Could an Orca Give a TED Talk? | Karen Bakker | TED

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Ivana Krivokuca

So we're in the middle of a fierce debate

Dakle, u središtu smo žestoke debate

about how artificial intelligence will change human society.

o tome kako će veštačka inteligencija da promeni ljudsko društvo.

But have you thought about how AI will transform

Jeste li pak razmišljali o tome kako će VI preoblikovati

your relationship to the non-human world?

vaš odnos sa neljudskim svetom?

So these are bioacoustic recorders.

Ovo su bioakustični aparati za snimanje.

And I've spent years studying how scientists use devices like this,

I provela sam godine izučavajući kako naučnici koriste uređaje poput ovih,

combined with AI,

u kombinaciji sa VI,

to listen to the hidden sounds of nature

kako bi slušali skrivene zvuke prirode

and decode non-human communication.

i dešifrovali neljudsku komunikaciju.

Hidden sounds,

Skrivene zvuke,

because much acoustic communication in nature

jer se veći deo akustične komunikacije u prirodi

occurs in the high ultrasound, above your hearing range,

dešava u vidu visokog ultrazvuka, koji je iznad vašeg čujnog opsega,

or in the deep infrasound, below your hearing range.

ili dubokog infrazvuka, koji je ispod vašeg čujnog opsega.

So I'm going to play a sound.

Pustiću vam zvuk.

I want you to listen and try to guess who or what this is.

Želim da poslušate i pokušate da pogodite ko ili šta je ovo.

(Chirping sound)

(Zvuk cvrkutanja)

So that was a bat.

Dakle, to je bio šišmiš.

That was bat ultrasound, recorded above your hearing range,

To je bio ultrazvuk šišmiša, snimljen iznad vašeg čujnog opsega,

but slowed down so you could hear.

ali usporen kako biste mogli da ga čujete.

So that was an advertisement call from the peak of the mating season.

Bilo je to oglašavanje na vrhuncu sezone parenja.

Scientists can decode these calls,

Naučnici mogu da dešifruju ovaj zov,

so a sample bat to English translation would be, and I quote,

pa bi prevod uzorka sa šišmišovskog na ljudski bio, da citiram:

"Pay attention.

„Obrati pažnju.

I'm a Pipistrellus nathusii bat, specifically male.

Ja sam šišmiš Pipistrellus nathusii, preciznije, mužjak.

My name is X. I am landing here

Zovem se X. Ovde slećem

and we share a common social identity and common communication pool."

i delimo isti društveni identitet i ista sredstva komunikacije.”

For a pickup line by a bat, not bad.

Za udvaračku žvaku od strane šišmiša, nije loše.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So scientists have recorded millions of bat vocalizations like this

Naučnici su snimili milione sličnih vokalizacija šišmiša

and they've decoded many of them using AI.

i dešifrovali su mnoge upotrebom VI.

And they've revealed that bats have dialects

A otkrili su da šišmiši imaju dijalekte

that they pass down from one generation to the next,

koje prenose s kolena na koleno,

and that baby bats learn to speak just like you did,

kao i da mladi šišmiši uče da govore baš poput vas,

by listening to the adults around them

slušajući odrasle oko sebe

and babbling back until they speak adult bat.

i uzraćajući brbljanjem dok ne progovore govorom odraslih šišmiša.

So bats have far more complex communication than we knew,

Šišmiši imaju daleko složeniju komunikaciju nego što smo mislili,

and they're only one of many examples.

a oni su tek jedan od brojnih primera.

Listen to this.

Poslušajte ovo.

(Melodic chirping sounds)

(Melodični zvuci cvrkutanja)

So those are orcas who live right here in the Salish Sea.

Ovo su orke koje žive baš ovde u Sališkom moru.

Scientists can decode individual orca calls using AI

Naučnici mogu da dešifruju pojedinačno glasanje orki upotrebom VI

and they've revealed that orcas also pass down their dialects

i otkrili su da orke takođe prenose svoje dijalekte

from one generation to the next.

s kolena na koleno.

So it turns out

Ispostavilo se

that orcas and bats are not the only creatures that make ultrasound.

da orke i šišmiši nisu jedina bića koja proizvode ultrazvuk.

Moths, mice, beetles, rats.

Moljci, miševi, bube, pacovi.

Even some of our smaller primate cousins like this tarsier.

Čak i neki od naših najmanjih rođaka primata poput ovog tarzijera.

