How teachers can help kids find their political voices | Sydney Chaffee

48,003 views ใƒป 2018-08-28

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Hanwool Chung ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:13
To me, social justice is a simple concept.
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์ œ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์˜๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
It's the notion that all people in a society
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ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋“ค์ด
00:19
deserve fair and equitable rights, opportunities and access to resources.
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๊ณตํ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ฆด ์ž๊ฒฉ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
But it's become controversial and nebulous,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ฃผ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ๋งŽ๊ณ  ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
because we've stopped talking
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ์Šต์ธ์ง€
00:29
about what working for social justice actually looks like.
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๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
00:34
Working for social justice can look like this ...
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์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์Šต์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
or this.
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๋˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
00:39
It can look like this ...
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๋˜ ์ด๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
00:41
or it can look like this ...
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๋˜ ์ด๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
or my favorite ...
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š”
00:45
it can look like that.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์Šต์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
Those are my students,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
and whenever I'm asked to articulate my work or my priorities as a teacher,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ต์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ œ ์ผ ๋˜๋Š” ์ œ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌผ์„ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
00:53
I explain that I believe education can be a tool for social justice.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ต์œก์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์˜์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
But a few months ago, I logged onto Twitter -- as I do --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ์ „ ์ฏค, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Š ๋•Œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ์— ์ ‘์†ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
01:02
and I saw that a fellow teacher had taken issue with that belief.
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๋™๊ต ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์— ์ด์˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•ด ์˜จ ๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
"Teachers," he said, "should not be social justice warriors,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ "๊ต์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์˜์˜ ํˆฌ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์„  ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
01:11
because the purpose of education is to educate."
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๊ต์œก์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ต์œก์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ์•ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ ."
01:15
And he ended his argument by saying,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋๋งบ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
"I teach my subject."
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"์ €๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งก์€ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
01:20
But I reject that simplification,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
because teachers don't just teach subjects,
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์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ง€์‹๋งŒ์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:26
we teach people.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜์ฃ .
01:28
When our students walk into our classrooms,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ต์‹ค๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ฌ ๋•Œ,
01:32
they bring their identities with them.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
Everything they experience in our rooms is bound up in historical context,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ๋งฅ์†์— ์—ฎ์—ฌ์žˆ๊ณ 
01:39
and so if we insist that education happens in a vacuum,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ ˆ๋œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ต์œก๋งŒ์„ ๊ณ ์ง‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:42
we do our students a disservice.
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์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ•ํƒˆ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
We teach them that education doesn't really matter,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ต์œก์ด ๋ณ„๋กœ ํ•„์š”์น˜ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
because it's not relevant to what's happening all around them.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ค์ œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
01:52
And what's happening all around them?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ๋“ค์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:55
Well, racism for one.
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์šฐ์„ , ์ธ์ข…์ฐจ๋ณ„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
According to results of the Implicit Association Test,
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์•”๋ฌต์  ํŽธ๊ฒฌ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ(IAT)์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
02:00
fully 88 percent of white people harbored subconscious biases against black people,
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๋ฌด๋ ค 88%์˜ ๋ฐฑ์ธ์€ ํ‘์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์˜์‹์ ์ธ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ํ’ˆ๊ณ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
02:06
believing them to be less intelligent, lazier and more dangerous than whites.
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ํ‘์ธ์ด ๋ฐฑ์ธ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋œ ์ง€๋Šฅ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋” ๊ฒŒ์œผ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋” ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
And that's just one concrete example of the insidious effects
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ธ์ข…์ฐจ๋ณ„์˜
02:16
of historic and systemic racism on our country.
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์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋“ค์˜ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
For more evidence, we could look at incarceration rates;
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋“ค๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๊ฐ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
02:23
we could look at statistics on police violence against black people;
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ํ‘์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ํญ๋ ฅ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
02:26
we could look at the opportunity gap in education --
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๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ท ๋“ฑํ•œ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
so yeah, social justice belongs in our schools.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์š”, ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์˜๋Š” ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
Social justice should be a part of the mission of every school
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์‚ฌํšŒ ์ •์˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค๊ณผ
02:37
and every teacher in America,
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๋ชจ๋“  ํ•™๊ต๋“ค์˜ ์ž„๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
if we want "liberty and justice for all" to be more than a slogan ...
