式。

I had my act down.

我的表演十分精彩。

Even good habits can stand in the way of rethinking.

即使这样的好习惯也会成为重新思考的绊脚石。

There's a name for that too.

这种现象也有个名字，

It's called "cognitive entrenchment,"

叫做“认知固守”，

where you get stuck in the way you've always done things.

意味着你总是脱不开自己一贯的做事方式。

Just thinking about rethinking made me defensive.

光是提到“重新思考”这个词 都会觉得特别反感。

And then, I went through the stages of grief.

之后，我为此经历了漫长的心路历程。

I happened to be doing some research on emotion regulation at the time,

我当时恰巧在做一个跟情绪调节相关的研究，

and it came in handy.

在这里派上了用场。

Although you don't always get to choose the emotions you feel,

虽然你并不一定能掌控 自己感受到什么样的情绪，

you do get to pick which ones you internalize

但你可以选择自己想内化哪些情绪，

and which ones you express.

以及想表达哪些情绪。

I started to see emotions as works in progress,

我逐渐开始把情绪当成一种“半成品”，

kind of like art.

像艺术作品一样。

If you were a painter,

如果你是一名画家，

you probably wouldn't frame your first sketch.

你大概率不会把自己的初稿给裱起来。

Your initial feelings are just a rough draft.

你最初的情绪感受只是草稿而已。

As you gain perspective, you can rethink and revise what you feel.

当你从多个角度思考， 你就可以审视并修改自己感受的情绪。

So that's what I did.

这就是我当时做的了。

Instead of defensiveness, I tried curiosity.

与其选择抗拒，我试着感受“好奇”。

I wondered, "What would happen if I became the student?"

我心想：“假如我变成听课的学生， 会发生什么呢？”

I threw out my plan for one day of class,

有一天，我把课程的教案彻底置之脑后，

and I invited the students to design their own session.

然后请同学们自己设计课程的模式。

The first year, they wrote letters to their freshman selves,

第一年，同学们给大一刚入学的自己写信，

about what they wish they’d rethought or known sooner.

告诉当时的自己应该反思些啥、提早知道些啥。

The next year, they gave passion talks.

下一年，同学们做了“热情演讲”。

They each had one minute to share

每个人花一分钟的时间

something they loved or cared about deeply.

给大家介绍自己非常热爱的一件事物。

And now, all my students give passion talks

现在，我课上的所有同学

to introduce themselves to the class.

都靠“热情演讲”来做自我介绍。

I believe that good teachers introduce new thoughts

我认为好的老师会给同学讲述新思想，

but great teachers introduce new ways of thinking.

而真正优秀的老师会讲述新的思维方式。

But it wasn't until I ceded control that I truly understood

直到我对课程框架结构彻底放手， 我才真正意识到

how much my students had to teach one another,

我的学生们互相教授，以及教授给我的知识

and me.

是无穷无尽的。

Ever since then,

在那之后，

I put an annual reminder in my calendar to rethink what and how I teach.

我每年都会预留一段时间 重新思考我上课的内容和方式。

It's a checkup.

这是我的例行检查。

Just when you go to the doctor for an annual checkup

就好像每年都会去做一次体检一样，

when nothing seems to be wrong,

即使没有生病也会去，

you can do the same thing in the important parts of your life.

我们对人生中重要的事情也可以做这样的检查。

A career checkup to consider how your goals are shifting.

比如检查自己的职业、工作状态， 思考个人目标是否改变了。

A relationship checkup to re-examine your habits.

检查人际关系，重新思考自己的生活习惯。

An identity checkup to consider how your values are evolving.

检查个人身份、定位， 思考自己的价值观有没有变化。

Rethinking does not have to change your mind --

重新思考并不一定会让你改变主意，

it just means taking time to reflect

它只是让你花时间去反思，

and staying open to reconsidering.

使你乐于接受改变。

A hallmark of wisdom

智慧的重要体现

is knowing when to grit and when to quit,

就是知道啥时埋头苦干，啥时知难而退；

when to throw in the towel on an old identity

啥时该抛弃自己曾经的定位，

and dive into a new one,

转而迎接新的自我；

when to walk away from some old habits and start scaling a new mountain.

啥时该摒弃一些旧的习惯， 去挑战一些新的事物。

Your past can weigh you down,

你的过往是一种包袱，

and rethinking can liberate you.

重新思考能使你挣脱桎梏。

Rethinking is not just a skill to master personally,

重新思考不只是我们个人要掌握的技能，

it's a value we need to embrace culturally.

我们也要从文化层面鼓励推行这种价值。

We live in a world that mistakes confidence for competence,

我们现在的世界常常把自信误以为是实力，

that pressures us to favor the comfort of conviction

这使得我们更容易固执己见，

over the discomfort of doubt,

而对质疑、追问感到不适，

that accuses people who change their minds of flip-flopping,

也使得我们看不起改变主意的人， 觉得他们思想不坚定，

when in fact, they might be learning.

然而事实上，他们可能在持续学习新知识。

So let's talk about how to make rethinking the norm.

所以说，我们要讨论怎样让重新思考变成习惯。

We need to invite it and to model it.

为此我们要互相鼓励、效仿。

A few years ago,

几年前，

some of our students at Wharton challenged the faculty to do that.

我们在沃顿商学院的一些学生 向我们教职工发起了挑战。

They asked us to record

他们想让我们录一段视频，

our own version of Jimmy Kimmel's Mean Tweets.

模仿“吉米鸡毛秀”里的 名人嘉宾“恶言恶语”板块。

We took the worst feedback we'd ever received

我们去找自己收到的最差的课程评估，

on student course evaluations,

学生每个学期都会写，

and we read it out loud.

