How we can store digital data in DNA | Dina Zielinski

129,845 views ・ 2019-03-21

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Hyewon Son κ²€ν† : JY Kang
00:12
I could fit all movies ever made inside of this tube.
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μ €λŠ” μ§€κΈˆκ» λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ λͺ¨λ“  μ˜ν™”λ₯Ό 이 μ‹œν—˜κ΄€μ— 넣을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:17
If you can't see it, that's kind of the point.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λ³Ό 수 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 것. λ°”λ‘œ 그게 문제죠.
00:20
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
00:21
Before we understand how this is possible,
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이것이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œμ§€ μ•ŒκΈ° 전에
00:24
it's important to understand the value of this feat.
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이 μ—…μ μ˜ κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
All of our thoughts and actions these days,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  우리의 λͺ¨λ“  생각과 행동듀
00:31
through photos and videos --
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사진과 μ˜μƒ
00:33
even our fitness activities --
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심지어 μ‹ μ²΄ν™œλ™κΉŒμ§€
00:35
are stored as digital data.
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λͺ¨λ“  게 λ””μ§€ν„Έ λ°μ΄ν„°λ‘œ μ €μž₯λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:38
Aside from running out of space
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우리 ν•Έλ“œν° μš©λŸ‰μ΄ λΆ€μ‘±ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것 λ§κ³ λŠ”
00:39
on our phones,
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00:40
we rarely think about our digital footprint.
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κ·Έ λ””μ§€ν„Έ λ°œμžμ·¨μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” λ³„λ‘œ μƒκ°ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ£ .
00:43
But humanity has collectively generated more data
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ§€λ‚œ λͺ‡ λ…„κ°„ 우리 인λ₯˜λŠ” 더 λ§Žμ€ 데이터λ₯Ό μƒμ‚°ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
in the last few years
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00:48
than all of preceding human history.
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μ΄μ „μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  인λ₯˜ 역사가 μƒμ‚°ν•œ 양에 λΉ„ν•΄μ„œ 말이죠.
00:51
Big data has become a big problem.
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λ§Žμ€ λ°μ΄ν„°λŠ” 큰 문젯거리가 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:55
Digital storage is really expensive,
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λ””μ§€ν„Έ μ €μž₯μž₯μΉ˜λŠ” 맀우 λΉ„μ‹Έκ³ 
00:58
and none of these devices that we have really stand the test of time.
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이 μž₯μΉ˜λ“€ 쀑 μ–΄λŠ 것도 세월이 μ§€λ‚˜λ„ κ±΄μž¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
There's this nonprofit website called the Internet Archive.
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μ—¬κΈ° 인터넷 μ•„μΉ΄μ΄λΈŒλΌλŠ” λΉ„μ˜λ¦¬ μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
In addition to free books and movies,
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무료 μ±…κ³Ό μ˜ν™”λŠ” 물둠이고
01:09
you can access web pages as far back as 1996.
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1996λ…„λΆ€ν„°μ˜ μ›ΉνŽ˜μ΄μ§€ 기둝을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
Now, this is very tempting,
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정말 μ†”κΉƒν•˜μ§€μš”.
01:15
but I decided to go back and look at the TED website's very humble beginnings.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” TED ν™ˆνŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ˜ μ΄ˆλΌν•œ μ‹œμž‘μ μ„ λŒμ•„λ³΄κ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
As you can see, it's changed quite a bit in the last 30 years.
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λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ μ§€λ‚œ 30λ…„κ°„ κ½€ 많이 λ³€λͺ¨ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:26
So this led me to the first-ever TED,
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이λ₯Ό 톡해 졜초의 TEDλ₯Ό μ ‘ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
01:29
back in 1984,
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1984λ…„μœΌλ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°€λ΄€μ£ .
01:31
and it just so happened to be a Sony executive
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마침 μ†Œλ‹ˆ κ²½μ˜μ§„μ˜ 강연을 보게 됐고
01:34
explaining how a compact disk works.
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κ·ΈλŠ” CDκ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
01:38
Now, it's really incredible to be able to go back in time
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과거둜 λŒμ•„κ°ˆ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것은 정말 λ†€λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:42
and access this moment.
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κ·Έ μˆœκ°„μ„ μ ‘ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것도 말이죠.
01:45
It's also really fascinating that after 30 years, after that first TED,
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정말 ν₯미둜운 점은
졜초의 TED 이후에 30년이 μ§€λ‚œ μ§€κΈˆλ„
01:50
we're still talking about digital storage.
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μ—¬μ „νžˆ λ””μ§€ν„Έ μ €μž₯μž₯μΉ˜μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
Now, if we look back another 30 years,
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이제 30년을 더 λ˜λŒμ•„ 가보면
01:57
IBM released the first-ever hard drive
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IBM이 졜초의 ν•˜λ“œ λ“œλΌμ΄λΈŒλ₯Ό μΆœμ‹œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:00
back in 1956.