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"๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž์œ ์™€ ์ •์˜"๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์Šฌ๋กœ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ถ€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด์š”.
02:45
because schools are crucial places for children to become active citizens
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๋Šฅ๋™์ ์ธ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์Šต๋“ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด
02:50
and to learn the skills and the tools that they need to change the world.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ•™๊ต๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
So what are those skills?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
02:56
OK, here's a secret:
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ•ด๋‹ต์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
many of the skills that people need
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์ •์˜๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค์„ ์—ฎ์–ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
02:59
to orchestrate the kinds of change that will lead to justice
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํ•„์š”๋กœํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์€
03:03
are already built into the work of schools.
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์ด๋ฏธ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
Things like problem-solving,
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๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ์ •,
03:07
critical thinking, collaboration, perseverance --
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๋น„ํŒ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ , ํ˜‘๋ ฅ, ์ธ๋‚ด์‹ฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ 
03:10
none of that should be revolutionary on its own.
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์ด ์ค‘ ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
Combine that with the ability to understand history
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์‹œํ‚ค์„ธ์š”.
03:16
not as one static and objective narrative on which we all agree,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ •์ ์ธ, ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ์„œ์ˆ ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
03:21
but as a series of intertwined events
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์…€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํ•ด์„์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
03:24
about which there can be countless interpretations.
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์„œ๋กœ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์˜ ์—ฐ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
03:27
If we deliberately choose to explore history with our students
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐฌ์ฐฌํžˆ ํƒํ—˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:30
rather than just teach it,
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03:32
we help them understand that history is ongoing
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์ด๊ณ 
03:35
and that it's connected to current movements for justice.
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์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์šด๋™๋“ค๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ดํ•ด์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
And we help them see themselves as potential players
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์ž„์„ ์ธ์‹์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
03:41
within a living history.
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์ด ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:44
So those are the skills I'm talking about
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํž˜์จ์•ผํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š”๋ฐ
03:46
when I say that education can be a place
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๊ต์œก์ด ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์ด ๋˜์–ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ
03:48
to help kids learn how to work for justice.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
But maybe the reason
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์•„๋งˆ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
03:53
that my Twitter critic wasn't happy with that idea
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์ œ ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ-๋น„ํŒ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๊ธฐ๋ปํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
03:57
is because he doesn't agree with my definition of justice.
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์ •์˜๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์š”.
04:00
Fair enough.
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๋ญ ์ข‹์•„์š”.
04:01
Maybe he and I don't see eye to eye, politically.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ‰๊น”์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๊ณ ์š”.
04:04
But here's the thing:
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๋ง์€ ์ด๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
our aim is to encourage students to articulate their own opinions,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์˜๊ฒฌ์— ๋™์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋” ๋„์™€์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
04:11
not to coerce them into agreeing with us,
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04:13
so it actually doesn't matter if he and I agree.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์ค‘์š”์น˜ ์•Š์•„์š”.
04:17
What matters is that we're helping students have those conversations
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋„๋ก
04:20
with each other.
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๋„์™€์ค˜์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
And that means that as adults,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋ฅธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
04:23
we need to learn how to become effective facilitators
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊นจ์›Œ์ฃผ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์กฐ๋ ฅ์ž๋กœ
04:26
of our students' activism.
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๊ฑฐ๋“ญ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
04:28
We've got to help them learn how to have really tricky conversations,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ต๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋ฉฐ
04:32
we have to expose them to different opinions,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ ์†์— ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผํ•˜๊ณ 
04:35
and we have to help them see
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ง์ ‘ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
04:37
how what they're learning in school connects to the world outside.
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๋ฐ”๊นฅ ์„ธ์ƒ๊ณผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ๋” ๋„์™€์ค˜์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
So here's an example of that.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ทธ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณผ๊ฒŒ์š”.
04:42
Every year, my students study the history of apartheid in South Africa
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๋งค๋…„ ์ œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ
04:46
as a case study of injustice.
