How a handful of fishing villages sparked a marine conservation revolution | Alasdair Harris

Prevodilac: Djurdja Radulovic Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović

I'm a marine biologist

Ja sam morski biolog.

here to talk to you about the crisis in our oceans,

Ovde sam da bismo razgovarali o krizi u našim okeanima,

but this time perhaps not with a message you've heard before,

ali možda ne uz poruku koju ste čuli ranije

because I want to tell you that if the survival of the oceans

jer želim da vam kažem da, ako bi spas okeana

depended only on people like me,

zavisio samo od ljudi poput mene,

scientists trading in publications,

naučnika koji objavljuju publikacije,

we'd be in even worse trouble than we are.

bili bismo u još većoj nevolji.

Because, as a scientist,

Jer, kao naučnik,

the most important things that I've learned

najvažnije stvari koje sam naučio

about keeping our oceans healthy and productive

o očuvanju zdravlja i rada okeana

have come not from academia, but from fishermen and women

nisu došle iz nauke, već od ribolovaca

living in some of the poorest countries on earth.

iz nekih od najsiromašnijih zemalja sveta.

I've learned that as a conservationist,

Shvatio sam da za konzervatora

the most important question is not, "How do we keep people out?"

najvažnije pitanje nije: „Kako držati ljude podalje od okeana?“

but rather, "How do we make sure that coastal people throughout the world

već: „Kako obezbediti ljudima sa primorja širom sveta dovoljno hrane?“

have enough to eat?"

Our oceans are every bit as critical to our own survival

Okeani su podjednako važni za naše preživljavanje

as our atmosphere, our forests or our soils.

kao i atmosfera, šume ili zemljišta.

Their staggering productivity ranks fisheries with farming

Njihova izuzetna produktivnost čini ribarstvo, uz poljoprivredu,

as a mainstay of food production

glavnim izvorom proizvodnje hrane

for humanity.

za ljude.

Yet something's gone badly wrong.

Ipak, nešto je ozbiljno pošlo naopako.

We're accelerating into an extinction emergency,

Sve je veća kriza izumiranja vrsta,

one that my field has so far failed abysmally to tackle.

sa kojom je moja struka do sada doživela ogroman neuspeh.

At its core is a very human and humanitarian crisis.

U srži te krize upravo je ljudska i humanitarna kriza.

The most devastating blow we've so far dealt our oceans

Najjači udarac koji smo zadali okeanima

is through overfishing.

je prekomerno izlovljavanje ribe.

Every year, we fish harder, deeper, further afield.

Svake godine lovimo sve više, dublje i dalje u moru.

Every year, we chase ever fewer fish.

Svake godine ulov je sve manji.

Yet the crisis of overfishing is a great paradox:

Ipak, kriza izlovljavanja je veoma paradoksalna:

unnecessary, avoidable and entirely reversible,

nepotrebna je, može se izbeći i potpuno preokrenuti,

because fisheries are one of the most productive resources on the planet.

jer su ribarnice među najproduktivnijim resursima na planeti.

With the right strategies, we can reverse overfishing.

Pravim strategijama možemo preokrenuti proces izlovljavanja.

That we've not yet done so is, to my mind,

To što ništa još nije urađeno jedna je, po mom mišljenju,

one of humanity's greatest failures.

od najvećih grešaka čovečanstva.

Nowhere is this failure more apparent

Koliko je ova greška strašna je najočiglednije

than in the warm waters on either side of our equator.

u toplim morima sa obe strane ekvatora.

Our tropics are home to most of the species in our ocean,

Tropski predeli su dom najvećem broju vrsta našeg okeana,

most of the people whose existence depends on our seas.

kao i najvećem broju ljudi koji zavise od mora.

We call these coastal fishermen and women "small-scale fishers,"

Nazivamo ove ribolovce „ribari na malo“,

but "small-scale" is a misnomer

ali „na malo“ je pogrešan termin

for a fleet comprising over 90 percent of the world's fishermen and women.

za flotu sačinjenu od preko 90% ribolovaca sveta.