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1956λ…„μ˜ 일이죠.
02:02
Here it is being loaded for shipping in front of a small audience.
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이것은 λͺ‡λͺ‡ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€ μ•žμ—μ„œ κ·Έ μž₯치λ₯Ό 배에 μ‹£κ³  μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨μŠ΅μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
It held the equivalent of one MP3 song
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이 μž₯μΉ˜μ—λŠ” MP3 파일 ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό μ €μž₯ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
02:11
and weighed over one ton.
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λ¬΄κ²ŒλŠ” 1톀이 λ„˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:14
At 10,000 dollars a megabyte,
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1 λ©”κ°€ λ°”μ΄νŠΈλ‹Ή λΉ„μš©μ΄ 10,000 λ‹¬λŸ¬μ˜€μ£ .
02:16
I don't think anyone in this room would be interested in buying this thing,
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μ—¬κΈ° κ³„μ‹œλŠ” κ·Έ λˆ„κ΅¬λ„ 이걸 사렀고 ν•˜μ‹€ 뢄은 없을 κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
02:20
except maybe as a collector's item.
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μˆ˜μ§‘ λͺ©μ μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆκ³ μ„œ 말이죠.
02:22
But it's the best we could do at the time.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‹Ήμ‹œμ—λŠ” 이것이 μ΅œμ„ μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
We've come such a long way in data storage.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 데이터 μ €μž₯μž₯치 λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ κΈ΄ 여정을 κ±°μ³μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:29
Devices have evolved dramatically.
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μž₯μΉ˜λ“€μ€ κΈ‰κ²©ν•˜κ²Œ λ°œμ „ν–ˆμ£ .
02:32
But all media eventually wear out or become obsolete.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λͺ¨λ“  μ €μž₯μˆ˜λ‹¨μ€ κ²°κ΅­ μ†Œλ©Έν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ“Έλͺ¨μ—†κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:37
If someone handed you a floppy drive today to back up your presentation,
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λ§Œμ•½ 였늘 λˆ„κ΅°κ°€ λ°œν‘œμžλ£Œλ₯Ό μ €μž₯ν•˜λΌκ³  μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ ν”Œλ‘œν”Ό λ””μŠ€ν¬λ₯Ό 건넸닀면
02:41
you'd probably look at them kind of strange, maybe laugh,
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κ·Έλ₯Ό μ΄μƒν•œ 눈으둜 봀을 κ±°μ˜ˆμš”. ν˜Ήμ€ λΉ„μ›ƒμ—ˆμ„μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ₯΄μ£ .
02:44
but you'd have no way to use the damn thing.
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κ²Œλ‹€κ°€ κ·Έ 고물을 μ“Έ 방법도 μ—†μ–΄μš”.
02:47
These devices can no longer meet our storage needs,
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이 μ €μž₯μž₯μΉ˜λŠ” 우리의 μ €μž₯ μˆ˜μš”λ₯Ό 더이상 μΆ©μ‘±ν•  수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
although some of them can be repurposed.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μš©λ„λ‘œ μ“Έ μˆ˜λŠ” μžˆκ² λ„€μš”.
02:54
All technology eventually dies or is lost,
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λͺ¨λ“  κΈ°μˆ μ€ κ²°κ΅­ μ‚¬λΌμ§€κ±°λ‚˜ μ†Œμ‹€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:57
along with our data,
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μ •λ³΄λŠ” 물둠이고
02:59
all of our memories.
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우리 기얡도 λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μ£ .
03:02
There's this illusion that the storage problem has been solved,
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μ €μž₯ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ ν•΄κ²°λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  μ°©κ°ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:06
but really, we all just externalize it.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν‘œλ©΄μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 보일 λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:08
We don't worry about storing our emails and our photos.
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μ΄λ©”μΌμ΄λ‚˜ 사진을 μ €μž₯ν•˜λŠ” 건 걱정거리가 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
They're just in the cloud.
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ν΄λΌμš°λ“œ μ•ˆμ— λ‹€ μžˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
03:15
But behind the scenes, storage is problematic.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έ μ΄λ©΄μ—λŠ” μ €μž₯ 방법에 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
After all, the cloud is just a lot of hard drives.
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κ²°κ΅­, ν΄λΌμš°λ“œλ„ κ·Έμ € λ§Žμ€ ν•˜λ“œ λ“œλΌμ΄λΈŒμΌ λΏμ΄λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
03:23
Now, most digital data, we could argue, is not really critical.
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자, λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ λ°μ΄ν„°λŠ” 그리 μ€‘μš”ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šλ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:27
Surely, we could just delete it.
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그런 것듀은 κ·Έλƒ₯ μ‚­μ œν•˜λ©΄ 되겠죠.