At the other end, in the deep infrasound,

Na drugom kraju, dubokim infrazvukom,

elephants and whales,

slonovi, kitovi,

tigers and some birds make sound.

tigrovi i neke ptice proizvode zvuk.

So when we first learned about these secret sounds of the world,

Kada bismo prvi put saznali za ove tajne zvukove sveta,

we're often surprised because humans tend to believe

često bismo bili iznenađeni jer su ljudi skloni ubeđenju

that what we cannot perceive does not exist.

da ono što ne možemo da zapazimo ne postoji.

And so we miss a lot.

Te nam zato mnogo toga promiče.

One of my favorite examples is this peacock.

Jedan od mojih omiljenih primera je ovaj paun.

So to you, this looks like a visual mating display.

Vama ovo izgleda kao vizuelni vid udvaranja,

And it is.

I jeste.

But this peacock is also making very loud infrasound with its tail,

Međutim, ovaj paun takođe proizvodi veoma glasan infrazvuk svojim repom,

which you cannot hear, but female peahens can.

koji ne možete da čujete, ali paunice mogu.

And it is an important factor in their mating decisions.

A to je za njih važan činilac u izborima vezanim za parenje.

So this peacock is giving a rock concert.

Dakle, ovaj paun izvodi rok koncert.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Now, we have lived with peacocks for millennia,

Sad, živimo sa paunima više milenijuma,

but we only just figured this out.

ali smo to tek sad shvatili.

Scientists also used to think that turtles were voiceless

Naučnici su takođe mislili da su kornjače neme

and mother turtles abandoned their nests after laying their eggs.

i da majke kornjače napuštaju gnezda nakon što polože jaja.

But we've just discovered that baby Amazonian turtles

Međutim, upravo smo otkrili da mladunčad amazonske kornjače

communicate through their shells before they hatch

komuniciraju kroz ljuske pre nego što se izlegu

to coordinate the moment of their birth

kako bi uskladili trenutak svog rođenja

and then follow their mother's calls to safety in the water.

i potom prate glasanje svojih majki do bezbednosti vode.

Even creatures without ears are exquisitely sensitive to sound.

Čak su i bića bez ušiju izuzetno osetljiva na zvuk.

So this is a coral larva.

Ovo je larva korala.

When coral larvae are born, usually at a mass spawning event

Kada se koralne larve rode, obično u masovnom događaju mrešćenja

a few days after the full moon, they wash out to sea.

nekoliko dana nakon punog meseca, bivaju isprane na obalu.

So scientists used to think that these little larvae,

Nekada su naučnici mislili da su ove malene larve,

these tiny dots that you see here,

ove sićušne tačke koje vidite ovde,

were helpless, randomly pushed around by wind and waves and currents.

bespomoćne i da ih vetar, talasi i struje nasumično bacakaju okolo.

But it turns out that coral larvae are acoustically attuned.

Međutim, ispostavilo se da su larve korala akustički usklađene.

They can hear the sounds of healthy reefs.

Mogu da čuju zvuke zdravih grebena.

They can hear the sound of their home reef, their mother reef,

Mogu da čuju zvuk svog matičnog grebena, svog roditeljskog grebena,

and they swim back home across miles of open ocean.

i plivaju nazad kući kilometrima otvorenog okeana.

So these are tiny creatures with no central nervous system.

Dakle, ovo su sićušna stvorenja bez centralnog nervnog sistema.

But we think they do that with these hairs

Međutim, mislimo da to postižu pomoću ovih dlaka

that you see on the outside of their bodies.

koje vidite na spoljašnjosti njihovih tela.

They're a lot like the hairs inside your ears

Prilično liče na dlake u vašim ušima

that are enabling you to listen to me right now,

koje vam sada omogućavaju da me slušate,

so you can think of a coral larva a little bit like an inside-out ear,

te možete da zamislite larvu korala donekle poput izvrnutog uha,

except that its sense of hearing is profoundly more sensitive than your own

izuzev što je njihovo čulo sluha daleko osetljivije od vašeg

because they hear with their entire bodies.

jer čuju celokupnim telom.

Even our planet makes sound.

Čak i naša planeta proizvodi zvuk.

Volcanoes, earthquakes sound so low and strong and powerful,

Zvuci vulkana, zemljotresa, tako niski, jaki i moćni,

they travel very far,

putuju veoma daleko,

passing through soil and stone and even solid walls.

prolazeći kroz tlo, kamen, pa čak i čvrste zidove.