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๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ์ธ์ข…์ฐจ๋ณ„์ •์ฑ… (์•„ํŒŒ๋ฅดํŠธํ—ค์ดํŠธ)์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
Now for those of you who don't know,
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์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
04:50
apartheid was a brutally racist system,
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์ด ์ธ์ข…์ฐจ๋ณ„์ •์ฑ…์€ ๋ฌด์ฐจ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ์ธ์ข…์ฐจ๋ณ„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
and the white-ruled government in South Africa imposed racist laws
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๋‚จ์•„๊ณต์˜ ๋ฐฑ์ธ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์œ ์ƒ‰์ธ์ข…์„ ์–ต์••ํ•˜๋Š”
04:56
to oppress people of color,
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์ธ์ข…์ฐจ๋ณ„ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
and if you resisted those laws, you risked jail time, violence or death.
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์ด ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์— ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ํˆฌ์˜ฅ,ํญ๋ ฅ ๋˜๋Š” ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋ฌด๋ฆ…์จ์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:02
And around the world, other countries' governments,
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์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ •๋ถ€๋“ค์€
05:06
including ours in the United States,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ
05:08
hesitated to sanction South Africa, because ...
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๋‚จ์•„๊ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ €ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด..
05:11
well ...
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์Œ..
05:12
we benefited from its resources.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
05:15
So in 1976, the South African government passed a new law
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ 1976๋…„ ๋‚จ์•„๊ณต ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:19
which required that all students in South Africa
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๊ทธ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์€ ๋‚จ์•„๊ณต์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด
05:22
learn in the language Afrikaans,
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ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นธ์Šค์–ด๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋„๋ก ๊ฐ•์ œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
which was a white language,
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๋ฐฑ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์“ฐ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด์˜€์ฃ .
05:25
and many black South Africans referred to that language
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๋งŽ์€ ํ‘์ธ ๋‚จ์•„๊ณต์ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ
05:28
as the language of the oppressor.
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์–ต์••์ž์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
So not surprisingly,
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ
05:31
students of color were outraged at this law.
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์œ ์ƒ‰์ธ์ข… ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์— ๊ฒฉ๋ถ„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
They already attended segregated schools
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ํ•™๊ต์— ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
with overcrowded classrooms,
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๊ต์‹ค์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฏธ์–ดํ„ฐ์ง€๊ณ 
05:39
a lack of resources
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์ž์›์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ
05:40
and a frankly racist curriculum,
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์ธ์ข…์ฐจ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์ฃ .
05:42
and now they were being told to learn
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๊ทธ๋“ค ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ
05:44
in a language neither they nor their teachers spoke.
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๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:48
So on the morning of June 16, 1976,
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 1976๋…„ 6์›” 16์ผ ์•„์นจ,
05:52
thousands of kids from the township of Soweto
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์†Œ์›จํ† ์˜ ํ‘์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋ช…์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด
05:55
walked out of schools.
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ํ•™๊ต ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
And they marched peacefully through the streets to protest the law.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰ํ™”๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:01
At an intersection, they met up with the police,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
06:04
and when the kids refused to turn back,
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
06:06
the police officers set dogs on them ...
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๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ’€์–ด ๋‹ฌ๋ ค๋“ค๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
and then they opened fire ...
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
06:12
and the Soweto uprising ended in tragedy.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์†Œ์›จํ†  ์‹œ์œ„๋Š” ๋น„๊ทน์œผ๋กœ ๋์ด ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
Apartheid itself didn't end until almost 20 years later,
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๋‚จ์•„๊ณต์˜ ์ธ์ข…์ฐจ๋ณ„์ •์ฑ…์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 20๋…„ ํ›„ ๊นŒ์ง€ ์œ ์ง€๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
but the activism of those kids in Soweto profoundly changed
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์†Œ์›จํ† ์—์„œ ์ด ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™๋ ฅ์€ ์‹ฌ์˜คํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
the way the world viewed what was happening in South Africa.
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๋‚จ์•„๊ณต์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ์š”.