03:29
But how can we really know what's important today?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ§€κΈˆ 무엇이 μ€‘μš”ν•œμ§€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
03:34
We've learned so much about human history
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 인λ₯˜ μ—­μ‚¬μ—μ„œ 정말 λ§Žμ€ 것을 λ°°μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:36
from drawings and writings in caves,
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동꡴ μ•ˆμ˜ 벽화와 κΈ€
03:39
from stone tablets.
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μ„νŒμ—μ„œ 말이죠.
03:41
We've deciphered languages from the Rosetta Stone.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‘œμ œνƒ€ μ„νŒμ˜ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό ν•΄λ…ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
You know, we'll never really have the whole story, though.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έ 전체 이야기λ₯Ό μ•Œ μˆ˜λŠ” 없을 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:49
Our data is our story,
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우리의 λ°μ΄ν„°λŠ” 우리의 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
even more so today.
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심지어 μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ—λŠ” λ”μš± κ·Έλ ‡μ£ .
03:53
We won't have our record recorded on stone tablets.
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μ΄μ œλŠ” μš°λ¦¬μ— λŒ€ν•œ 기둝을 μ„νŒμ— μƒˆκΈ°μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:57
But we don't have to choose what is important now.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이제 무엇이 μ€‘μš”ν•œμ§€ μ„ νƒν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„λ„ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
There's a way to store it all.
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λͺ¨λ“  κ±Έ μ €μž₯ν•  방법이 μžˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
04:03
It turns out that there's a solution that's been around
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μ•Œκ³ λ³΄λ‹ˆ 해결책이 이미 우리 μ£Όμœ„μ— μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:06
for a few billion years,
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μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅ λ…„ μ „λΆ€ν„° 말이죠.
04:08
and it's actually in this tube.
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그리고 그게 이 μ‹œν—˜κ΄€ μ•ˆμ— μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:12
DNA is nature's oldest storage device.
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DNAλŠ” μžμ—°μ˜ κ°€μž₯ 였래된 μ €μž₯μž₯μΉ˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:15
After all, it contains all the information necessary
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μ—¬κΈ°μ—λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  정보가 담겨 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
우리 인간을 λ§Œλ“€κ³  μœ μ§€ν•˜λŠ” 데 ν•„μš”ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  정보가 λ“€μ–΄μžˆμ£ .
04:19
to build and maintain a human being.
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04:22
But what makes DNA so great?
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DNAκ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λŒ€λ‹¨ν•œ 일을 ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
04:25
Well, let's take our own genome
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우리 μΈκ°„μ˜ κ²Œλ†ˆμ„ 예λ₯Ό 듀어보죠.
04:27
as an example.
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04:28
If we were to print out all three billion A's, T's, C's and G's
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30μ–΅ 개의 A, T, C, Gλ₯Ό 좜λ ₯ν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
04:33
on a standard font, standard format,
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κΈ°λ³Έ κΈ€κΌ΄, κΈ°λ³Έ μ„œμ‹μœΌλ‘œμš”.
04:37
and then we were to stack all of those papers,
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 좜λ ₯된 쒅이λ₯Ό λͺ¨λ‘ μŒ“μœΌλ©΄
04:40
it would be about 130 meters high,
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높이가 130m μ―€ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:42
somewhere between the Statue of Liberty and the Washington Monument.
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자유의 여신상과 μ›Œμ‹±ν„΄ κΈ°λ…λΉ„μ˜ 쀑간 정도가 λ˜κ² κ΅°μš”.
04:46
Now, if we converted all those A's, T's, C's and G's
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이제, λͺ¨λ“  A, T, C, Gλ₯Ό λ””μ§€ν„Έ ν˜•νƒœμΈ 0κ³Ό 1둜 λ°”κΎΌλ‹€λ©΄
04:48
to digital data, to zeroes and ones,
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04:51
it would total a few gigs.
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총 λͺ‡ κΈ°κ°€ λ°”μ΄νŠΈκ°€ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:53
And that's in each cell of our body.
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λ°”λ‘œ 그게 우리 λͺΈμ˜ 각 세포에 λ“€μ–΄ μžˆλŠ” 것이죠.
04:56
We have more than 30 trillion cells.
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우리 λͺΈμ—λŠ” 30μ‘°κ°œκ°€ λ„˜λŠ” 세포가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:59
You get the idea:
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ν•œλ²ˆ μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
05:01
DNA can store a ton of information in a minuscule space.
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DNAλŠ” μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μ–‘μ˜ 정보λ₯Ό μ•„μ£Ό μž‘μ€ 곡간에 μ €μž₯ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:07
DNA is also very durable,
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DNAλŠ” νŠΌνŠΌν•  뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
05:09
and it doesn't even require electricity to store it.