Their fishing is generally more selective and sustainable

Njihov ribolov je generalno selektivniji i samoodrživiji

than the indiscriminate destruction

od nasumičnog uništavanja

too often wrought by bigger industrial boats.

za koje su neretko odgovorni veći industrijski čamci.

These coastal people have the most to gain from conservation

Ovi primorci mogu dobiti najviše konzervacijom,

because, for many of them,

jer, za većinu njih,

fishing is all that keeps them from poverty, hunger or forced migration,

ribolov je jedini spas od siromaštva, gladi i prisilne migracije

in countries where the state is often unable to help.

u zemljama u kojima je sistem nemoćan da pomogne.

We know that the outlook is grim:

Znamo da je perspektiva sumorna:

stocks collapsing on the front lines of climate change,

rezerve koje popuštaju u prvim redovima klimatskih promena,

warming seas, dying reefs, catastrophic storms,

otopljavanje mora, odumiranje koralnih grebena, katastrofalne oluje,

trawlers, factory fleets,

kočerice, brodovi-fabrike,

rapacious ships from richer countries taking more than their share.

gramzivi brodovi iz bogatijih zemalja koji koriste više nego što treba.

Extreme vulnerability is the new normal.

Ekstremna ranjivost je postala normalna.

I first landed on the island of Madagascar two decades ago,

Posetio sam Madagaskar prvi put pre dve decenije

on a mission to document its marine natural history.

da bih dokumentovao istoriju morske prirode tamo.

I was mesmerized by the coral reefs I explored,

Bio sam oduševljen koralnim grebenima koje sam istraživao

and certain I knew how to protect them,

i siguran da znam kako da ih zaštitim,

because science provided all the answers:

jer je nauka obezbedila sve odgovore:

close areas of the reef permanently.

trajno zatvoriti prostor grebena.

Coastal fishers simply needed to fish less.

Primorski ribari jednostavno je trebalo da pecaju manje.

I approached elders here in the village of Andavadoaka

Prišao sam starijim ljudima u selu Andavadok

and recommended that they close off

i preporučio da zatvore

the healthiest and most diverse coral reefs to all forms of fishing

najzdravije i najraznovrsnije grebene za sve vrste ribolova

to form a refuge to help stocks recover

ne bi li napravili zaštićeno područje za oporavak

because, as the science tells us, after five or so years,

jer, kako nam nauka kaže, za oko 5 godina,

fish populations inside those refuges would be much bigger,

riblja populacija unutar tog skloništa bila bi mnogo veća,

replenishing the fished areas outside,

prelivala bi se i u izlovljene oblasti van grebena,

making everybody better off.

čineći svima dobro.

That conversation didn't go so well.

Taj razgovor nije prošao najbolje.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Three-quarters of Madagascar's 27 million people

Tri četvrtine od 27 miliona stanovnika Madagaskara

live on less than two dollars a day.

živi na manje od dva dolara dnevno.

My earnest appeal to fish less took no account

Najozbiljnije apelujući na smanjenje ribolova,

nisam uzeo u obzir šta to zapravo znači

of what that might actually mean

for people who depend on fishing for survival.

za ljude čije preživljavanje zavisi od ribolova.

It was just another squeeze from outside,

Bio je to samo primoravanje,

a restriction rather than a solution.

restrikcija, pre nego rešenje.

What does protecting a long list of Latin species names mean to Resaxx,

Šta zaštita duge liste vrsta latinskih imena znači za Resaks,

a woman from Andavadoaka who fishes every day

ženu iz Andavadoka koja peca svakodnevno

to put food on the table

da bi obezbedila hranu

and send her grandchildren to school?

i poslala unuke u školu?

