The Surprising Psychology Behind Your Urge to Break the Rules | Paul Bloom | TED

98,029 views ใƒป 2023-03-20

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Junghee Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Rachel Park
00:04
About 1,600 years ago,
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์•ฝ 1,600๋…„ ์ „์—
00:06
St. Augustine wrote "The Confessions,"
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์„ฑ ์•„์šฐ๊ตฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ˆ„์Šค๋Š” โ€œ๊ณ ๋ฐฑ๋กโ€ ์„ ์ผ๋Š”๋ฐ,
00:08
which was the story of his youthful descent into sin
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ Š์€ ์‹œ์ ˆ์— ์ €์งˆ๋ €๋˜ ์ฃ„์™€
00:11
and his later conversion to Christianity.
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๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ข…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:14
And book two of โ€œThe Confessionsโ€ has a great beginning:
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โ€œ๊ณ ๋ฐฑ๋กโ€ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฑ…์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
"I propose now to set down my past wickedness
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โ€œ์ €๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์ œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์•…ํ–‰๊ณผ
00:20
and a carnal corruption of my soul."
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์ œ ์˜ํ˜ผ์˜ ์œก์ฒด์  ํƒ€๋ฝ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
00:22
So you expect sex.
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์ž, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์„น์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜์…จ๊ตฐ์š”.
00:24
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:25
But to the disappointment of readers over the centuries,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋…์ž๋“ค์„ ์‹ค๋ง์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฒƒ์€
00:28
the sin that Augustine talks about... isnโ€™t carnal at all.
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์•„์šฐ๊ตฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ˆ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ,
00:32
It has to do with pears.
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๋ฐฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
He and his friends break into an orchard
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๊ทธ์™€ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ณผ์ˆ˜์›์— ์นจ์ž…ํ•ด์„œ
00:37
and they steal some pears.
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๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ ํ›”์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
And that was it.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์˜€์–ด์š”.
00:40
They didnโ€™t have anything against the person who owned the orchard.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ˆ˜์› ์ฃผ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์•…๊ฐ์ •๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ฐฐ๋„ ๊ณ ํ”„์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค;
00:43
They werenโ€™t hungry; they threw the pears to pigs.
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๊ทธ์ € ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ผ์ง€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ ธ ์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
What stunned Augustine and disturbed him
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์•„์šฐ๊ตฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ˆ„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ™ฉํ•˜๊ณ , ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
00:48
was that he seemed to be motivated by a desire just to do wrong.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋‚˜์œ ์ง“์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋Š” ์š•๋ง์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋™๊ธฐ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
He writes, "If any part of one of those pears passed my lips,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ธธ,
โ€œ์ € ๋ฐฐ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด ์ž…์ˆ ์„ ์Šค์ณ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค๋ฉด,
00:56
it was the sin that gave it flavor.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง›๋ณธ ์ฃ„์˜€๋‹ค.
00:59
I had no motivation for wickedness except wickedness itself.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์•…ํ–‰ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์•…ํ–‰ ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™๊ธฐ๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.
01:03
I was foul and I loved it."
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ถ”์•…ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
01:05
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:07
Now I'm a psychologist
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์ €๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
and I was interested in real-life stories of perverse actions,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋น„๋šค์–ด์ง„ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
so I started The Perversity Project
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ๋น„์ •์ƒ์„ฑ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
where I invited people to send me stories about perverse things that they did.
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์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ–ˆ๋˜
๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ผ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋‹ฌ๋ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
I defined these acts as
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •์˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
"when you choose to do something you know is wrong,
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โ€œ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ•  ๋•Œ,
01:22
morally or otherwise,
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๋„๋•์ ์ด๋“  ์•„๋‹ˆ๋“ 
01:23
at least, in part, because it's wrong."
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์ ์–ด๋„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.โ€
01:25
So one of the first stories I got was,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
01:27
"Flirted with a woman's boyfriend knowing fully well he liked me.
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โ€œํ•œ ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ๋‚จ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ
์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๋ฉด์„œ, ๊ทธ์™€ ์‹œ์‹œ๋•๊ฑฐ๋ฆด ๋•Œ,
01:31
I knew I could steal him if I wanted, but I didn't want to do that.