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μ €μž₯ν•˜λŠ” 데에 전기쑰차도 ν•„μš”ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:12
We know this because scientists have recovered DNA from ancient humans
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ κ³ λŒ€μΈλ₯˜μ˜ DNAλ₯Ό λ³΅μ›ν–ˆκΈ°μ— 이 사싀을 μ•Œμ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:16
that lived hundreds of thousands of years ago.
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μˆ˜μ‹­λ§Œ 년전에 μ‚΄μ•˜λ˜ κ³ λŒ€μΈλ₯˜μ£ .
05:19
One of those is Γ–tzi the Iceman.
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κ·Έ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ μ•„μ΄μŠ€λ§¨ "μ™ΈμΉ˜"μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:22
Turns out, he's Austrian.
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ˜€μŠ€νŠΈλ¦¬μ•„μΈμœΌλ‘œ λ°ν˜€μ‘Œμ£ .
05:24
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
05:25
He was found high, well-preserved,
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μ΄νƒˆλ¦¬μ•„μ™€ μ˜€μŠ€νŠΈλ¦¬μ•„ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ μ‚°μ—μ„œ 맀우 잘 보쑴된 μƒνƒœλ‘œ λ°œκ²¬λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:27
in the mountains between Italy and Austria,
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05:30
and it turns out that he has living genetic relatives here in Austria today.
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그의 μœ μ „μ  μΉœμ²™μ΄ μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μ—¬κΈ° μ˜€μŠ€νŠΈλ¦¬μ•„μ— μ‚°λ‹€λŠ” 것도 λ°ν˜€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:34
So one of you could be a cousin of Γ–tzi.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ 쀑 λˆ„κ΅°κ°€λŠ” μ™ΈμΉ˜μ˜ μ‚¬μ΄ŒμΌ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλŠ” 것이죠.
05:36
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
05:38
The point is that we have a better chance of recovering information
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핡심은 κ³ λŒ€ 인λ₯˜λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 정보λ₯Ό 볡ꡬ할 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:41
from an ancient human
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05:43
than we do from an old phone.
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였래된 ν•Έλ“œν°λ³΄λ‹€ 더 λ‚«μ£ .
05:45
It's also much less likely that we'll lose the ability to read DNA
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DNAλ₯Ό 읽어낼 방법이 μ—†μ–΄μ§ˆ κ°€λŠ₯μ„± λ˜ν•œ μ μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:50
than any single man-made device.
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인간이 λ§Œλ“  κ·Έ μ–΄λ–€ μ €μž₯μž₯μΉ˜μ— λΉ„ν•΄μ„œ 말이죠.
05:53
Every single new storage format requires a new way to read it.
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λͺ¨λ“  μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ €μž₯ ν˜•μ‹μ€ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ 읽어야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:57
We'll always be able to read DNA.
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DNAλŠ” μ–Έμ œλ“  읽을 수 있죠.
05:59
If we can no longer sequence, we have bigger problems
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λ§Œμ•½ κ·Έκ±Έ 해독할 수 μ—†κ²Œ λœλ‹€λ©΄ 더 큰 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:02
than worrying about data storage.
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데이터 μ €μž₯μž₯치 자체λ₯Ό μ—Όλ €ν•˜λŠ” 것 μ΄μƒμœΌλ‘œμš”.
06:05
Storing data on DNA is not new.
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DNA에 데이터λ₯Ό μ €μž₯ν•˜λŠ” 것은 μƒˆλ‘­μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:08
Nature's been doing it for several billion years.
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μžμ—°μ΄ μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅ λ…„κ°„ ν•΄μ˜¨ μΌμ΄λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
06:11
In fact, every living thing is a DNA storage device.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ, λͺ¨λ“  생물은 DNA μ €μž₯μž₯μΉ˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:16
But how do we store data on DNA?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ DNA에 데이터λ₯Ό μ €μž₯ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
06:19
This is Photo 51.
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51번 μ‚¬μ§„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:21
It's the first-ever photo of DNA,
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DNAλ₯Ό 찍은 졜초의 사진이죠.
06:24
taken about 60 years ago.
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60λ…„ 전에 찍은 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:26
This is around the time that that same hard drive was released by IBM.
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IBM이 ν•˜λ“œ λ“œλΌμ΄λΈŒλ₯Ό μΆœμ‹œν•  λ•Œμ™€ λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ μ‹œκΈ°μ£ .
06:31
So really, our understanding of digital storage and of DNA have coevolved.
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λ””μ§€ν„Έ μ €μž₯μž₯μΉ˜μ™€ DNA에 λŒ€ν•œ 이해가 λ™μ‹œμ— λ°œμ „ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:37
We first learned to sequence, or read DNA,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” DNA의 μ—ΌκΈ°μ„œμ—΄μ„ 밝히고 κ·Έκ±Έ ν•΄λ…ν•˜λŠ” 법을 λ¨Όμ € μ•Œμ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:40
and very soon after, how to write it,
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κ·Έ λ‹€μŒμ—λŠ” 정보가 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 기둝되고 λ˜λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•©μ„±ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œμ•„λƒˆμ£ .