Listen to this hydrothermal vent deep under the ocean.

Poslušajte ovaj hidrotermalni izvor duboko ispod okeana.

(Deep, rhythmic hum)

(Duboki ritmični šum)

So in nature, sound is everywhere and silence is an illusion.

U prirodi, zvuk je svuda, a tišina je iluzija.

So scientists are also listening to the vast extent

Naučnici takođe slušaju široki raspon

of interspecies communication.

komunikacije među vrstama.

So this bat is using ultrasound to hunt this moth.

Ovaj šišmiš koristi ultrazvuk da bi ulovio ovog moljca.

Its echolocation beam is locked onto its prey,

Njegov eholokacijski talas je nanišanjen na njegov plen,

but the moth is also emitting ultrasound.

ali i moljac emituje ultrazvuk.

It's jamming the bat sonar in an attempt to escape.

Ometa sonar šišmiša u pokušaju bekstva.

This plant is also emitting ultrasound, which varies depending on its condition.

I ova biljka emituje ultrazvuk, koji varira u zavisnosti od njenog stanja.

Scientists have trained an algorithm to listen to this plant.

Naučnici su obučili algoritam da sluša ovu biljku.

Simply by listening

Pukim slušanjem

it can detect with about 70 percent accuracy

može da prepozna sa oko 70 procenata tačnosti

whether the plant is healthy, dehydrated or injured.

da li je biljka zdrava, dehidrirana ili povređena.

So this is peer-reviewed research, by the way.

Ovo je, usput, istraživanje koje je prošlo stručnu recenziju.

So we cannot hear these sounds, but we think many insects can.

Mi ne možemo da čujemo ove zvuke, ali mislimo da mnogi insekti mogu.

Does this mean that humans could use digital tech

Da li ovo znači da ljudi mogu da koriste digitalnu tehnologiju

to one day communicate with other species?

da jednog dana komuniciraju sa drugim vrstama?

Well, some scientists think so

Pa, neki naučnici veruju u to

and they're using machine learning to try to decode the acoustics of other species.

i koriste mašinsko učenje kako bi pokušali da dešifruju akustiku drugih vrsta.

So there are teams of computer scientists and linguists and biologists

Postoje ekipe kompjuterskih naučnika, lingvista i biologa

working on decoding sperm whale bioacoustics.

koji rade na dešifrovanju bioakustike ulješure.

They're also building entire dictionaries.

Takođe prave čitave rečnike.

So there's an elephant dictionary with thousands of sounds.

Pa imamo slonovski rečnik sa hiljadama zvukova.

Elephants, for example, have a specific signal for honeybee.

Slonovi, na primer, imaju specifičan signal za pčele.

So I'd love to share just one of these sounds with you.

Volela bih da sa vama podelim jedan od ovih zvukova.

It was recorded at a moment of great joy and celebration,

Snimljen je u trenutku velike radosti i slavlja,

the birth of a new baby.

na rođenju novog mladunčeta.

(Elephant roaring)

(Slonovi urlaju)

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

So the further we listen across the tree of life,

Što dalje osluškujemo drvo života,

the more complex interspecies communication would be.

to je složenija komunikacija među vrstama.

Listen to this honeybee.

Poslušajte ovu pčelu.

(Honeybee buzzing)

(Zujanje pčele)

Now listen to this honeybee queen.

Sad poslušajte ovu maticu pčele.

(Queen bee tooting)

(Matica trubi)

So you thought you knew what honeybees sounded like. OK.

Mislili ste da znate kako zvuče pčele. U redu.

Honeybee communication is incredibly complex.

Pčelinja komunikacija je neverovatno složena.

It's acoustic, positional, spatial, vibrational.

Zasnovana je na akustici, položaju tela, prostoru, vibracijama.

The queen has her own signals.

Matica ima sopstvene signale.

So scientists are encoding these signals into robots.

Naučnici kodiraju ove signale u robote.

This robot is attempting, but not succeeding,

Ovaj robot pokušava, ali ne uspeva

to communicate with the hive.

da komunicira sa košnicom.

The bees mostly ignore or attack it.

Pčele ga uglavnom ignorišu ili napadaju.

But one day, we hope,

Međutim, jednog dana, nadamo se,

the inventors hope, that this robot will communicate well enough

pronalazači se nadaju da će ovaj robot da komunicira dovoljno dobro

to allow scientists to monitor the health of the hive.

kako bi omogućio naučnicima da prate zdravlje košnice.

