What's it like to be a robot? | Leila Takayama

翻译人员: Fang lFyf 校对人员: Wei Wu

You only get one chance to make a first impression,

形成第一印象只有一次机会，

and that's true if you're a robot as well as if you're a person.

无论对人类还是对机器人都是如此。

The first time that I met one of these robots

我第一次看到机器人

was at a place called Willow Garage in 2008.

是2008年在一个叫做 Willow Garage的地方。

When I went to visit there, my host walked me into the building

当我到那的时候， 主人邀请我进去

and we met this little guy.

我见到了这个小东西。

He was rolling into the hallway,

他在走廊上闲逛，

came up to me, sat there,

向我这个方向走来，停在那，

stared blankly past me,

盯着我好像我不存在，

did nothing for a while,

它待了一会儿，

rapidly spun his head around 180 degrees

快速地把头转了180度，

and then ran away.

然后走开了。

And that was not a great first impression.

这可不是个好的第一印象。

The thing that I learned about robots that day

我那天才知道

is that they kind of do their own thing,

这些机器人只做他们自己的事情，

and they're not totally aware of us.

完全没有意识到我们的存在。

And I think as we're experimenting with these possible robot futures,

而且我认为，随着我们对未来 可实现机器人的实验的进行，

we actually end up learning a lot more about ourselves

我们不光是在研究这些机器

as opposed to just these machines.

我们对自己的了解也会越来越深刻。

And what I learned that day

另外，那天我也意识到，

was that I had pretty high expectations for this little dude.

我对这些小东西有着很高的期待。

He was not only supposed to be able to navigate the physical world,

他不仅应该存在于现实生活，

but also be able to navigate my social world --

更应该存在于我的社交领域--

he's in my space; it's a personal robot.

在我的社交空间；它是一个人。

wWhy didn't it understand me?

为什么他不能理解我？

My host explained to me,

我的主人跟我解释说，

"Well, the robot is trying to get from point A to point B,

“这个机器人正试图从A点移动到B点，

and you were an obstacle in his way,

你挡住他的路了，

so he had to replan his path,

所以他不得不重新规划路线，

figure out where to go,

弄清楚该往哪儿走，

and then get there some other way,"

然后找到另一条路径，”

which was actually not a very efficient thing to do.

这明显不是个高效的办法。

If that robot had figured out that I was a person, not a chair,

如果这个机器人知道我是个人， 而不是把椅子，

and that I was willing to get out of its way

如果我挡到它的路，

if it was trying to get somewhere,

我会愿意给他让路，

then it actually would have been more efficient

那么这是让他到达B点的

at getting its job done

更有效的办法，

if it had bothered to notice that I was a human

只要它能意识到我是个人，

and that I have different affordances than things like chairs and walls do.

我和椅子或者墙相比是不一样的。

You know, we tend to think of these robots as being from outer space

我们总是认为机器人要么来自外太空

and from the future and from science fiction,

来自未来或者科幻小说。

and while that could be true,

虽然这些也许是真的，

I'd actually like to argue that robots are here today,

我今天想论证的是机器人就在这里，

and they live and work amongst us right now.

此时此刻他们就跟我们一起生活一起工作。

These are two robots that live in my home.

这是我家的两个机器人。

They vacuum the floors and they cut the grass

他们每天都

every single day,

扫地，除草，

which is more than I would do if I actually had time to do these tasks,

他们做这些事比我做得更快，

and they probably do it better than I would, too.

也比我做得更好。

This one actually takes care of my kitty.

这个机器人专门照顾我的小猫咪。

Every single time he uses the box, it cleans it,

每次猫咪便便后，它都会清理掉，

which is not something I'm willing to do,

我可不愿意干这事儿，

and it actually makes his life better as well as mine.