06:42
or synthesize it.
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06:44
This is much like how we learn a new language.
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이것은 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό λ°°μš°λŠ” κ³Όμ •κ³Ό λΉ„μŠ·ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:48
And now we have the ability to read, write and copy DNA.
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이제 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” DNAλ₯Ό 읽고, μ“°κ³ , λ³΅μ œν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:53
We do it in the lab all the time.
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μ—°κ΅¬μ‹€μ—μ„œ 늘 이런 일을 ν•˜μ£ .
06:56
So anything, really anything, that can be stored as zeroes and ones
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ 무엇이든
0κ³Ό 1둜 μ €μž₯ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μ •λ§λ‘œ κ·Έ μ–΄λ–€ 것도
07:00
can be stored in DNA.
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DNA에 μ €μž₯ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:02
To store something digitally, like this photo,
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무언가λ₯Ό 이 μ‚¬μ§„μ²˜λŸΌ λ””μ§€ν„Έ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μ €μž₯ν•˜λ €λ©΄
07:05
we convert it to bits, or binary digits.
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그것을 'λΉ„νŠΈ'라고 ν•˜λŠ” 2μ§„ 숫자둜 λ³€ν™˜ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:09
Each pixel in a black-and-white photo is simply a zero or a one.
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흑백 μ‚¬μ§„μ˜ 각 ν™”μ†ŒλŠ” κ°„λ‹¨νžˆ 0 λ˜λŠ” 1이 되죠.
07:13
And we can write DNA much like an inkjet printer can print letters on a page.
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λ˜ν•œ 쒅이에 κΈ€μžλ₯Ό 좜λ ₯ν•˜λ“―μ΄ DNA에 정보λ₯Ό μ“Έ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:18
We just have to convert our data, all of those zeroes and ones,
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그러렀먼 λ¨Όμ € 데이터λ₯Ό λ³€ν™˜ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜μ£ .
0κ³Ό 1둜 λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ” 것을 A, T, C, 그리고 G둜 λ°”κΎΈμ–΄
07:22
to A's, T's, C's and G's,
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07:24
and then we send this to a synthesis company.
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DNA ν•©μ„± μ—…μ²΄λ‘œ λ³΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:26
So we write it, we can store it,
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그러면 κ·Έκ±Έ DNA에 κΈ°λ‘ν•΄μ„œ μ €μž₯ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:28
and when we want to recover our data, we just sequence it.
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데이터λ₯Ό λ³΅κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  싢을 λ•ŒλŠ” μ—ΌκΈ°μ„œμ—΄μ„ ν•΄λ…ν•˜λ©΄ λ˜κ³ μš”.
07:32
Now, the fun part of all of this is deciding what files to include.
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이제 κ°€μž₯ ν₯미둜운 뢀뢄은 μ–΄λ–€ νŒŒμΌμ„ λ‹΄λŠλƒλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:36
We're serious scientists, so we had to include a manuscript
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ§„μ§€ν•œ κ³Όν•™μžμ΄λ‹ˆκΉŒ μš°μ„  논문을 λ‹΄κΈ°λ‘œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:39
for good posterity.
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후손을 μœ„ν•΄μ„œμš”.
07:41
We also included a $50 Amazon gift card --
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50λ‹¬λŸ¬μ§œλ¦¬ μ•„λ§ˆμ‘΄ μƒν’ˆκΆŒλ„ λ‹΄μ•˜μ£ .
07:44
don't get too excited, it's already been spent, someone decoded it --
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ν•΄λ…ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 이미 썼을 ν…Œλ‹ˆ λ„ˆλ¬΄ ν₯λΆ„ν•˜μ§€λŠ” λ§ˆμ‹œκ³ μš”.
07:47
as well as an operating system,
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μš΄μ˜μ²΄κ³„λ„ μΆ”κ°€ν•˜κ³ 
07:50
one of the first movies ever made
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졜초둜 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ μ˜ν™”λ„ λ‹΄κ³ 
07:52
and a Pioneer plaque.
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νŒŒμ΄μ–΄λ‹ˆμ–΄ κΈˆμ†νŒλ„ λ‹΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:54
Some of you might have seen this.
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κ·Έκ±Έ 보신 뢄도 계싀 ν…λ°μš”.
07:55
It has a depiction of a typical -- apparently -- male and female,
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남성과 μ—¬μ„±μ˜ μ „ν˜•μ μΈ μ™Έλͺ¨κ°€ λ¬˜μ‚¬λ˜μ–΄ 있고
07:59
and our approximate location in the Solar System,
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νƒœμ–‘κ³„μ—μ„œ 우리의 λŒ€λž΅μ  μœ„μΉ˜λ„ κΈ°λ‘λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:02
in case the Pioneer spacecraft ever encounters extraterrestrials.