然后我们亲口读出来。

Angela Duckworth: “It was easily one of the worst three classes I’ve ever taken...

安吉拉·达克沃斯：“这堂课绝对是我 上过的最垃圾的三门课之一，

one of which the professor was let go after the semester.”

其中一门课的老师在学期结束后被炒鱿鱼了。”

Mohamed El-Erian: “The number of stories you tell

穆罕默德·艾尔-艾里恩：“你课上讲的天方夜谭

give ‘Aesop’s Fables’ a run for its money.

跟《伊索寓言》简直有得一拼。

Less can be more.”

少说点可能更好。”

Ouch.

哎哟。

Adam Grant: “You’re so nervous

亚当·格兰特：“你上课的时候紧张得要命，

you’re causing us to physically shake in our seats.”

我们坐在凳子上都控制不住地发抖。”

(Laughs)

（笑声）

Mae McDonnell: “So great to finally have a professor from Australia.

梅·麦克唐纳：“我们总算有个澳洲的老师了。

You started strong but then got softer.

你学期开头很给力，越到结尾越疲软。

You need tenure, so toughen up with these brats.”

你要想当终身教授， 最好赶紧治治你的捣蛋学生。”

I'm from Alabama.

我老家是阿拉巴马州的。

Michael Sinkinson: “Prof Sinkinson acts all down with pop culture

迈克尔·辛金森：“辛金森教授嘴上说 自己对流行文化了如指掌，

but secretly thinks Ariana Grande is a font in Microsoft Word.”

但实际上却以为爱莉安娜·格兰德 是Word文档里某个字体的名称。”

(Laughs)

（笑声）

AG: After I show these clips in class,

格兰特：当我在课上播完这些视频之后，

students give more thoughtful feedback.

同学们给了我们更有价值的反馈。

They rethink what's relevant.

他们思考了哪些反馈是有关、有用的。

They also become more comfortable telling me what to think,

他们也更愿意来告诉我他们的所思所想，

because I'm not just claiming I'm receptive to criticism.

因为我不只是口口声声说自己愿意听取批评。

I'm demonstrating that I can take it.

我展示了自己能够直面这些批评。

We need that kind of openness in schools,

这种透明度需要贯彻到各所学校，

in families, in businesses, in governments, in nonprofits.

乃至我们的家庭、公司、 政府、非营利组织之中。

A couple of years ago, I was working on a project for the Gates Foundation,

几年前，我在给盖茨基金会做一个项目，

and I suggested that leaders could record their own version of Mean Tweets.

我当时就建议基金会领导人 也录一段类似的“恶言恶语”视频。

Melinda Gates volunteered to go first,

梅琳达·盖茨自愿第一个读，

and one of the points of feedback that she read

她读到的其中一点反馈说：

said "Melinda is like Mary effing Poppins.

“梅琳达自以为跟超级保姆玛丽包萍一样：

Practically perfect in every way."

一切的一切都无可挑剔。”

And then, she started listing her imperfections.

而紧接着，她就开始列举自己的诸多不足之处。

People at the Gates Foundation who saw that video

盖茨基金会里看过这段视频的人

ended up becoming more willing

后来都变得更加愿意

to recognize and overcome their own limitations.

去找到并且克服自己的不足与限制。

They were also more likely to speak up about problems and solutions.

他们也变得更积极主动地 提出问题并提供个人见解。

What Melinda was modeling was confident humility.

梅琳达展现出的就是一个自信而谦逊的形象。

Confident humility is being secure enough in your strengths

自信的谦逊是在你对自己的长处 拥有足够安全感时，

to acknowledge your weaknesses.

可以大胆承认自己的不足。

Believing that the best way to prove yourself is to improve yourself,

相信最好的证明自我的方式就是不断提升自我，

knowing that weak leaders silence their critics

软弱的领导者只会封住批评者的嘴，

and make themselves weaker,

却使自己显得更加软弱，

while strong leaders engage their critics and make themselves stronger.

而强有力的领导者直面任何批评， 让自己变得更强有力。

Confident humility gives you the courage to say "I don't know,"

自信的谦逊让你敢于说“我不知道”，

instead of pretending to have all the answers.

而不是假装自己什么都会。

To say "I was wrong," instead of insisting you were right.

你会说“我犯了错”，而不坚称自己总是对的。

It encourages you to listen to ideas

它鼓励你听取各方的意见，

that make you think hard,

并推动你积极思考，

not just the ones that make you feel good,

而不只听取让自己高兴的甜言蜜语。

and to surround yourself with people who challenge your thought process,

它还使你身边充满更多 有能力挑战你的思维方式的人，

not just the ones who agree with your conclusions.

而不只是那些只会满口答应的人。

And sometimes, it even leads you to challenge your own conclusions,

有时候，它甚至会让你挑战自己的结论，

like with the story about the frog that can't survive the slow-boiling pot.

就好比“青蛙会被温水煮熟”这个结论。

I found out recently that's a myth.

我最近才发现这完全是个流言。

If you heat up the water,

如果你把水加热，

the frog will jump out as soon as it gets uncomfortably warm.

青蛙在水太烫时就立刻跳出来了。

Of course it jumps out, it's not an idiot.

它当然会跳出来啦，它又不是傻子！

The problem is not the frog, it's us.

问题并不在青蛙身上，而在我们身上。

Once we accept the story as true, we don't bother to think again.

一旦我们接受这个故事确有其事， 我们就懒得重新思考了。

What if we were more like the frog,

假如我们更像青蛙一样，

ready to jump out if the water gets too warm?

水温过高时及时跳出，会怎么样呢？

We need to be quick to rethink.

我们要随时准备好重新思考。

Thank you.

谢谢大家。