06:29
News outlets all around the world published this photo
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์–ธ๋ก ๋“ค์€ ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ฐฐํฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
of 13-year-old Hector Pieterson,
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13์‚ด์˜ ํ—ฅํ„ฐ ํ”ผํ„ฐ์Šจ์€
06:35
who was one of the first people killed by police in Soweto,
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์†Œ์›จํ† ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํฌ์ƒ๋œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
and it became nearly impossible to ignore the brutality
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋‚จ์•„๊ณต์˜ ์ธ์ข…์ฐจ๋ณ„์ฃผ์˜์ •๊ถŒ์˜ ์ž”ํ˜น์„ฑ์„
06:42
of the apartheid regime.
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๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
In the months and the years that followed the Soweto uprising,
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์†Œ์›จํ†  ์‹œ์œ„ ์ดํ›„, ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐœ์›” , ์ˆ˜ ๋…„ ์•ˆ์—
06:47
more and more countries exerted political and economic pressure
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๋”์šฑ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ •์น˜์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์••๋ฐ•์„ ๋‚จ์•„๊ณต์ •๋ถ€์— ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
on the South African government to end apartheid,
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์ด ์ธ์ข…์ฐจ๋ณ„์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
06:53
and it was largely due to the activism of those kids in Soweto.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์†Œ์›จํ† ์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€ ์ด ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
So every year my kids learn about this.
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์ œ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ๋งค๋…„ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
And invariably, they start to draw connections
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งค๋ฒˆ, ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์†Œ์›จํ† ์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ์ž์‹  ์‚ฌ์ด์˜
07:05
between those kids in Soweto and themselves.
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์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
And they start to ask themselves
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌป๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์ฃ .
07:10
what kind of political power and agency they have.
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์ž์‹ ์ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ํž˜๊ณผ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋Š”์ง€์š”.
07:14
They ask themselves whether there would ever be a reason
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ๋‚ด๊ฑธ๋งŒํ•œ ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
07:17
they would risk their lives
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๋‹จ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ด๋ผ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:19
so that a future generation could live in a more just world.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ›„์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์ •๋‹นํ•œ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
07:22
And most profoundly for me, every single year,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ๋งค ๋…„ ํ•œํ•ด๋„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
07:26
they ask themselves whether adults will ever listen to their voices.
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์ž๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์–ด๋ฅธ๋“ค์ด ๋“ค์–ด์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ฌป๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
A few years ago,
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๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „ ์ฏค,
07:33
my principal got an anonymous email from one of our students.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ต์žฅ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ต๋ช…์˜ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
It informed him that the following day,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋‚ด์ผ,
07:39
the students planned to walk out of school.
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ํ•™๊ต ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
This was in the wake of Michael Brown's death
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜ ํผ๊ฑฐ์Šจ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ
07:44
in Ferguson, Missouri,
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๋งˆ์ดํด ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šด์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋’ค์ด์€ ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:45
and the students were planning to join a walkout and march
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ํ‘์ธ์ธ๊ถŒ์šด๋™(BlackLivesMatter)์˜ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€
07:48
in support of the Black Lives Matter movement.
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ํ•™์—… ์ค‘๋‹จ์— ๋™์ฐธํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ์œ„์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
So at this point,
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์ด ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ
07:52
the staff at the school had a decision to make.
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ํ•™๊ต ์ง์›๋“ค์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค์•ผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
Would we use our authority and our power to try to control the students
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ„์™€ ํž˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ์ œ์žฌํ•˜๊ณ 
07:59
and prevent them from leaving,
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ดํƒˆ์„ ๋ง‰์„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€
08:01
or would we support them
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
08:03
as they put into practice the principles of social justice
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๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ์˜จ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์˜์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ
08:06
that we had taught them about since the ninth-grade year?
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๋ชธ์†Œ ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ์š”.
08:10
So the next morning, the kids left school en masse
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๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ์•„์นจ, ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์ผ์ œํžˆ ํ•™๊ต๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
and they gathered on the lawn.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณค ์ž”๋””๋ฐญ์— ๋ชจ์˜€์ฃ .