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νŒŒμ΄μ˜€λ‹ˆμ–΄ μš°μ£Όμ„ μ΄ 외계인과 마주칠 λ•Œλ₯Ό λŒ€λΉ„ν•΄μ„œ 말이죠.
08:06
So once we decided what sort of files we want to encode,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ μ–΄λ–€ νŒŒμΌμ„ μ•”ν˜Έν™”ν• μ§€ μ •ν•˜κ³ 
08:09
we package up the data,
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데이터λ₯Ό μ •λ¦¬ν•΄μ„œ
08:11
convert those zeroes and ones to A's, T's, C's and G's,
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0κ³Ό 1을 A, T, C, G둜 λ³€ν™˜ν•œ 뒀에
08:14
and then we just send this file off to a synthesis company.
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DNA ν•©μ„± μ—…μ²΄λ‘œ κ·Έ νŒŒμΌμ„ λ³΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:18
And this is what we got back.
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그리고 이것을 λŒλ €λ°›μ•˜μ£ .
08:20
Our files were in this tube.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 보낸 νŒŒμΌλ“€μ΄ 이 μ‹œν—˜κ΄€μ— 담겨 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:22
All we had to do was sequence it.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이걸 ν•΄λ…ν•˜κΈ°λ§Œ ν•˜λ©΄ 되죠.
08:24
This all sounds pretty straightforward,
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이게 정말 κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ 것 κ°™μ§€λ§Œ
08:27
but the difference between a really cool, fun idea
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μ •λ§λ‘œ λ©‹μ§€κ³  μž¬λ°ŒλŠ” 아이디어와
08:30
and something we can actually use
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ ν™œμš©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμ˜ 차이점은
08:32
is overcoming these practical challenges.
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μ—¬λŸ¬ ν˜„μ‹€μ μΈ 어렀움을 극볡해야 ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:35
Now, while DNA is more robust than any man-made device,
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DNAκ°€ μ–΄λŠ μž₯μΉ˜λ³΄λ‹€ κ²¬κ³ ν•˜λ‹€ 해도
08:39
it's not perfect.
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μ™„λ²½ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:40
It does have some weaknesses.
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λͺ‡ κ°€μ§€ 약점이 μžˆμ§€μš”.
08:43
We recover our message by sequencing the DNA,
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DNAλ₯Ό ν•΄λ…ν•΄μ„œ λ©”μ‹œμ§€λ₯Ό λ³΅κ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
08:46
and every time data is retrieved,
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데이터λ₯Ό 검색할 λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€
08:48
we lose the DNA.
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DNAλŠ” μ‚¬λΌμ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:50
That's just part of the sequencing process.
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단지 ν•΄λ…ν•˜λŠ” κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ 말이죠.
08:53
We don't want to run out of data,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 데이터가 μ—†μ–΄μ§€λŠ” 것은 μ›ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„μš”.
08:55
but luckily, there's a way to copy the DNA
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‹€ν–‰νžˆλ„, DNAλ₯Ό λ³΅μ œν•˜λŠ” 방법이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:58
that's even cheaper and easier than synthesizing it.
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DNAλ₯Ό ν•©μ„±ν•˜λŠ” 것보닀 μ‹Έκ³  μ‰¬μš΄ λ°©λ²•μ΄μ—μš”.
09:03
We actually tested a way to make 200 trillion copies of our files,
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ νŒŒμΌμ„ 200μ‘° 개 λ³΅μ œν•˜λŠ” 방법을 μ‹œν—˜ν•΄λ³΄μ•˜λ”λ‹ˆ
09:08
and we recovered all the data without error.
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였λ₯˜ 없이 λͺ¨λ“  데이터λ₯Ό 볡ꡬ할 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:11
So sequencing also introduces errors into our DNA,
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그런데 ν•΄λ…ν•˜λŠ” κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œλ„ DNA에 였λ₯˜κ°€ 생기기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:15
into the A's, T's, C's and G's.
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A, T, C, G에 말이죠.
09:18
Nature has a way to deal with this in our cells.
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μžμ—°μ˜ μ„Έν¬λŠ” 이 문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•  방법을 κ°–κ³  μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
09:21
But our data is stored in synthetic DNA in a tube,
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우리 μžλ£ŒλŠ” μ‹œν—˜κ΄€ μ†μ˜ ν•©μ„± DNA에 μ €μž₯λ˜μ–΄ 있죠.