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํ›”์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์ง€๋งŒ
๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”.
01:34
I just wanted her to feel uncomfortable
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์ €๋Š” ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์พŒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š๋ผ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ์›ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:36
whenever the three of us were in the same room."
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์…‹์ด ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์— ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ง์ด์ฃ .โ€
01:38
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:40
"Causing people pain is wrong, but that's exactly why I did it."
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โ€œ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ํ†ต์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฑฐ์ง€๋งŒ,
์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
01:44
And in fact, this is the plot of the Dolly Parton song "Jolene."
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋‘˜๋ฆฌ ํŒŒํŠผ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ โ€œJoleneโ€์˜ ์ค„๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:49
Sometimes it's self destructive.
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๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž๊ธฐ ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
A young man wrote to me, "Ice skating on a pond,
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ํ•œ ์ฒญ๋…„์ด ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ์—ฐ๋ชป ์œ„์—์„œ ์Šค์ผ€์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ ,
01:53
dark unfrozen spot 30 yards out,
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30์•ผ๋“œ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์–ด๋‘ก๊ณ  ์–ผ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ณณ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ์—,
01:55
instead of avoiding it, I skate towards it,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ์ชฝ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์Šค์ผ€์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํƒ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
knowing but wondering, knowing but wondering...
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๋น ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ด์„œ, ์•Œ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ด์„œ,..
02:00
and splash!"
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฒจ๋ฒ™!โ€
02:01
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:02
Now psychologists have long been interested
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์ด์ œ, ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
in these sort of violent, disruptive, perverse acts
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ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ด๊ณ , ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ธ ๋น„๋šค์–ด์ง„ ํ–‰์œ„์™€
02:09
and the kinds of people who do them.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
02:11
An example people often give is the Joker from the โ€œBatmanโ€ comics.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ข…์ข… ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋Š” โ€œ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋งจโ€ ๋งŒํ™”์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์กฐ์ปค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
In Christopher Nolan's film "The Dark Knight,"
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํผ ๋†€๋Ÿฐ์˜ ์˜ํ™”, โ€œ๋‹คํฌ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธโ€ ์—์„œ
02:18
Alfred, Batmanโ€™s butler, describes the Joker by saying,
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๋ฒ ํŠธ๋งจ์˜ ์ง‘์‚ฌ์ธ, ์•Œํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ๋Š” ์กฐ์ปค๋ฅผ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ์š”.
02:21
"Some men can't be bought, bullied, reasoned or negotiated with.
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โ€œ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋งค์ˆ˜, ๊ดด๋กญํž˜, ์„ค๋“, ํ˜‘์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ตด๋ณต ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
Some men just want to watch the world burn."
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ๋ถˆํƒ€์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
02:28
And psychologists have thought up a "need for chaos" scale
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์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ โ€œํ˜ผ๋ˆ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑโ€ ์ฒ™๋„๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
that gives you a bunch of statements
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์ด ์ฒ™๋„๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์ง„์ˆ ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
02:34
and how much you agree with them
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ ์ง„์ˆ ์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๊ฐ€
02:36
will tell you how much you want to watch the world burn.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ๋ถˆํƒ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งํ•ด ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
So do this quietly in your head.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊น, ๋จธ๋ฆฟ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์กฐ์šฉํžˆ ํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
02:41
"I need chaos around me.
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โ€œ๋‚ด ์ฃผ์œ„์— ํ˜ผ๋ˆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
02:42
It's too boring if nothing is going on."
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์•„๋ฌด ์ผ๋„ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด, ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ง€๋ฃจํ•˜๋‹ค.โ€
02:45
"Sometimes I just like destroying beautiful things."
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โ€œ๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ฒƒ์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค.โ€
02:49
But not all the stories I got had that kind of nature.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
Some were a little bit more benign.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ข€ ๋” ์–‘ํ˜ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
Here's one of my favorites.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
"On one occasion in my early 20s, I was out with a friend.
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โ€œ20๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฌด๋ ต, ์ €๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์™ธ์ถœํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
02:58
He decided to get himself an ice cream
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๊ทธ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„์ด์Šคํฌ๋ฆผ์„ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
03:01
and before he had a chance to try it, I stuck my finger in it."
