Skylar Tibbits: Can we make things that make themselves?

Prevodilac: Milan Jaćević Lektor: Ana Zivanovic-Nenadovic

Today I'd like to show you

Danas bih hteo da vam pokažem

the future of the way we make things.

budućnost našeg stvaranja predmeta.

I believe that soon our buildings and machines

Verujem da će, uskoro, naše zgrade i mašine

will be self-assembling,

konstruisati, replikovati

replicating and repairing themselves.

i popravljati same sebe.

So I'm going to show you

Pokazaću vam

what I believe is the current state of manufacturing,

moje viđenje trenutnog načina proizvodnje,

and then compare that to some natural systems.

a zatim ću to uporediti sa nekim sistemima u prirodi.

So in the current state of manufacturing, we have skyscrapers --

Trenutni način proizvodnje - imamo nebodere,

two and a half years [of assembly time],

čija izgradnja traje dve i po godine,

500,000 to a million parts,

i zahteva od 500,000 do milion,

fairly complex,

dosta složenih delova i

new, exciting technologies in steel, concrete, glass.

koristi nove i uzbudljive tehnologije u domenu čelika, betona i stakla.

We have exciting machines

Imamo zanimljive mašine

that can take us into space --

koje nas mogu odvesti u svemir --

five years [of assembly time], 2.5 million parts.

pet godina, dva i po miliona delova.

But on the other side, if you look at the natural systems,

Ali, sa druge strane, ako pogledate sisteme u prirodi,

we have proteins

imamo proteine

that have two million types,

koji imaju dva miliona tipova,

can fold in 10,000 nanoseconds,

i mogu se saviti za 10,000 nanosekundi,

or DNA with three billion base pairs

ili DNK sa tri milijardi parova baza

we can replicate in roughly an hour.

koje možemo replicirati u roku od nekih sat vremena.

So there's all of this complexity

Postoji sva ta kompleksnost

in our natural systems,

u našim prirodnim sistemima,

but they're extremely efficient,

ali su oni ekstremno efikasni --

far more efficient than anything we can build,

daleko efikasniji od bilo čega što možemo da napravimo,

far more complex than anything we can build.

daleko složeniji od bilo čega što možemo da napravimo.

They're far more efficient in terms of energy.

Daleko su efikasniji u pogledu korišćenja energije.

They hardly ever make mistakes.

Skoro da nikada ne prave greške.

And they can repair themselves for longevity.

I, povrh toga, mogu popravljati sami sebe da bi duže trajali.

So there's something super interesting about natural systems.

Postoji nešto vrlo interesantno u prirodnim sistemima,

And if we can translate that

i, ako uspemo da to prenesemo

into our built environment,

u okvire naše proizvodnje,

then there's some exciting potential for the way that we build things.

dobićemo uzbudljive mogućnosti za načine na koje pravimo stvari.

And I think the key to that is self-assembly.

Mislim da ključ za tako nešto leži u samokonstrukciji.

So if we want to utilize self-assembly in our physical environment,

Ako bismo želeli da iskoristimo samokonstrukciju u našem fizičkom okruženju,

I think there's four key factors.

po mom mišljenju, postoje četiri ključna faktora.

The first is that we need to decode

Prvi je to što moramo da dekodiramo

all of the complexity of what we want to build --

svu kompleksnost onogo što želimo da napravimo --

so our buildings and machines.

dakle, naših zgrada i mašina --

And we need to decode that into simple sequences --

i to trebamo dekodirati u jednostavne nizove --

basically the DNA of how our buildings work.

u osnovi, trebamo pronaći DNK naših zgrada.

Then we need programmable parts

Zatim su nam potrebni delovi koji se mogu programirati,

that can take that sequence

koji mogu preuzeti te nizove

and use that to fold up, or reconfigure.

i iskoristiti ih da bi se podigli, ili da bi promenili konfiguraciju.

We need some energy that's going to allow that to activate,

Potrebna nam je i energija koja će omogućiti pokretanje tih delova,

allow our parts to be able to fold up from the program.

koja će omogućiti delovima da se, po uputstvu iz programa, podignu.

And we need some type of error correction redundancy

I, na kraju, potreban nam je neki oblik korekcije grešaka,

to guarantee that we have successfully built what we want.

da bismo osigurali uspešnu gradnju onoga što želimo.