猫咪和我的生活都变得更舒服了。

And while we call these robot products --

当我们称呼这些机器人产品

it's a "robot vacuum cleaner, it's a robot lawnmower,

“这是一个真空吸尘器机器人， 这是个除草剂机器人，

it's a robot littler box,"

这是个猫马桶机器人，“

I think there's actually a bunch of other robots hiding in plain sight

我想在日常生活中有大量的机器人

that have just become so darn useful

已经变得特别有用

and so darn mundane

特别平常了

that we call them things like, "dishwasher," right?

以至于我们不会称呼它们机器人， 比如“洗碗机”，对吧？

They get new names.

他们有了新名字。

They don't get called robot anymore

他们不再被称作机器人了

because they actually serve a purpose in our lives.

因为他们在我们生活中发挥特定作用了。

类似地，还有恒温器，对吧？

Similarly, a thermostat, right?

I know my robotics friends out there

我一些研究机器人的朋友

are probably cringing at me calling this a robot,

有可能会对我称呼这玩意儿机器人 表示不满

但是它有自己的任务。

but it has a goal.

Its goal is to make my house 66 degrees Fahrenheit,

它的任务是让我的房子保持66华氏度，

and it senses the world.

它能感知世界。

It knows it's a little bit cold,

它能知道，周围有点冷了

it makes a plan and then it acts on the physical world.

然后它提高温度， 然后周围的气温就改变了。

It's robotics.

这是机器人学。

Even if it might not look like Rosie the Robot,

即使它不是像是“杰森一家”中 罗茜那样的机器女仆，

it's doing something that's really useful in my life

在我的生活中它也很有用。

so I don't have to take care

所以我根本不用

of turning the temperature up and down myself.

亲自调节我周围的气温。

And I think these systems live and work amongst us now,

并且我认为这些系统 和我们一起生活、工作

and not only are these systems living amongst us

这些设备不仅仅和我们共存，

but you are probably a robot operator, too.

我们也操控着这些设备。

When you drive your car,

当你开车时，

it feels like you are operating machinery.

你就像正在操作一个机器。

You are also going from point A to point B,

你也正要从A点到B点去，

but your car probably has power steering,

但是你的车可能有动力转向系统，

it probably has automatic braking systems,

可能还有防锁死刹车系统，

it might have an automatic transmission and maybe even adaptive cruise control.

它可能有一个自动变速器 甚至可能是自适应巡航控制。

And while it might not be a fully autonomous car,

但它可能不是个全自动车，

it has bits of autonomy,

它有一些自主能力，

and they're so useful

这很有用，

and they make us drive safer,

让我们开车更安全，

and we just sort of feel like they're invisible-in-use, right?

我们无意中就在使用他们，对吧？

So when you're driving your car,

当你正在开车时，

you should just feel like you're going from one place to another.

你觉得你只是 从一个地方到另一个地方去,

而不觉得这是一件难事,

It doesn't feel like it's this big thing that you have to deal with and operate

你必须处理和操作和使用这些控件，

and use these controls

因为我们花了很长时间学习驾驶

because we spent so long learning how to drive

that they've become extensions of ourselves.

他们已经变成我们的左膀右臂。

When you park that car in that tight little garage space,

当你在一个狭小的车库停车时，

you know where your corners are.

你知道角落在哪儿。

And when you drive a rental car that maybe you haven't driven before,

当你开着一辆以前从没开过的租来的车，

it takes some time to get used to your new robot body.

你需要一些时间去熟悉这个陌生的车。

And this is also true for people who operate other types of robots,

对于其他种类的机器也是一样的，

so I'd like to share with you a few stories about that.

所以我想跟你们分享一些故事。

Dealing with the problem of remote collaboration.

一些解决远程协作问题的故事。

So, at Willow Garage I had a coworker named Dallas,

在Willow Garage我有个同事叫Dallas，

and Dallas looked like this.

Dallas看起来就像这样。

He worked from his home in Indiana in our company in California.