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์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ง›๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ์•„์ด์Šคํฌ๋ฆผ์— ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ๊ฝ‚์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:05
"I tried to play it off as a joke,
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์ €๋Š” ์žฅ๋‚œ์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
03:07
but really I had the sudden thought,
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ.
03:09
โ€™Man, it would be -- messed up
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โ€™์•„, ... ์—‰๋ง์ง„์ฐฝ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚ด ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ์•„์ด์Šคํฌ๋ฆผ์— ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋„ฃ์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‹ค๋‹ˆ. โ€ฒ
03:12
if I just jammed my finger in his ice cream.'"
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๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
03:15
Someone else wrote me, "When I was in a professional choir,
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
โ€œ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฐฝ๋‹จ์— ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
03:18
at every concert,
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๋งค๋ฒˆ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ์—์„œ,
03:19
I felt the desire to sing a few notes very incorrectly on purpose.
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์˜๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Œ์„ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ ํ‹€๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋Š” ์š•๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์–ด์š”.
03:22
To this day, I don't completely understand why."
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋„, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋Š”์ง€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒ ์–ด์š”.โ€
03:24
Someone else wrote me, and this is kind of the sweetest, saddest
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๋˜ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์†Œํ•œ ๋น„๋šค์–ด์ง„ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
03:27
little example of modest perversity:
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‹ฌ์ฝคํ•˜๊ณ , ์Šฌํ”ˆ ์ž‘์€ ์˜ˆ์‹œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
03:30
โ€œSometimes I walk on the grass instead of the path
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โ€œ๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ ์ €๋Š” ๊ธธ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฑท๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ์ž”๋”” ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์–ด์š”.
03:32
just because I know it's wrong."
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž˜๋ชป๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .โ€
03:34
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:35
Now a lot of perversity makes the world worse.
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์ž, ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋” ๋‚˜์˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
I wouldn't want an Uber driver
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์ €๋Š” โ€œํ˜ผ๋ˆ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑโ€œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฒ™๋„์—์„œ
03:40
who scores high on a "need for chaos" scale.
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๋†’์€ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์šฐ๋ฒ„ ์šด์ „๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
And I don't want a friend or a colleague either.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋„ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋„ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
But sometimes, I'll suggest to you,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ ์ €๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ
03:47
perversity can be clever, creative, beautiful.
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๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ œ์•ˆํ•  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
03:50
And there are some examples from art.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
There was an illustrious art exhibition in New York City in 1917, and they said,
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1917๋…„ ๋‰ด์š•์—์„œ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ „์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
์ฃผ์ตœ ์ธก์ด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
03:57
"You could send in anything you want, we'll accept everything."
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โ€œ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
03:59
So Marcel Duchamp sent in a urinal, described [as] a fountain,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ๋งˆ๋ฅด์…€ ๋’ค์ƒน์ด ๋ถ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•œ ์†Œ๋ณ€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๊ณ ,
04:02
and they rejected it.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
They said, "No, no, we just accept artwork."
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ, โ€œ์•„๋‡จ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋งŒ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
04:06
But Duchamp insisted it was artwork
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋’ค์ƒน์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
and the resulting controversy turned out to be one of the pivotal moments
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ž€์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์†์—์„œ
04:11
in the history of modern art.
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์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋“ค ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
Or take Banksy.
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์ž, ๋ฑ…ํฌ์‹œ(Banksy)๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
04:15
A few years ago,
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๋ช‡์‹ญ ๋…„ ์ „์—
04:17
Banksy sold a painting โ€œGirl with Balloonโ€ at Sothebyโ€™s, at auction,
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๋ฑ…ํฌ์‹œ๋Š” โ€œํ’์„ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์†Œ๋…€โ€ ๋ž€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„
์†Œ๋”๋น„ (Sothebyโ€™s) ๊ฒฝ๋งค์—์„œ ํŒ”์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
and he set up the frame so that the moment the painting was sold,
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์•ก์ž๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด ํŒ”๋ฆฌ๋˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„,
04:24
the moment the gavel went "boom,"
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โ€œ์พ…โ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ
04:27
a machine in the frame shredded the painting halfway through,
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์•ก์ž ์†์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ฐ˜์ฏค ์ฐข์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ.