So I'm going to show you a number of projects

Pokazaću vam nekoliko projekata

that my colleagues and I at MIT are working on

na kojima moje kolege i ja radimo na Institutu za tehnologiju Masačusets

to achieve this self-assembling future.

u cilju dostizanja samokonstruktivne budućnosti.

The first two are the MacroBot and DeciBot.

Prva dva su MakroBot i DeciBot.

So these projects are large-scale reconfigurable robots --

Ovi projekti su roboti velikih razmera sa mogućnošću rekonfiguracije --

8 ft., 12 ft. long proteins.

proteini od 2.4 i 3.6 metara.

They're embedded with mechanical electrical devices, sensors.

Poseduju mehaničke električne uređaje, senzore.

You decode what you want to fold up into,

Dekodirate oblik u koji želite da se preklopi

into a sequence of angles --

u niz uglova --

so negative 120, negative 120, 0, 0,

minus 120, minus 120, 0, 0,

120, negative 120 -- something like that;

120, minus 120 stepeni -- nešto poput toga;

so a sequence of angles, or turns,

dakle, u niz uglova, ili okreta,

and you send that sequence through the string.

a zatim taj niz pošaljete kroz kabl.

Each unit takes its message -- so negative 120 --

Svaka jedinica prima svoju poruku -- dakle, minus 120.

it rotates to that, checks if it got there

Rotira se do tog stepena, proverava da li je dotle došla,

and then passes it to its neighbor.

a zatim šalje poruku dalje do susedne jedinice.

So these are the brilliant scientists,

Na ovom projektu su radili briljantni naučnici,

engineers, designers that worked on this project.

inženjeri i dizajneri.

And I think it really brings to light:

Mislim da zaista dovodi do pitanja:

Is this really scalable?

da li je sve ovo ostvarivo na većoj razmeri?

I mean, thousands of dollars, lots of man hours

Na ovog dva ipo metra visokog robota je utrošeno

made to make this eight-foot robot.

na hiljade dolara i mnogo radnih sati.

Can we really scale this up? Can we really embed robotics into every part?

Možemo li zaista da uvećamo sve ovo? Možemo li da uključimo robotiku u svaki deo?

The next one questions that

Sa sledećim projektom smo postavili to pitanje

and looks at passive nature,

i razmatrali domen pasivne prirode,

or passively trying to have reconfiguration programmability.

to jest, pasivnog posedovanja programabilnosti rekonfiguracije.

But it goes a step further,

Ali, ovaj projekat ide korak dalje,

and it tries to have actual computation.

jer pokušava da uključi i računanje.

It basically embeds the most fundamental building block of computing,

On zapravo uključuje najosnovniji deo potreban za računanje,

the digital logic gate,

digitalnu logičku kapiju,

directly into your parts.

direktno u vaše delove.

So this is a NAND gate.

Ovo je NAND kapija.

You have one tetrahedron which is the gate

Imate jedan tetraedar koji čini kapiju

that's going to do your computing,

koja će obavljati računanje,

and you have two input tetrahedrons.

i dva tetraedra za unos podataka.

One of them is the input from the user, as you're building your bricks.

Jedan od njih je za unos podataka od strane korisnika, dok slažete vaše delove,

The other one is from the previous brick that was placed.

a drugi je od prošlog dela koji je bio unet.

And then it gives you an output in 3D space.

Nakon toga, on vam pruža rezultat u trodimenzionalnom prostoru.

So what this means

To zapravo znači

is that the user can start plugging in what they want the bricks to do.

da korisnik može da učita ono što želi da delovi urade.

It computes on what it was doing before

Tetraedar preračuna ono što je ranije radio

and what you said you wanted it to do.

i ono što vi želite da uradi.

And now it starts moving in three-dimensional space --

A zatim se pokreće u trodimenzionalnom prostoru --

so up or down.

dakle, gore ili dole.

So on the left-hand side, [1,1] input equals 0 output, which goes down.

Sa leve strane, unos [1,1] daje rezultat 0, što dovodi do pomeranja nadole.

On the right-hand side,

Sa desne strane,

[0,0] input is a 1 output, which goes up.

unos [0,0] daje rezultat 1, što dovodi do pomeranja nagore.