08:14
And one of the seniors jumped up on a picnic table
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์„ ๋ฐฐํ•™์ƒ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ” ์œ„๋กœ ๋›ฐ์–ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:17
and went over safety expectations.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „์ˆ˜์น™์„ ์ ๊ฒ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:19
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:20
And the younger kids took it very seriously.
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์–ด๋ฆฐ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋งค์šฐ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์˜€๊ณ ์š”.
08:22
And as teachers and as staff we told them,
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์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋˜ ์ง์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
08:25
"OK, be safe,"
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"๊ทธ๋ž˜, ์กฐ์‹ฌํ•ด๋ผ."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:26
and we watched as they marched off.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ–‰์ง„ํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์ผœ๋ดค์ฃ .
08:28
The kids who chose to stay spent that afternoon in class.
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ํ•™๊ต์— ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๋กœํ•œ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์˜คํ›„๋ฅผ ๊ต์‹ค์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
They debated the merits of protest,
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์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์ €ํ•ญ์˜ ์žฅ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
they talked about the history of the Black Lives Matter movement,
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BlackLivesMatter์šด๋™์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๊ณ 
08:37
and they went on with classes as scheduled.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„ํ‘œ์ƒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์—…์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:39
And those who chose to leave participated in a citywide student walkout
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ํ•™๊ต ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์‹œ(ๅธ‚)์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ•™์ƒ์‹œ์œ„์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
and raised their collective voice for justice.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ์„คํŒŒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
But no matter where they chose to spend the afternoon,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋””์„œ ์˜คํ›„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด
08:50
our kids learned valuable lessons that day.
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๊ทธ๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ท€์ค‘ํ•œ ๊ตํ›ˆ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:54
They learned that the adults in their lives would support them
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์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์†์—์„œ ์–ด๋ฅธ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฒดํ—˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
even as we worried for their safety.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์•ˆ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋„์š”.
09:00
And they learned that they didn't need us to tell them how or when
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋ฅธ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค„ ํ•„์š”๋„ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:03
or even why to protest.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ, ์–ธ์ œ, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์™œ ์ €ํ•ญํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์š”.
09:05
They learned that they were members of a community of young people
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์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณตํ†ต์˜ ๊ฟˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„
09:09
with a shared vision of a more equitable society,
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์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์ผ์›์ž„์„ ์•Œ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ
09:12
and they learned that they had power within that society.
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํž˜์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์Œ์„ ๊นจ์šฐ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
They learned that events like the Soweto uprising
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์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์†Œ์›จํ†  ์‹œ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์ด
09:18
are not ancient history,
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๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ์œ ๋ฌผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ 
09:20
and they don't have to end in tragedy.
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๋น„๊ทน์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚  ํ•„์š”๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
And that's what education as a tool for social justice can look like.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์˜์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ๊ต์œก์ด ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
And here's the thing:
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์š”์ ์€ ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:30
our kids are ready for this kind of work.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ๊ฐ๋‹นํ•  ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์–ด์š”.
09:32
So in 2015,
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2015๋…„์—,
09:33
incoming college freshmen were surveyed,
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๋Œ€ํ•™์— ์ž…ํ•™ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
09:36
and 8.5 percent of them said
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8.5%์˜ ํ•™์ƒ์ด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‘๋‹ตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
that there was a "very good chance" they would participate in a protest
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๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒํ™œ๋™์•ˆ์— ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์‹œ์œ„์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
09:41
sometime during their college career.
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"์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์€ ๊ธฐํšŒ"๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
That might not seem very impressive,
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๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์ธ์ƒ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
09:45
but consider the fact
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด 1967๋…„ ์ดํ›„
09:47
that it's the largest number of students to say that since 1967.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
09:52
And 75 percent of those kids
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  75%์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด
09:53
said that helping other people who are having difficulty
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์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋•๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
09:56
was a "very important" or "essential" goal for them.
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"์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ" ํ˜น์€ "ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ" ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:58
Again, the highest number of people to say that since the late 1960s.