04:32
horrifying the audience.
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์ฒญ์ค‘๋“ค์„ ๊ณตํฌ์— ๋–จ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
But... getting on the front pages of newspapers all over the world.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์˜ 1๋ฉด์„ ์žฅ์‹ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
Later on, describing it, Banksy quotes a Russian anarchist who says,
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๋‚˜์ค‘์—, ๊ทธ ์ผ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ๋ฑ…ํฌ์‹œ๋Š” ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๋ฌด์ •๋ถ€์ฃผ์˜์ž ๋ง์„ ์ธ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
04:42
"The urge to destroy is also a creative urge."
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โ€œํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์ถฉ๋™์€ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ธ ์ถฉ๋™์ด๋‹ค.โ€
04:46
Or take comedy.
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๋˜ํ•œ, ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋””์—์„œ
04:48
Perversity is part and parcel of comedy.
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๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์€ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋””์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
So much of what's funny
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
04:52
is when people do things that are irrational or immoral.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋น„์ด์„ฑ์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋น„๋„๋•์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
In the right hands, perversity is such a source of joy.
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์ข‹์€ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์˜ ์›์ฒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
Perversity can also be powerful.
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๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
Rory Sutherland wrote,
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๋กœ๋ฆฌ ์„œ๋œ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ผ์–ด์š”,
05:03
"Irrational people are much more powerful than rational people."
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โ€œ๋น„์ด์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๋‹ค.โ€
05:07
He gave two reasons why this is so.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
The first is, their threats are so much more convincing.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š”, ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
Suppose I'm in a confrontation with you
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
05:15
and you threaten me
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ํ˜‘๋ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
05:16
and youโ€™re a rational, reasonable... person.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ด์„ฑ์ ์ด๊ณ , ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
So I know your threats ...
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์ž, ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด..
05:20
Woman: Ehh.
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์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค: ์—...
05:21
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:22
PB: Well, I know your threats are going to be normal, proportional and reasonable.
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์ž, ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์œ„ํ˜‘์€ ์ •์ƒ์ ์ด๊ณ , ๊ท ํ˜• ์žˆ๊ณ ,
ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
But, if as somebody is hinting here, youโ€™re a perverse agent,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด,
๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์š”์›์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
05:30
I have no idea what you're capable of
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์ž” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์„œ,
05:32
and you're far more frightening to me.
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์ €๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋‘๋ ค์šธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
Second reason is, if you're wholly predictable,
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด,
05:37
people learn to hack you.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ํ•ดํ‚นํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:39
So again, if you're rational and I have to outsmart you,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ด์„ฑ์ ์ด๊ณ ,
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ•œ ์ˆ˜ ๋†’์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
05:41
figure out what you're going to do next,
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์ „ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ• ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
I figure youโ€™ll do the rational thing.
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์ €๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ด์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
If you're perverse, you're harder to predict.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ข€ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋” ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
And so harder to hack.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ํ•ดํ‚นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋” ํž˜๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
05:50
Edgar Allan Poe, describing perversity,
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์—๋“œ๊ฑฐ ์•Œ๋ Œ ํฌ๋Š”, ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ,
05:53
described, talked about imps,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋จธ๋ฆฟ์†์— ์ž‘์€ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์˜ ์•…๋งˆ๋“ค์ด
05:55
little magical demons in our heads that cause us to do terrible things.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ๋”์ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
But like I said, I'm a psychologist, I don't believe in imps.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ์ „ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ „ ์ž‘์€ ์•…๋งˆ๋“ค์„ ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
I think what we do has reasons, has motivations.
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด์œ ์™€ ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
And I think for perverse actions there is a range of them.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
One of them was mentioned by Augustine.
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๊ทธ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์•„์šฐ๊ตฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ˆ„์Šค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
So later on, after describing the incident with the pears, he writes,
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๋‚˜์ค‘์—, ๋ฐฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ํ›„์—,๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
"I would not have done it by myself.
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โ€œ์ € ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
My satisfaction did not lie in the pears, it lay in the crime itself,
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์ œ ๋งŒ์กฑ์€ ๋ฐฐ ์ž์ฒด์— ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ์ฃ„์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜
06:19
committed in league with a gang of sinners."