And so what that really means

Ovo zapravo znači

is that our structures now contain the blueprints

da naša struktura sada poseduje plan

of what we want to build.

onoga što hoćemo da sagradimo.

So they have all of the information embedded in them of what was constructed.

U delove su uključene sve informacije o onome što je konstruisano.

So that means that we can have some form of self-replication.

To znači da imamo određeni oblik samoreplikacije.

In this case I call it self-guided replication,

U ovom slučaju, ja ga nazivam samonavođenom replikacijom,

because your structure contains the exact blueprints.

jer vaša struktura sadrži tačan plan.

If you have errors, you can replace a part.

Ukoliko dođe do greške, možete zameniti deo.

All the local information is embedded to tell you how to fix it.

Uključene su sve informacije o tome kako da je ispravite.

So you could have something that climbs along and reads it

Dakle, možete imati nešto što se penje i čita informacije,

and can output at one to one.

i daje rezultat 1 prema 1.

It's directly embedded; there's no external instructions.

Sve je direktno učitano; nema instrukcija iz spoljašnje sredine.

So the last project I'll show is called Biased Chains,

Poslednji projekat koji ću vam pokazati zove se Pristrasni Lanci,

and it's probably the most exciting example that we have right now

i verovatno je najuzbudljiviji primer pasivnih sistema koji se sami replikuju

of passive self-assembly systems.

koji trenutno posedujemo.

So it takes the reconfigurability

On poseduje sposobnost rekonfiguracije

and programmability

i mogućnosti programiranja

and makes it a completely passive system.

u okviru kompletno pasivnog sistema.

So basically you have a chain of elements.

U osnovi, to je niz elemenata.

Each element is completely identical,

Svaki element je potpuno identičan,

and they're biased.

i na neki način pristrasan.

So each chain, or each element, wants to turn right or left.

Svaki lanac, odnosno svaki element, želi da se okrene desno ili levo.

So as you assemble the chain, you're basically programming it.

Dok spajate lanac, vi ga zapravo programirate.

You're telling each unit if it should turn right or left.

Govorite svakoj jedinici da li da se pomeri desno ili levo.

So when you shake the chain,

Kada protresete lanac,

it then folds up

on se preklopi

into any configuration that you've programmed in --

u bilo koju konfiguraciju u koji ste ga programirali --

so in this case, a spiral,

u ovom slučaju, u spiralu,

or in this case,

ili u ovom,

two cubes next to each other.

u dve kocke jedna do druge.

So you can basically program

Možete programirati

any three-dimensional shape --

bilo koji trodimenzionalni oblik --

or one-dimensional, two-dimensional -- up into this chain completely passively.

ili jedno, dvodimenzionalni -- u ovaj lanac, potpuno pasivno.

So what does this tell us about the future?

Šta nam ovo govori o budućnosti?

I think that it's telling us

Mislim da nam govori

that there's new possibilities for self-assembly, replication, repair

da postoje nove mogućnosti za samokonstrukciju, replikaciju, popravku,

in our physical structures, our buildings, machines.

u okviru naših fizičkih struktura, naših zgrada, mašina.

There's new programmability in these parts.

Postoji novi nivo programabilnosti u ovim delovima,

And from that you have new possibilities for computing.

a iz toga proizilaze i nove mogućnosti za računanje.

We'll have spatial computing.

Imaćemo prostorno računanje.

Imagine if our buildings, our bridges, machines,

Zamislite kada bi naše zgrade, mostovi, mašine,

all of our bricks could actually compute.

svi naši delovi bili sposobni da računaju.

That's amazing parallel and distributed computing power,

To predstavlja neverovatnu paralelnu i distribuiranu moć računanja,

new design possibilities.

kao i nove mogućnosti za dizajn.

So it's exciting potential for this.

U ovome leže zanimljive mogućnosti.

So I think these projects I've showed here

Mislim da su ovi projekti koje sam vam predstavio

are just a tiny step towards this future,

samo mali korak napred ka ovoj budućnosti,

if we implement these new technologies

ukoliko uspemo da ih primenimo

for a new self-assembling world.

u svrhu stvaranja novog, samokonstruktivnog sveta.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)