09:27
so we had to find our own way to overcome this problem.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이 문제λ₯Ό 극볡할 방법을 μ°Ύμ•„μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:30
We decided to use an algorithm that was used to stream videos.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μΈν„°λ„·μœΌλ‘œ μ˜μƒμ„ λ³Ό λ•Œ μ“°λŠ” μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ„ μ“°κΈ°λ‘œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:35
When you're streaming a video,
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μΈν„°λ„·μœΌλ‘œ λ™μ˜μƒμ„ λ³Ό λ•Œ
09:36
you're essentially trying to recover the original video, the original file.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ˜μƒ 및 파일 원본을 λ³΅κ΅¬ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:41
When we're trying to recover our original files,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 파일 원본을 λ³΅κ΅¬ν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜λ©΄
09:44
we're simply sequencing.
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λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ ν•΄λ…ν•˜κΈ°λ§Œ ν•˜λ©΄ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:46
But really, both of these processes are about recovering enough zeroes and ones
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 사싀, 이 두 과정은 0κ³Ό 1을 λ³΅κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” 것에 μ§€λ‚˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:50
to put our data back together.
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자료λ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ ν†΅ν•©ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œμš”.
09:52
And so, because of our coding strategy,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ§Œλ“  μ•”ν˜Έν™” 기법을 ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ
09:54
we were able to package up all of our data
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λͺ¨λ“  자료λ₯Ό ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ ν†΅ν•©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:57
in a way that allowed us to make millions and trillions of copies
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ λ³΅μ œν’ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œμ™€ 같은 λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ 말이죠.
10:01
and still always recover all of our files back.
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그러면 항상 λͺ¨λ“  자료λ₯Ό 볡ꡬ할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:04
This is the movie we encoded.
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이건 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•”ν˜Έν™”ν•œ μ˜ν™”μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:06
It's one of the first movies ever made,
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졜초둜 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ μ˜ν™” 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ£ .
10:09
and now the first to be copied more than 200 trillion times on DNA.
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처음 λ§Œλ“  파일이 200μ‘° 번 λ„˜κ²Œ DNA에 볡제될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:14
Soon after our work was published,
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이 연ꡬ 업적이 λ°œν‘œλœ 직후
10:16
we participated in an "Ask Me Anything" on the website reddit.
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λ ˆλ”§μ΄λΌλŠ” μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈμ—μ„œ "뭐든지 λ¬Όμ–΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”"에 μ°Έμ—¬ν–ˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
10:20
If you're a fellow nerd, you're very familiar with this website.
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저희 같은 λ§ˆλ‹ˆμ•„λΆ„λ“€μ€ μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈμΈμ§€ 잘 μ•„μ‹€ κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
10:23
Most questions were thoughtful.
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질문 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ΄ μ‘°μ‹¬μŠ€λŸ¬μ› μ£ .
10:25
Some were comical.
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μž¬λ°ŒλŠ” μ§ˆλ¬Έλ„ μžˆμ—ˆκ³ μš”.
10:27
For example, one user wanted to know when we would have a literal thumb drive.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, ν•œ μ‚¬μš©μžκ°€ λ¬Όμ—ˆμ£ . μ‹€μ œ μ—„μ§€ λ“œλΌμ΄λΈŒλŠ” μ–Έμ œ λ‚˜μ˜€λŠ”μ§€μš”.
10:32
Now, the thing is,
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μžˆλŠ” κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬λ©΄
10:34
our DNA already stores everything needed to make us who we are.
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DNAλŠ” 우리λ₯Ό κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  것을 μ €μž₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:38
It's a lot safer to store data on DNA
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데이터λ₯Ό DNA에 μ €μž₯ν•˜λŠ” 것이 훨씬 μ•ˆμ „ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:42
in synthetic DNA in a tube.
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이 μ‹œν—˜κ΄€μ˜ ν•©μ„± DNA에 말이죠.
10:46
Writing and reading data from DNA is obviously a lot more time-consuming
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DNA에 데이터λ₯Ό μ“°κ³  μ½λŠ” 건 λͺ…λ°±νžˆ μ‹œκ°„μ΄ 많이 κ±Έλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:52
than just saving all your files on a hard drive --
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ν•˜λ“œ λ””μŠ€ν¬μ— νŒŒμΌμ„ μ €μž₯ν•˜λŠ” 것에 λΉ„ν•΄μ„œμš”.
10:55
for now.
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μ§€κΈˆμ€ κ·Έλ ‡μ£ .
10:57
So initially, we should focus on long-term storage.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ²˜μŒλΆ€ν„° μž₯κΈ°κ°„ μ €μž₯에 μ΄ˆμ μ„ λ‘μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:02
Most data are ephemeral.
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ λ°μ΄ν„°λŠ” μΌμ‹œμ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:04
It's really hard to grasp what's important today,
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무엇이 μ€‘μš”ν•œμ§€ μ§€κΈˆμ€ νŒŒμ•…ν•˜κΈ° νž˜λ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:07
or what will be important for future generations.
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미래 μ„ΈλŒ€μ— 무엇이 μ€‘μš”ν• μ§€λ„μš”.