Now, would that be a good thing?

Zar to ne bi bila dobra stvar?

Some believe that interspecies communication would help foster respect

Neki veruju da bi komunikacija među vrstama pomogla u negovanju

and empathy for nature,

uvažavanja i empatije prema prirodi,

others believe that it is profoundly disrespectful and unethical

dok drugi veruju da je istinski neuviđajno i neetički

to eavesdrop and engage in this way.

prisluškivati i delovati na ovaj način.

And there could be a really big downside.

A tu bi mogao da postoji i zaista veliki nedostatak.

Listen to this robin.

Poslušajte ovog crvendaća.

(Bird chirping)

(Ptica cvrkuće)

So that was not actually a robin.

Ovo zapravo nije crvendać.

That was a deepfake

Radi se o dipfejku

created by an artist, Daisy Ginsberg, using AI.

koga je napravila umetnica Dejzi Ginzberg upotrebom VI.

Clever, beautiful.

Pametno, lepo.

But think of the potential for misuse by hunters or poachers.

Razmislite pak o potencijalnoj zloupotrebi od strane lovaca i krivolovaca.

Interspecies communication needs strong ethical guardrails.

Komunikaciji među vrstama su potrebne jake etičke barijere.

And anyway, maybe it's a bit self-centered to think

A i svakako je možda malčice egocentrično misliti

other species would even want to communicate with us.

da bi druge vrste uopšte želele da komuniciraju s nama.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So what if we were to use bioacoustics

Dakle, šta ako bismo koristili bioakustiku

for something of immediate practical value,

za nešto što ima trenutnu praktičnu vrednost

like doing something about our massive biodiversity crisis?

kao što je poduzimanje nečega po pitanju naše ogromne krize u biodiverzitetu.

Let's go back to the coral reefs.

Vratimo se na koralne grebene.

Listen to this healthy reef sound.

Poslušajte ovaj zvuk zdravog grebena.

(Chirping, croaking and sizzling sounds)

(Zvuci cvrkutanja, kreketanja i šištanja)

Pretty lively, right?

Veoma živahno, zar ne?

But coral reefs are disappearing.

Međutim, koralni grebeni nestaju.

If you were to go to most coral reefs today,

Ako biste danas posetili većinu koralnih grebena,

you'd hear something like this.

čuli biste nešto nalik ovome.

(Staticky sound)

(Statički zvuk)

It's like a ghost town of the sea.

Naliči morskom gradu duhova.

When we lose species, we lose voices.

Kada gubimo vrste, gubimo i glasove.

When we lose landscapes, we also lose soundscapes.

Kada izgubimo pejzaže, izgubili smo i zvučne pejzaže.

There is a ray of hope.

Postoji tračak nade.

The healthy reef sounds that you just heard

Zdravi zvuci grebena koje ste upravo čuli

can be used to regenerate coral reefs.

mogu da se koriste u regeneraciji koralnih grebena.

Scientists are doing this.

Naučnici to rade.

It's a bit like music therapy for nature.

Malčice je poput muzikoterapije za prirodu.

So this is not going to solve all the problems coral reefs face,

Ovo neće rešiti sve probleme sa kojima se koralni grebeni suočavaju,

notably climate change.

iznad svega, klimatske promene.

But if we can address the massive epidemic of noise pollution

Međutim, ako se pozabavimo ogromnom epidemijom zvučnog zagađenja

that is harming and killing marine creatures,

koje povređuje i ubija morska bića,

we could use bioacoustics to restore some biodiversity.

mogli bismo koristiti bioakustiku u obnavljanju dela biodiverziteta.

Bioacoustics could also help protect animals on the move.

Bioakustika bi mogla i da pomogne u zaštiti životinja u pokretu.

So this baby whale was killed by a ship.

Ovo mladunče kita je ubio brod.

Tragically, this is a common cause of death of North Atlantic right whales,

Tragično, ali ovo je čest uzrok smrti severnoatlantskih arktičkih kitova,

one of the most endangered species in the world.

jedne od najugroženijih vrsta u svetu.

So to address this,

Kako bismo se pozabavili ovim,

scientists are now launching a new bioacoustics program

naučnici trenutno pokreću novi bioakustički program

off the east coast of North America

blizu istočne obale Severne Amerike

to triangulate the locations of whales

kako bi izvršili triangulaciju lokacija kitova

and convey the information to ships’ captains in real time.

i u realnom vremenu preneli informacije kapetanima brodova.