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๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์ €์ง€๋ฅธ ํ–‰์œ„ ์ž์ฒด์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
06:22
The social force drove him.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํž˜์ด ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์›€์ง์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
And there are other things, too.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
One force that really interests me
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์ €์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋„๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํž˜์€
06:27
goes under many names: self-governance, freedom,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด๋ฆ„๋“ค๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ์ž์น˜, ์ž์œ ,
06:31
liberty, agency.
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์ž์œ ๊ถŒ, ์ฃผ์ฒด์„ฑ.
06:33
Call it autonomy.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:34
Call it a desire to be free to do what you want,
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์ž์œจ์„ฑ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
06:38
free of the constraints of other people
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ œ์•ฝ์—์„œ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ณ ,
06:41
and free also of the constraints of rationality and morality.
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ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ๋„๋•์„ฑ์˜ ์ œ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์š•๋ง์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
And Jonah Berger gives a nice example of this.
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์กฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฒ„๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ข‹์€ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
He talks about the Tide Pod challenge of a few years ago,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „,
ํƒ€์ด๋“œ ์„ธ์ œ ์บก์Š (Tide Pod) ์ฑŒ๋ฆฐ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
where many teenagers,
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๋งŽ์€ 10๋Œ€๋“ค์ด,
06:52
instead of using these as detergent products,
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์„ธ์ œ ์ œํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ์—,
06:54
bit into them and sometimes consumed them.
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๊ทธ ์ œํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ๋ฌผ๊ณ , ๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ์€ ๋จน๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
Now, as you might imagine,
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์ƒ์ƒํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
06:59
Procter and Gamble, who own the products,
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๊ทธ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์†Œ์œ ํ•œ ํ”„๋กํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ฐฌ๋ธ”(P&G)์€
07:01
were incredibly unhappy about this
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
07:03
and they set up an extremely expensive ad campaign
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋น„์‹ผ ๊ด‘๊ณ  ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์„ ํŽผ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:06
designed to stop people from consuming these products.
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์ด ์ œํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
07:10
And one of their campaigns involved a ... popular football player
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ’‹๋ณผ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ธ
07:13
known as Gronk.
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๊ทธ๋ก ํฌ(Gronk)๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:15
So the ad would begin,
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์ž, ๊ทธ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
"Hey, Gronk, is eating the pods ever a good idea?"
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โ€œํ—ค์ด, ๊ทธ๋ก ํฌ, ์„ธ์ œ ์บก์Š์„ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?โ€
07:22
And Gronk responds, "No, no, no."
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๊ทธ๋ก ํฌ๋Š” โ€œ์•ˆ๋ผ, ์•ˆ๋ผ, ์•ˆ๋ผ โ€ ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
Berger points out, when this ad came up,
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๋ฒ„๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ด ๊ด‘๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”์„ ๋•Œ,
07:27
consumption of the pots shot up.
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๊ทธ ์„ธ์ œ์˜ ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์ฆํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:30
Not down.
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์ค„์–ด๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
07:32
"Nobody's going to tell me what to do.
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โ€œ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ž˜๋ผ ์ €๋ž˜๋ผ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
07:33
Who is this Gronk telling me what to do?
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๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ž˜๋ผ ์ €๋ž˜๋ผ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ก ํฌ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์˜ˆ์š”?
07:35
I want to be an autonomous, free being."
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ž์œจ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ์กด์žฌ์ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์š”.โ€
07:37
And psychologists call this reactance.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ ๋„์ €ํ•ญ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
This means it's "an unpleasant feeling
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ โ€œ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด๋‚˜
07:42
that emerges when people experience a threat to
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์ƒ์‹ค์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”
07:44
or loss of their free behaviors."
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๋ถˆ์พŒํ•œ ๋Š๋‚Œโ€ ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
And there's a wealth of laboratory studies looking at reactance.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์œ ๋„์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
So they test the idea
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
07:53
that what you try to do is reestablish the threatened freedom.
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์œ„ํ˜‘๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
And so one of the studies, for instance, looks at binge-drinking ads
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ, ๊ณผ์Œ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ,
08:01
and finds that when binge drinking ads are particularly heavy-handed,
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๊ณผ์Œ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ํŠนํžˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•  ๋•Œ,
08:04
people often respond by drinking more. ...