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์ด ๋˜ํ•œ, 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ์ดํ›„ ํ•ด๋‹น ์‘๋‹ต์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
And research shows us that working for justice doesn't just follow
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํž˜์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•ž์„œ ๋งํ•œ
10:07
from building all those skills I talked about earlier --
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์„ ์ตํžŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋”ฐ๋ผ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ
10:10
it actually goes the other way, too.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
So working for justice, engaging in activism,
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์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ, ํ–‰๋™์ฃผ์˜์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
10:15
helps students build skills like leadership and critical thinking,
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ, ๋น„ํŒ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ณ 
10:19
and it correlates positively with their political participation
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์ฐธ์—ฌ, ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์ฐธ์—ฌ,
10:22
and their civic engagement
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ํ‰์ƒ๋™์•ˆ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ—Œ์‹ ๊ณผ
10:24
and their commitment to their communities later in life.
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๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:26
So in other words,
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๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
10:28
students are telling us that social justice matters to them
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์˜๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž„์„ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:32
and researchers are telling us that it helps students learn.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐฐ์›€์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
So now it's up to us to listen,
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ท€ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชซ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
and that might not be easy.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
10:41
In 1976, one of those kids who participated in the Soweto uprising,
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1976๋…„, ์†Œ์›จํ†  ์‹œ์œ„์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€
10:46
he said that that event represented divorce
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ํ‘์ธ ์•„์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ํ‘์ธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹จ์ ˆ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์–˜๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:49
between black children and their families,
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10:51
because their families had grown up under apartheid,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ํ‘์ธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์€ ์ธ์ข…์ฐจ๋ณ„์ •์ฑ…์•„๋ž˜์„œ ์ž๋ผ์™”๊ณ 
10:53
and they knew how dangerous it was to speak out.
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๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:56
They wanted their kids to lay low and stay safe.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์ €์ž์„ธ๋กœ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:58
And when our kids threatened to walk out,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์‹œ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๋ฆ…์“ธ๋•Œ๋„
11:00
a lot of the adults in our community were really conflicted, too.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ์–ด๋ฅธ๋“ค๋„ ์ฃผ์ €ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:04
Some of us worried that they might encounter violence.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋“ค์€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ํญ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋งž๋‹ฅ๋œจ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
Other people worried that they would walk out
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์‹œ์œ„์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
11:09
but they wouldn't really know why they were protesting.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊นŠ์€ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์ด ๋œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ธ์ง€ ๊ฑฑ์ •์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
11:12
And some, including some students' families,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ, ์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋“ค์€
11:14
were really angry that the school hadn't done more
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ํ•™๊ต๊ฐ€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก
11:16
to prevent them from leaving.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
And all of those fears that adults have about getting this stuff wrong --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ์ด ์ž˜๋ชป ๋  ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋ฅธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
11:22
all of those fears make total sense.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑฑ์ •๋“ค์€ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฑฑ์ •๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:25
But despite those fears,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ผ๋ ค์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
11:27
we have got to prove to our students that we will listen to their voices
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค˜์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:32
and that they do have the power to effect change.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„์š”.
11:36
It's our responsibility to equip our students
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ฅ์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
11:39
with the tools and the skills that they need
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋Š๊ปด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:41
to insist on a more equitable world --
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๊ณตํ‰ํ•œ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๊ณ ์ง‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ,
11:44
and then sometimes, to get out of their way,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ๊ธธ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ—์–ด์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ,
11:47
and let them apply those skills to things that they care about.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์•„๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ์š”.
11:52
Living up to that vision is going to require
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ด์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
11:55
that we are flexible,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒ ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผํ•˜๊ณ 
11:57
and it's going to require that we're creative.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๊นจ์–ด์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:59
It's going to require that we're brave enough
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์นจ๋ฌต์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์•ž์—์„œ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„ 
12:01
to stand up in the face of people who try to silence
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์ณ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„ 
12:05
or delegitimize dissenting voices.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์šฉ๊ฐํ•ด์งˆ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:08
And hardest of all,
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํž˜๋“  ์ผ์€,
12:09
it's going to require accepting the fact that sometimes we will be the ones
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋งž์„œ์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š”
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:13
our students will rebel against.