11:10
But the point is, we don't have to decide today.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 핡심은, 였늘 κ²°μ •ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„λ„ λœλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:14
There's this great program by UNESCO called the "Memory of the World" program.
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μ—¬κΈ° "μ„Έκ³„κΈ°λ‘μœ μ‚°"μ΄λΌλŠ” μœ λ„€μŠ€μ½”μ˜ ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:19
It's been created to preserve historical materials
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역사적 자료λ₯Ό λ³΄μ‘΄ν•˜κ³ μž λ§Œλ“  ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ΄μ£ .
11:22
that are considered of value to all of humanity.
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λͺ¨λ“  인λ₯˜μ—κ²Œ κ°€μΉ˜μžˆλ‹€κ³  μ—¬κ²¨μ§€λŠ” 자료 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:26
Items are nominated to be added to the collection,
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κ·Έ λŒ€μƒμ— μ—¬λŸ¬ κ°€μ§€κ°€ μΆ”μ²œλ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:29
including that film that we encoded.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•”ν˜Έν™”ν•œ κ·Έ μ˜ν™”λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•΄μ„œμš”.
11:32
While a wonderful way to preserve human heritage,
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인λ₯˜μ˜ λ¬Έν™” μœ μ‚°μ„ λ³΄μ‘΄ν•˜μžλŠ” λ©‹μ§„ 일을 ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
11:35
it doesn't have to be a choice.
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κ·Έ λŒ€μƒμ„ 선택할 ν•„μš”λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:38
Instead of asking the current generation -- us --
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ν˜„ μ„ΈλŒ€μ˜ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 물을 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
11:41
what might be important in the future,
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λ―Έλž˜μ— 무엇이 μ€‘μš”ν• μ§€λ₯Ό 봐야죠.
11:43
we could store everything in DNA.
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DNA에 λͺ¨λ“  것을 μ €μž₯ν•˜λ©΄ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:47
Storage is not just about how many bytes
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μ €μž₯은 λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ μš©λŸ‰μ΄ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
11:50
but how well we can actually store the data and recover it.
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데이터λ₯Ό μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 잘 μ €μž₯ν•˜κ³  볡ꡬ할 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€κ°€ μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:53
There's always been this tension between how much data we can generate
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μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ§Žμ€ 데이터가 μƒμ‚°λ˜λŠ”μ§€ 그에 λŒ€ν•œ κ°ˆλ“±μ€ 늘 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:57
and how much we can recover
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μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 볡ꡬ할 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€
11:59
and how much we can store.
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μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ €μž₯ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλ„μš”.
12:01
Every advance in writing data has required a new way to read it.
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데이터λ₯Ό κΈ°λ‘ν•˜λŠ” λ°©μ‹μ˜ λ°œμ „μ€ κ·Έκ±Έ μ½λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 방식도 μš”κ΅¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:05
We can no longer read old media.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 더이상 μ˜ˆμ „μ˜ μ €μž₯ 맀체λ₯Ό 읽지 λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:08
How many of you even have a disk drive in your laptop,
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μ—¬κΈ° 계신 λΆ„λ“€ 쀑에 λͺ‡ λΆ„μ΄λ‚˜ 컴퓨터에 λ””μŠ€ν¬ λ“œλΌμ΄λΈŒκ°€ μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
12:12
never mind a floppy drive?
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ν•˜λ¬Όλ©° ν”Œλ‘œν”Ό λ“œλΌμ΄λΈŒλŠ”μš”?
12:14
This will never be the case with DNA.
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DNA의 κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” 이런 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:16
As long as we're around, DNA is around,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μžˆλŠ” ν•œ DNAκ°€ 있고
12:19
and we'll find a way to sequence it.
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그것을 ν•΄λ…ν•˜λŠ” 방법을 μ°Ύκ² μ§€μš”.
12:23
Archiving the world around us is part of human nature.
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μ„Έμƒμ˜ 일을 기둝, λ³΄κ΄€ν•˜λ €λŠ” 건 인λ₯˜μ˜ λ³Έμ„±μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:27
This is the progress we've made in digital storage in 60 years,
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μ§€λ‚œ 60λ…„κ°„ λ””μ§€ν„Έ μ €μž₯μž₯μΉ˜μ— λ§Žμ€ λ°œμ „μ΄ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:31
at a time when we were only beginning to understand DNA.
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같은 κΈ°κ°„ λ™μ•ˆ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이제 막 DNAλ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ£ .
12:35
Yet, we've made similar progress in half that time with DNA sequencers,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ DNA 뢄석기에 μžˆμ–΄μ„œλŠ” 30λ…„ λ§Œμ— λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ λ°œμ „μ„ κ±°λ‘μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:40
and as long as we're around, DNA will never be obsolete.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” ν•œ, DNAκ°€ μ“Έλͺ¨μ—†μ–΄μ§€μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:46
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:47
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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