他在印第安纳州的家中 与我们加利福尼亚州的员工一起工作。

He was a voice in a box on the table in most of our meetings,

在很多会议上， 他只是语音盒中的声音。

which was kind of OK except that, you know,

这些会议有时候很和谐，

除非我们正在激烈讨论 而且不喜欢他说的，

if we had a really heated debate and we didn't like what he was saying,

we might just hang up on him.

我们可能就得关掉语音盒。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Then we might have a meeting after that meeting

会议结束后我们会再开个会

当他不在的时候

and actually make the decisions in the hallway afterwards

when he wasn't there anymore.

在走廊上做决定。

所以这对他不太友好。

So that wasn't so great for him.

And as a robotics company at Willow,

作为一个在Willlow的机器人公司，

我们周围遍布着一些 多余的机器人零部件,

we had some extra robot body parts laying around,

Dallas和他的伙计Curt把这些组装起来，

so Dallas and his buddy Curt put together this thing,

看起来有点像是卡在轮子上的 Skype，

which looks kind of like Skype on a stick on wheels,

看起来像是个无聊的劣质玩具，

which seems like a techy, silly toy,

但是它确实是我见过的远程协作中

but really it's probably one of the most powerful tools

最有用的工具之一了。

that I've seen ever made for remote collaboration.

所以现在，如果我没有回复 Dallas邮件中的问题，

So now, if I didn't answer Dallas' email question,

he could literally roll into my office,

他就可以滚到我的办公室里，

block my doorway and ask me the question again --

挡住我的门，再问我一遍--

(Laughter)

（笑声）

until I answered it.

直到我回答它。

And I'm not going to turn him off, right? That's kind of rude.

我也不会关掉它，对吧？ 那有点粗鲁。

Not only was it good for these one-on-one communications,

这不仅可以用于一对一的交流，

but also for just showing up at the company all-hands meeting.

也能让你在公司的全体会议中出席。

Getting your butt in that chair

你坐在椅子上，

and showing people that you're present and committed to your project

让别人知道你的存在以及对项目的贡献

is a big deal

这很重要，

and can help remote collaboration a ton.

而且也有助于远程协作。

We saw this over the period of months and then years,

我们在经年累月的过程中看到，

not only at our company but at others, too.

改变不仅发生在我们公司， 也发生在其他公司。

这些系统最好的地方在于

The best thing that can happen with these systems

它能让我觉得你就在那儿。

is that it starts to feel like you're just there.

那就是你，就是你的身体。

It's just you, it's just your body,

所以人们开始给这些东西个人空间。

and so people actually start to give these things personal space.

So when you're having a stand-up meeting,

当你在开会的时候，

人们就会站在这周围，

people will stand around the space

just as they would if you were there in person.

就像你亲自出席一样。

这情况挺好的直到有发生一些插曲。

That's great until there's breakdowns and it's not.

People, when they first see these robots,

当人们第一次见到这东西时，

are like, "Wow, where's the components? There must be a camera over there,"

会说，“哇，别的零件在哪儿？ 应该有一个相机的，”

然后显示屏中的脸就会被乱戳一气

and they start poking your face.

“你声音太低了， 我要提高你的音量，”

"You're talking too softly, I'm going to turn up your volume,"

就像一个同事向你走来，和你说话，

which is like having a coworker walk up to you and say,

"你声音太低了， 我要抬起你的脸。"

"You're speaking too softly, I'm going to turn up your face."

这行为有点尴尬而且不合适，

That's awkward and not OK,

and so we end up having to build these new social norms

因此, 我们最终不得不在使用这些系统时

around using these systems.

建立新的协约。

Similarly, as you start feeling like it's your body,

同理，当你觉得它像你的身体了，

you start noticing things like, "Oh, my robot is kind of short."

你就开始注意到一些事情， 像是“哦，我的机器人有点矮。”

Dallas would say things to me -- he was six-foot tall --

Dallas会对我说这些事， 他有六英尺高，

and we would take him via robot to cocktail parties and things like that,

我们会带他的机器人 参加鸡尾酒派对之类的，

就像你们一样，

as you do,

这个机器人大概有五英尺高， 跟我差不多高。

and the robot was about five-foot-tall, which is close to my height.