That initial rejection taught me that conservation is, at its core,

To odbijanje u startu naučilo me je da je konzervacija, u srži,

a journey in listening deeply,

put pomnog slušanja

to understand the pressures and realities that communities face

da bismo razumeli pritisak i stvarnost sa kojima se zajednice suočavaju

through their dependence on nature.

kroz svoju zavisnost od prirode.

This idea became the founding principle for my work

Ova ideja postala je osnova mog rada

and grew into an organization that brought a new approach

i prerasla u organizaciju koja je donela nov pristup

to ocean conservation

zaštiti okeana,

by working to rebuild fisheries with coastal communities.

obnavljajući ribarenje zajedno sa priobalnim zajednicama.

Then, as now, the work started by listening,

Tada, kao i sada, posao je počeo slušanjem,

and what we learned astonished us.

i zadivilo nas je to što smo saznali.

Back in the dry south of Madagascar,

Tamo, na suvom jugu Madagaskara,

we learned that one species was immensely important for villagers:

saznali smo da je jedna vrsta od ogromne važnosti za stanovnike sela:

this remarkable octopus.

izvanredna hobotnica.

We learned that soaring demand was depleting an economic lifeline.

Shvatili smo da je visoka potražnja iscrpljivala ekonomske rezerve.

But we also learned that this animal grows astonishingly fast,

Ali smo shvatili i da ova životinja raste neverovatnom brzinom,

doubling in weight every one or two months.

udvostučavajući težinu svakog meseca ili dva.

We reasoned that protecting just a small area of fishing ground

Mislili smo da zaštita samo malog područja oko mesta za pecanje

for just a few months

na samo par meseci

might lead to dramatic increases in catches,

može dovesti do drastičnog povećanja ulova,

enough to make a difference to this community's bottom line

dovoljnog da napravi promenu u profitu ove zajednice

in a time frame that might just be acceptable.

za prihvatljiv vremenski period.

The community thought so too,

Zajednica se složila,

opting to close a small area of reef to octopus fishing temporarily,

opredelili su se da privremeno spreče ribolov hobotnica na malom delu grebena,

using a customary social code,

koristeći uobičajni društveni kodeks,

invoking blessings from the ancestors to prevent poaching.

prizivajući blagoslove predaka ne bi li sprečili krivolov.

When that reef reopened to fishing six months later,

Kada je greben otvoren za ribolov šest meseci kasnije,

none of us were prepared for what happened next.

niko nije bio spreman za ono što se desillo.

Catches soared,

Ulov se povećao,

with men and women landing more and bigger octopus

ljudi su vadili hobotnice

than anyone had seen for years.

u nezapamćenoj količini i veličini.

Neighboring villages saw the fishing boom

Susedna sela su videla njihov ribolovački procvat

and drew up their own closures,

i zatvarala privremeno svoje grebene,

spreading the model virally along hundreds of miles of coastline.

zarazno šireći model na stotine metara obale.

When we ran the numbers,

Kada smo preračunali,

we saw that these communities, among the poorest on earth,

shvatili smo da su ovi ljudi, među najsiromašnijima na planeti,

had found a way to double their money in a matter of months, by fishing less.

našli način da udvostruče primanja za samo par meseci i sa manje ribolova.

Imagine a savings account

Zamislite štedni račun

from which you withdraw half your balance every year

sa kojeg povučete polovinu stanja svake godine,

and your savings keep growing.

a vaša ušteda raste.

There is no investment opportunity on earth

Ne postoji investicija na zemlji

that can reliably deliver what fisheries can.

koja pouzdano može doneti ono što ribarnice mogu.

But the real magic went beyond profit,

Ali stvarna magija prevazišla je profit

because a far deeper transformation was happening in these communities.

jer se mnogo dublja promena dešavala u ovim zajednicama.

Spurred on by rising catches,

Podstaknuti sve većim ulovom,

leaders from Andavadoaka joined force with two dozen neighboring communities

rukovodioci Andavadoka udružili su se sa dvadesetak susednih zajednica

to establish a vast conservation area along dozens of miles of coastline.

ne bi li uspostavili veliki prostor očuvanja desetina metara obale.