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12:15
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:17
Sometimes they're going to point out ways in which systems that we have created,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข… ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ๋˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด
12:21
or in which we are complicit,
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์ž˜๋ชป๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ•ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:23
contribute to inequity.
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๋ถˆ๊ณตํ‰์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ตฌ์š”.
12:25
It's going to be uncomfortable, and it's going to be painful
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ถˆํŽธํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ํ†ต์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šธ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
12:28
as they push us to question our own assumptions and beliefs.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋‹จ์ •๊ณผ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์— ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
12:32
But what if we change the way we think about rebellion in our kids?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
12:37
When our kids rebel --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค ๋•Œ,
12:39
when they thoughtfully push back against our ideas
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด๋‚˜
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
12:41
or the way that we do things,
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12:43
what if we chose to see that as a sign that we're doing something right
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งก์€ ์ผ ์–ด๋Š ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
12:48
and that they're becoming liberated?
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์ž์œ ๋กœ์›Œ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”?
12:51
I know it would be easier
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๋” ์‰ฌ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑฐ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
if their critical thinking skills manifested in more convenient ways --
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋น„ํŒ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋” ์†์‰ฌ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:57
on their essays or their standardized tests --
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์—์„ธ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ, ํ‘œ์ค€๋Šฅ๋ ฅํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐœํœ˜๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”.
13:00
I get it --
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์ดํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:01
but convenience and justice do not often go hand in hand.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํŽธ์˜์™€ ์ •์˜๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆœ ์—†์–ด์š”.
13:05
And when our kids learn to think critically about the world around them,
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ๋น„ํŒ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ
13:09
they become the kinds of engaged citizens
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์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
13:11
who will recognize and question injustice when they see it
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๋ถ€๋‹นํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ  ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
13:15
and work to do something about it.
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ํ•ด์•ผํ•  ์ผ์„ ํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
Welcoming rebellion into our schools is going to require some rethinking
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ํ•™๊ต์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์„ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์ด๋ ค๋ฉด
๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นœ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ๋ฐฐ์šด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
about what teaching and learning look like,
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13:24
because there's this misconception
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜คํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
13:26
that if we give students any wiggle room, they're going to walk all over us
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์žฌ๋Ÿ‰๊ถŒ์„ ์ฅ์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
13:30
and classrooms and dinner tables will devolve into total chaos.
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ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์‹ค๊ณผ ์ €๋… ๋ฐฅ์ƒ์€ ํ˜ผ๋ˆ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•ด๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
13:35
And if we expect kids to sit silently and passively receive knowledge from us,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€์‹์„ ์Šต๋“ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
13:41
then their voices will always feel overwhelming.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ์••๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š๊ปด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
13:45
But if we accept instead that learning is sometimes messy,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€์‹  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ต์œก์ด ๋•Œ๋ก  ์—‰๋ง์ž„์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
13:50
that it requires opportunities to brainstorm and mess up
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ๊ฐ•๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด์•ผํ•˜๊ณ  ๋’ค์ง‘์–ด ์—Ž์„ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
13:54
and try again,
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์‹œํ–‰์ฐฉ์˜ค๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”.
13:55
that our kids dislike chaos and want to learn
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ
13:58
when they come to school,
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ํ•™๊ต์— ๋‚˜์™”์„๋•Œ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:00
then we can set up schools to facilitate that kind of learning.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ต์œก์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:05
So do me a favor and close your eyes for a second
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๋ˆˆ์„ ์ž ์‹œ๋งŒ ๊ฐ์•„๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
14:07
and imagine schools where teachers are thought partners,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์นœ๊ตฌ์ธ ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
14:12
letting students grapple with complex, hard issues
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ , ํž˜๋“  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณ ์‹ฌํ•ด๋ณด๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ฃผ๊ณ 
14:16
and not necessarily giving them the right answers.
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๊ผญ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ์ •๋‹ต๋งŒ์„ ์ฅ์—ฌ์ฃผ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„์š”.