The ships then have to slow down, stop, move out of the way.

Brodovi potom moraju da uspore, stanu i sklone se s puta.

Not a single right whale has died of a ship strike in this zone

Nijedan arktički kit nije umro od udara broda u ovoj zoni

since this program was launched.

otkad je program pokrenut.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

So this may be the thing that saves this species.

Dakle, ovo bi moglo da spasi vrstu.

So think about it.

Razmislite o tome.

A few decades ago, we were harpooning these whales nearly to extinction.

Pre nekoliko decenija smo harpunima skoro istrebili ove kitove.

Today, we've invented a technology

Danas smo izumeli tehnologiju

that allows a community of less than 400 whales,

koja omogućuje zajednici od manje od 400 kitova,

simply by singing,

pukim pevanjem

to guide the movements of tens of thousands of ships

da navodi kretanje destina hiljada brodova

in a watershed that's home to tens of millions of people.

u vodomeđi koja je dom desetinama miliona ljudi.

One day, these whale lanes may be everywhere in the oceans.

Jednoga dana bi ove kitovske staze mogle da budu svuda po okeanima.

For the orcas who live here in the Salish Sea,

Za orke koje žive ovde u Sališkom moru,

this would be just in time because there are only a few dozen left.

radilo bi se o pravom trenutku jer ih je svega nekoliko desetina ostalo.

A final thought.

Poslednja misao.

About 400 years ago,

Pre oko 400 godina,

the inventors of the microscope were astonished to discover

izumitelji mikroskopa su bili zadivljeni otkrićem

the microbial world.

sveta mikroba.

They had no idea their invention would lead to the discovery of DNA

Pojma nisu imali da će njihov izum dovesti do otkrića DNK

and the ability to manipulate the code of life.

i mogućnosti manipulisanja životnim kodom.

Around the same time,

Otprilike u isto vreme,

the inventors of the telescope were gazing up at the stars,

izumitelji teleskopa su zurili u zvezde,

not knowing their invention would allow humanity to look back in time

ne znajući da će njihov izum omogućiti čovečanstvu da se osvrne nazad kroz vreme

to the origins of the universe.

do postanka univerzuma.

Optics decenters humanity within the solar system,

Optika izmešta čovečanstvo iz središta solarnog sistema,

within the cosmos.

iz središta kosmosa.

Bioacoustics decenters humanity within the tree of life.

Bioakustika izmešta čovečanstvo iz središta drveta života.

Our commonality is greater than we knew.

Daleko smo sličniji nego što smo mislili.

Now today we're using bioacoustics to protect species

Danas koristimo bioakustiku da zaštitimo vrste

and decode their communication,

i dešifrujemo njihovu komunikaciju,

but tomorrow, I believe, we'll be using bioacoustics

ali verujem da ćemo sutradan moći da koristimo bioakustiku

combined with machine intelligence

zajedno sa mašinskom inteligencijom

to explore the frontiers of biological intelligence.

kako bismo istražili granice biološke inteligencije.

Many biological intelligences are very different than our own,

Mnoge biološke inteligencije su veoma različite od naše,

but they're no less worthy of exploration.

ali nisu manje vredne istraživanja.

And maybe one day in a speculative future,

I možda jednog dana u spekulativnoj budućnosti,

instead of a human here on stage,

umesto ljudskog bića ovde na sceni,

maybe bioacoustics would enable an orca to give a TED talk.

možda će bioakustika omogućiti orki da održi TED govor.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Why not?

Zašto da ne?

Sharing orca stories about dodging ships

Deliće priče orki o izbegavanju brodova,

and seismic blasts and human hunters,

udarima vazdušnih topova i ljudskim lovcima,

stories about desperately seeking the last remaining salmon,

priče o očajničkoj potrazi za poslednjim preostalim lososom,

stories about trying to survive on this beautiful planet

priče o pokušajima preživljavanja na ovoj prelepoj planeti

in this crazy moment

u ovom suludom trenutku

in our era of untethered human creativity

u našoj eri neobuzdane ljudske kreativnosti

and unprecedented environmental emergency.

i ekološkog vanrednog stanja bez presedana.

Now those would be ideas worth spreading.

E to bi bile ideje vredne deljenja.

(Chirping sounds)

(Zvuci cvrkutanja)

(Applause)

(Aplauz)