They outlawed fishing with poison and mosquito nets

Zabranili su ribolov otrovima i mrežama za komarce

and set aside permanent refuges

i postavili stalno zaštićena područja

around threatened coral reefs and mangroves,

oko ugroženih koralnih grebena i mangrova,

including, to my astonishment,

uključujući, na moje oduševljenje,

those same sights that I'd flagged just two years earlier

ista mesta koja sam označio samo dve godine pre,

when my evangelism for marine protection was so roundly rejected.

kada je moje zagovaranje morske zaštite potpuno odbijeno.

They created a community-led protected area,

Osnovali su zaštićeni prostor kojim zajednica rukovodi,

a democratic system for local marine governance

demokratski sistem za lokalno upravljanje morem,

that was totally unimaginable just a few years earlier.

nezamisliv samo par godina unazad.

And they didn't stop there:

I nisu se zaustavili na tome.

within five years, they'd secured legal rights from the state

Tokom 5 godina su obezbedili prava od države

to manage over 200 square miles of ocean,

za upravljanje preko 320 kvadratnih kilometara okeana,

eliminating destructive industrial trawlers from the waters.

eliminišući destruktivne industrijske brodove iz vode.

Ten years on, we're seeing recovery of those critical reefs

Deset godina kasnije, vidimo oporavak ovog kritičnog grebena

within those refuges.

pod zaštitom.

Communities are petitioning for greater recognition

Zajednice potpisuju peticije za prepoznavanje značaja

of the right to fish

prava na ribolov

and fairer prices that reward sustainability.

i pravednije cene kao nagradu za samoodržavanje.

But all that is just the beginning of the story,

Ali sve je ovo samo početak priče,

because this handful of fishing villages taking action

jer je ovih par ribarskih sela

has sparked a marine conservation revolution

razbuktalo revoluciju morske zaštite,

that has spread over thousands of miles,

koja se proširila hiljadama milja,

impacting hundreds of thousands of people.

menjajući živote stotina hiljada ljudi.

Today in Madagascar, hundreds of sites are managed by communities

Danas na Madagaskaru, stotine mesta regulišu zajednice,

applying this human rights-based approach to conservation

primenjujući ovaj pristup zaštite zasnovan na ljudskim pravima

to all kinds of fisheries, from mud crabs to mackerel.

na sve vrste ribolova, od rakova do skuše.

The model has crossed borders through East Africa and the Indian Ocean

Model se proširio na istočnu Afriku i Indijski okrean

and is now island-hopping into Southeast Asia.

a sada i na ostrva Jugoistočne Azije.

From Tanzania to Timor-Leste, from India to Indonesia,

Od Tanzanije do Istočnog Timora, od Indije do Indonezije,

we're seeing the same story unfold:

vidimo istu priču:

that when we design it right,

dobro osmišljena

marine conservation reaps dividends that go far beyond protecting nature,

morska konzervacija donosi profit koji nadilazi samu zaštitu prirode,

improving catches

poboljšavajući ulov

and driving waves of social change along entire coastlines,

i šireći talase društvenih promena širom cele obale,

strengthening confidence, cooperation

jačajući samopouzdanje, saradnju

and the resilience of communities to face the injustice of poverty

i otpornost zajednica suočenim sa nepravednošću siromaštva

and climate change.

i klimatskih promena.

I've been privileged to spend my career

Imao sam privilegiju da provedem karijeru

catalyzing and connecting these movements throughout the tropics,

otpočinjući i povezujući ove pokrete u tropskim predelima,

and I've learned that as conservationists,

i shvatio sam da nama, konzervatorima,

our goal must be to win at scale,

cilj mora biti pobeda,

not just to lose more slowly.

a ne usporavanje gubitka.