And he would tell me,

他会跟我说，

"You know, people are not really looking at me.

“你知道吗，人们都不看我。

I feel like I'm just looking at this sea of shoulders,

我感觉我只看到一堆堆的肩膀，

所以，我们需要一个更高机器人。”

and it's just -- we need a taller robot."

And I told him,

我告诉他，

"Um, no.

“额，不行。”

You get to walk in my shoes for today.

你今天要感受一下我的日常。

You get to see what it's like to be on the shorter end of the spectrum."

你可以看到一个矮子眼中的世界。”

And he actually ended up building a lot of empathy for that experience,

他后来从这次经历中 获得了很多感受，

which was kind of great.

对他影响很大。

So when he'd come visit in person,

当他亲自来找我的时候，

he no longer stood over me as he was talking to me,

他不会再站在我旁边对我说话，

他会坐下来，直视着我和我说话，

he would sit down and talk to me eye to eye,

这是件很美好的事情。

which was kind of a beautiful thing.

So we actually decided to look at this in the laboratory

所以我们决定在实验室里观察

and see what others kinds of differences things like robot height would make.

不同机器人的身高 会造成其他什么不同。

And so half of the people in our study used a shorter robot,

在我们的研究中, 一半的人使用了较矮的机器人,

half of the people in our study used a taller robot

一半的人使用较高的机器人。

and we actually found that the exact same person

我们发现同一个人，

who has the exact same body and says the exact same things as someone,

使用外观完全相同的机器人， 并且和其他人汇报相同的事情时，

is more persuasive and perceived as being more credible

通过身高较高的机器人述说的话

会更加令人信服以及让人觉得可靠。

if they're in a taller robot form.

It makes no rational sense,

这不符合常理，

but that's why we study psychology.

所以这就是我们学习心理学的原因。

And really, you know, the way that Cliff Nass would put this

事实上, 你知道, Cliff Nass的风格是,

is that we're having to deal with these new technologies

我们不得不接受这些新技术,

despite the fact that we have very old brains.

即使我们的观念已经过时。

Human psychology is not changing at the same speed that tech is

人类心理学认知没有技术更新的那么快，

and so we're always playing catch-up,

所以我们总是在追赶，

trying to make sense of this world

试图去理解这个

东西到处乱跑的世界。

where these autonomous things are running around.

Usually, things that talk are people, not machines, right?

通常, 是人在说, 不是这个机器, 对吗？

And so we breathe a lot of meaning into things like just height of a machine,

所以我们把这个东西只是看成机器,

not a person,

而不是人，

and attribute that to the person using the system.

把它看成使用这个东西的人。

我认为，当你想到机器人学，

You know, this, I think, is really important

这才是真正重要的。

when you're thinking about robotics.

这不是要重塑人类，

It's not so much about reinventing humans,

而是要搞清楚怎样去提升人类， 对吧？

it's more about figuring out how we extend ourselves, right?

And we end up using things in ways that are sort of surprising.

我们最终会用一些令人惊讶的方式 来使用这些东西。

So these guys can't play pool because the robots don't have arms,

这些家伙不能玩台球 因为机器人没有手臂

but they can heckle the guys who are playing pool

但是他们可以骚扰玩台球的人

这有助于团队的团结，

and that can be an important thing for team bonding,

很纯粹的作用。

which is kind of neat.

People who get really good at operating these systems

那些能熟练操作这些系统的人

甚至会创造一些新的游戏,

will even do things like make up new games,

就像午夜机器人足球，

like robot soccer in the middle of the night,

来回踢易拉罐。

pushing the trash cans around.

But not everyone's good.

但是并不是所有人都能适应。

A lot of people have trouble operating these systems.

很多人在运行这些系统时遇到了问题。

This is actually a guy who logged into the robot

有一个人登陆上了自己的机器人

机器人的眼球向左边转了90度。

and his eyeball was turned 90 degrees to the left.