14:20
And imagine schools where we let students make choices --
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
14:24
we trust them enough to do that
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์žฌ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ
14:26
and we let them experience the consequences of those choices.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ์„ ํƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:31
Imagine schools where we let students be humans,
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
14:36
with all of the messiness and the uncertainty
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๋ชจ๋“  ์–ด์ง€๋Ÿฌ์›€๊ณผ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
14:39
that is bound to come with that.
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์˜จ์ „ํžŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ์š”.
14:42
Whatever you just imagined,
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๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ƒ์ƒ์„ ํ•˜์…จ๋“ ,
14:45
it's not mythical,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ฟˆ์†์˜ ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:47
it's not unrealistically idealistic,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋น„ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:51
because teachers all over the country are already pushing the boundaries
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋ฏธ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ์›€์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€
14:56
of what teaching and learning can look like
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๊ทธ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๋„“ํ˜€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:58
with amazing results for kids.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:00
They're doing that in all kinds of schools,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ ์žˆ๊ณ 
15:03
and there are countless models for teachers who want to get better
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์ง„์‹ค๋˜๊ณ  ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ ์ด๊ณ  ํž˜์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ž˜ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋” ํฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ
15:06
at helping students learn in a way that's more authentic
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15:09
and engaging and empowering.
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์…€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:13
I was a reading a book recently,
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์ตœ๊ทผ ์ฑ…์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ฝ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
15:15
it's called "The Students Are Watching,"
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"ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๋Š” ์ฑ…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:17
and it was by Ted and Nancy Sizer,
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์ €์ž๋Š” ํ…Œ๋“œ์™€ ๋‚ธ์‹œ ์‚ฌ์ด์ €์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:19
and in that book, they said that the work of education
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์ฑ…์—์„œ ์ €์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋Š”
15:21
is often described as a series of nouns,
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์ข…์ข… ๋ช…์‚ฌ์˜ ๋‚˜์—ด๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:24
like "respect," "honesty," "integrity."
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"์กด์ค‘", "์ •์ง", "์ง„์‹ค์„ฑ"์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
15:27
And they say those nouns sound really impressive,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ฝค ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋“ฏํ•ด ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
15:30
but often, they fail to actually mean anything in practice.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ข…์ข… ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:35
But verbs, they say, are "active,
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ "๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋™์ ์ด๋ฉฐ,
15:37
no less demanding
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๋œ ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กญ์ง€๋งŒ
15:39
but requiring constant engagement.
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๋Š์ž„์—†๋Š” ๊ด€์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:42
Verbs are not structures but, rather, engines."
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๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ตฌ๋™๋ ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:46
And so as I read that, I wondered:
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์ฝ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๊ถ๊ธˆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:48
How do we make justice into an engine driving our work as teachers?
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์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋™๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
15:54
What's the verb form of justice?
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์ •์˜์˜ ๋™์‚ฌํ˜•์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ?
15:58
I think there might be an answer to be found in the words of Cornel West,
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์ด ๋‹ต์€ ์ฝ”๋„ฌ ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๋ง์—์„œ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:02
who famously said that "justice is what love looks like in public."
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ง์„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ . "์ •์˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์˜ ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด๋‹ค."
16:07
And all of my nerdy English teachers in the crowd
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ ์ฃผ์œ„ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ดด์งœ ์˜์–ด ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์€
16:10
know that love can be a noun and a verb.
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์ด๋ฏธ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์ด ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ๋™์‚ฌ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:14
School has to be bigger.
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ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์—ญํ• ์€ ๋”์šฑ ๋” ์ปค์ ธ์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:17
It has to mean more than "I teach my subject."
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"์ €๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งก์€ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค" ์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ์„  ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:23
School has to be about teaching people
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ํ•™๊ต๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:26
to change the world for the better.
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์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
16:30
If we believe that,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฏฟ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
16:31
then teaching will always be a political act.
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๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นœ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ํ–‰์œ„์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:36
We can't be afraid of our students' power.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํž˜์„ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œ ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:40
Their power will help them make tomorrow better.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํž˜์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:43
But before they can do that,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ „์—
16:45
we have to give them chances to practice today.
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:49
And that practice should start in our schools.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์—ฐ์Šต์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:53
Thank you very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:54
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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