We need to step up to this global opportunity

Moramo da iskoristimo ovu globalnu šansu

to rebuild fisheries:

za obnovu ribolova:

with field workers to stand with communities

sa ljudima iz struke koji će podržati zajednice,

and connect them, to support them to act and learn from one another;

povezati ih i podržati da uče jedni od drugih,

with governments and lawyers standing with communities

sa vladama i advokatima koji će stajati iza zajednica

to secure their rights to manage their fisheries;

da bi obezbedili njihova prava pri rukovođenju ribarnicama,

prioritizing local food and job security

dajući prvenstvo zaštiti hrane i poslovne sigurnosti

above all competing interests in the ocean economy;

od svih konkurentskih interesa u morskoj ekonomiji,

ending subsidies for grotesquely overcapitalized industrial fleets

ukinuti subvencije za groteskno prekapitalizovane industrijske flote

and keeping those industrial and foreign vessels

i sprečiti pristup industrijskih i drugih stranih brodova

out of coastal waters.

u priobalne vode.

We need agile data systems

Potreban nam je agilan sistem podataka

that put science in the hands of communities

koji će obezbediti naučne podatke zajednicama

to optimize conservation to the target species or habitat.

za optimizaciju konzervacije ciljane vrste ili staništa.

We need development agencies, donors and the conservation establishment

Trebaju nam agencije za razvoj, donatori i establišment konzervacije,

to raise their ambition to the scale of investment

ne bi li ambicije došle do nivoa ulaganja

urgently required to deliver this vision.

neophodnog za ostvarenje ove vizije.

And to get there,

A da bismo stigli do tog nivoa,

we all need to reimagine marine conservation

potrebno je da vidimo morsku konzervaciju

as a narrative of abundance and empowerment,

kao priču o obilju i ojačanju,

not of austerity and alienation;

a ne o surovosti i otuđenju,

a movement guided by the people who depend on healthy seas for their survival,

kao pokret predvođen ljudima čiji opstanak zavisi od zdravog mora,

not by abstract scientific values.

a ne apstraktnim naučnim vrednostima.

Of course, fixing overfishing is just one step to fixing our oceans.

Naravno, sprečavanje izlovljavanja samo je jedan korak zaštite okeana.

The horrors of warming, acidification and pollution grow each day.

Strahote zagrevanja, zakiseljavanja i zagađenja rastu svakog dana.

But it's a big step.

Ali to je veliki korak.

It's one we can take today,

Onaj koji možemo da preduzmemo danas

and it's one that will give a much-needed boost

i koji će dati vetar u leđa

to those exploring scalable solutions

istraživačima perspektivnih rešenja

to other dimensions of our ocean emergency.

za posledice okeanske krize.

Our success propels theirs.

Naš uspeh podržava njihov.

If we throw up our hands in despair,

Ako podignemo ruke u očajanju,

it's game over.

igra je gotova.

We solve these challenges by taking them on one by one.

Rešavamo ove izazove jedan po jedan.

Our overwhelming dependence on our ocean is the solution

Naša ogromna zavisnost od okeana je rešenje

that has been hiding in plain sight,

koje je sve vreme bilo ispred nas,

because there's nothing small about small-scale fishers.

jer nema ništa malo u ribolovu „na malo“.

They're a hundred million strong and provide nutrition to billions.

Njihova snaga je u stotini miliona ljudi koji obezbeđuju hranu milijardama.

It's this army of everyday conservationists

Ova vojska svakodnevnih konzervatora

who have the most at stake.

je ta koja ima najviše da izgubi.

Only they have the knowledge and global reach needed

Samo oni imaju znanje i globalni uticaj koji su neophodni

to reshape our relationship with our oceans.

za ponovno oblikovanje našeg odnosa prema morima.

Helping them achieve this is the most powerful thing we can do

Najmoćnija stvar koju možemo uraditi je da im pomognemo

to keep our oceans alive.

u očuvanju života u okeanima.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)