但他不知道，

He didn't know that,

so he ended up just bashing around the office,

所以他在办公室里嗨起来了，

跑到人们的办公桌上, 让场面变得超级尴尬,

running into people's desks, getting super embarrassed,

laughing about it -- his volume was way too high.

还哈哈大笑，他的音量太高了。

在照片中的这个人告诉我，

And this guy here in the image is telling me,

“我们需要一个机器人静音按钮。”

"We need a robot mute button."

And by that what he really meant was we don't want it to be so disruptive.

他真正的意思是 我们不想让它变得如此混乱。

So as a robotics company,

所以作为一个机器人公司，

we added some obstacle avoidance to the system.

我们在系统中增加了一些避障装置。

一个小的激光测距仪， 可以检测到障碍，

It got a little laser range finder that could see the obstacles,

如果我作为一个主人说, 撞向一个椅子,

and if I as a robot operator try to say, run into a chair,

it wouldn't let me, it would just plan a path around,

它不会照做，它会在周围找一条路径，

which seems like a good idea.

这看起来很好。

People did hit fewer obstacles using that system, obviously,

很显然，配有该系统的机器人 撞到的障碍物更少,

but actually, for some of the people,

但是实际上，对某些人来说，

it took them a lot longer to get through our obstacle course,

他们花了更长的时间 才能适应机器人的避障功能，

and we wanted to know why.

我们想知道其中的原因。

It turns out that there's this important human dimension --

原来，有一个重要的人格因素--

一个叫做内外控倾向的人格因素，

a personality dimension called locus of control,

and people who have a strong internal locus of control,

拥有强内控倾向的人

they need to be the masters of their own destiny --

他们需要做自己命运的主人--

really don't like giving up control to an autonomous system --

特别不喜欢放弃对 一个自主系统的控制--

so much so that they will fight the autonomy;

以至于他们会反抗这些自主行为；

"If I want to hit that chair, I'm going to hit that chair."

"如果我想撞上那把椅子, 那我就要去撞倒那把椅子。“

And so they would actually suffer from having that autonomous assistance,

因此, 他们会因为存在辅助系统而感到难受

which is an important thing for us to know

知道这件事对我们来说很重要

as we're building increasingly autonomous, say, cars, right?

因为我们正在提高机器的自主性， 比如汽车，对吧？

How are different people going to grapple with that loss of control?

不同的人如何去应对 机器控制权的减少？

It's going to be different depending on human dimensions.

这取决于个体的不同。

We can't treat humans as if we're just one monolithic thing.

我们不能把整个人类混为一谈。

We vary by personality, by culture,

我们的性格，文化不同

we even vary by emotional state moment to moment,

甚至每分钟都有不同的情绪状态，

我们应该考虑每一种人格，

and being able to design these systems,

these human-robot interaction systems,

从而设计这些系统，

we need to take into account the human dimensions,

人机交互系统，

而不仅仅关注科学技术。

not just the technological ones.

Along with a sense of control also comes a sense of responsibility.

如果你操作一个这样的机器人，

And if you were a robot operator using one of these systems,

你除了控制权还要有责任感。

this is what the interface would look like.

这是界面的样子。

It looks a little bit like a video game,

它有点像电子游戏，

which can be good because that's very familiar to people,

很棒, 因为人们都很熟悉，

but it can also be bad

但是它也可能是坏处，

because it makes people feel like it's a video game.

因为它让人觉得它就是个电子游戏。

We had a bunch of kids over at Stanford play with the system

我们有一群孩子在斯坦福大学 操作这个系统

在我们公司旁边的Menlo公园 驱动机器人，

and drive the robot around our office in Menlo Park,

孩子们开始说，

and the kids started saying things like,

打中那个人得10分，那个20分。

"10 points if you hit that guy over there. 20 points for that one."

他们会在走廊里追那些人。

And they would chase them down the hallway.

（笑声）

(Laughter)

我告诉他们，”嗯，那些是真人。

I told them, "Um, those are real people.

如果你们打他们的话 他们会流血会感到疼痛。”

They're actually going to bleed and feel pain if you hit them."

And they'd be like, "OK, got it."

他们说，“好吧，知道了。”

But five minutes later, they would be like,

但是五分钟后，他们又会开始，

"20 points for that guy over there, he just looks like he needs to get hit."

“打中那个人20分， 他看起来很欠扁。”

这有点像“安德的游戏", 对吧？

It's a little bit like "Ender's Game," right?

另一边有一个真实的世界

There is a real world on that other side

and I think it's our responsibility as people designing these interfaces

我认为作为设计人机交互界面的人， 我们的责任是

to help people remember

帮助人们记住

that there's real consequences to their actions

他们的行为是有后果的

and to feel a sense of responsibility

而且当他们操作 自主性越来越高的东西时，

when they're operating these increasingly autonomous things.

他们要有一种责任感

These are kind of a great example

这些事例能对未来的机器人实验发展

of experimenting with one possible robotic future,

提供很大帮助，

and I think it's pretty cool that we can extend ourselves

我认为我们能够让机器变为我们的扩展

研究如何将一个机器

and learn about the ways that we extend ourselves

into these machines

变为我们的化身

while at the same time being able to express our humanity

同时能够表达我们的人性和个性

and our personality.

是很酷的事。

We also build empathy for others

我们也会为其他人考虑

in terms of being shorter, taller, faster, slower,

根据人的高矮，走路快慢

甚至手臂残疾，

and maybe even armless,

这很美妙。

which is kind of neat.

We also build empathy for the robots themselves.

我们也会为机器人着想。

This is one of my favorite robots.

这是我最喜欢的机器人之一。

It's called the Tweenbot.

它叫Tweenbot。

And this guy has a little flag that says,

这家伙有一个小旗，上面写着

"I'm trying to get to this intersection in Manhattan,"

”我想去曼哈顿的十字路口，“

and it's cute and rolls forward, that's it.

它很可爱，向前滚动

It doesn't know how to build a map, it doesn't know how to see the world,

它并不知道如何去建立地图， 也不知道怎么样去看世界，

它只是寻求帮助。

it just asks for help.

最美妙之处在于，

The nice thing about people

is that it can actually depend upon the kindness of strangers.

它可以依赖于陌生人的善良。

It did make it across the park to the other side of Manhattan --

它最后真的穿过公园 到了曼哈顿的另一边--

which is pretty great --

这太棒了--

就因为人们愿意把它拾起来 给它指明正确的方向。

just because people would pick it up and point it in the right direction.

（笑声）

(Laughter)

这很棒，不是吗？

And that's great, right?

We're trying to build this human-robot world

我们试图建立一个人机的世界

in which we can coexist and collaborate with one another,

人与机器可以共存，合作，

and we don't need to be fully autonomous and just do things on our own.

我们不需要各自为政， 完全独立在自己的领域。

We actually do things together.

确切说我们应该一起合作。

And to make that happen,

要想实现人机社会，

we actually need help from people like the artists and the designers,

我们实际上需要其他人的帮助 比如艺术家，设计师，

政策制定者，法律学者，

the policy makers, the legal scholars,

心理学家，社会学家，人类学家--

psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists --

我们需要来自各方的力量，

we need more perspectives in the room

if we're going to do the thing that Stu Card says we should do,

如果我们要做Stu Card所说的， 我们应该做的事情--

which is invent the future that we actually want to live in.

创造我们想要的未来。

我认为我们可以一起为了

And I think we can continue to experiment

with these different robotic futures together,

未来的机器人世界不断尝试，

and in doing so, we will end up learning a lot more about ourselves.

通过这样， 我们最终会更多地了解我们自己。

谢谢。

Thank you.

(Applause)

（掌声）