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข… ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋งˆ์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
"I'm going to reestablish my freedom."
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โ€œ๋‚œ ๋‚ด ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฐพ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.โ€
08:08
"I'm going to do what I want."
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โ€œ๋‚œ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.โ€
08:10
Or take threats of reprisal.
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์ž, ๋ณด๋ณต์˜ ์œ„ํ˜‘์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ,
08:12
There's a lovely study by a team of political scientists
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์ •์ฐจ ํ•™์ž ํŒ€์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
which asked you, asked the subjects,
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๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ, ์‹คํ—˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ
08:18
to imagine that theyโ€™re an ambassador to a country
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ด๊ณ 
08:20
and they're deciding whether or not to have sanctions
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ œ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ• ์ง€ ๋ง์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
08:23
towards that country.
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์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด๋ผ๊ณ  ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:25
In one condition, the dictator says
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์–ด๋–ค ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ, ํ†ต์น˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
08:26
"If you do sanctions towards our country, that's OK, I won't do anything."
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โ€œ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋„ˆํฌ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์— ์ œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
๊ดœ์ฐฎ์•„, ๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด์•ผ.โ€
08:30
In the second condition, the dictator says,
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ, ํ†ต์น˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
08:32
"If you do sanctions towards our country,
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โ€œ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋„ˆํฌ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์— ์ œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
08:34
I will unleash terrorist attacks against you."
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋„ˆํฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.โ€
08:37
What's the stunning finding from this is that in the second condition,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ฐพ์€ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ,
08:41
not the first,
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
08:42
they were more likely to do it.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ œ์žฌํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋” ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
A lot of our perverse actions are in response to people
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๋งŽ์€ ๋น„๋šค์–ด์ง„ ํ–‰๋™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ ,
08:48
telling us not to do what we want to do,
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ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
and it makes us want all the more to do that thing.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
I think there are two lessons from the study of perversity.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์„ฑ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ตํ›ˆ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:59
One is to appreciate its role in everyday life.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”, ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
It's really worth knowing that there are people out there
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์„ธ์ƒ์ด ๋ถˆํƒ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
09:06
who really do want to watch the world burn.
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์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ง ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
And I think it's also worth knowing that each and every one of us,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ž๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:13
at some point in our life,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ถ์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์—์„œ
09:15
wants to watch the world burn at least a little bit.
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์ ์–ด๋„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ๋ถˆํƒ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:17
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:19
I think it's worth knowing,
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:21
at least for consequential decisions like choosing who to vote for,
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์ ์–ด๋„ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํˆฌํ‘œํ• ์ง€ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—,
09:27
that people aren't just motivated by material self-interest
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ด๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ๋‚˜
09:31
or by an affiliation to social and political group.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ์ •์น˜์  ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋™๊ธฐ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
Sometimes people want to be autonomous beings,
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๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ž์œจ์ ์ธ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ณ ,
09:37
they want to be free.
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์ž์œ ๋กœ์›Œ์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
And telling these people, "What you're doing is stupid,"
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€,
โ€œ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋ฐ”๋ณด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง“์ด์—์š”โ€
09:41
"what you're doing is irrational,"
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โ€œ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋น„์ด์„ฑ์ ์ด์—์š”.โ€
09:44
"what you're doing is immoral,"
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โ€œ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋น„๋„๋•์ ์ด์—์š”.โ€
09:46
can have the paradoxical effect of motivating them to do
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญ์„ค์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
exactly what you don't want them to do.
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง์•˜์œผ๋ฉด ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
09:53
The second lesson of perversity has to do with our everyday lives.
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๋น„์ •์ƒ์„ฑ์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ตํ›ˆ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:59
A lot of perversity is awful.
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๋งŽ์€ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์€ ๋”์ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
I think the world would be better off without it.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์„ธ์ƒ์€ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:03
But I think we've seen a little bit that perversity could be funny.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ €๋Š” ๋น„์ •์ƒ์„ฑ์ด ์›ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ์€ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
It could be clever.
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์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
I think it can make the world a better place.
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์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์ข€ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
And so I guess I'd suggest
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€
10:15
that a life with a little bit of perversity in it,
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์‚ถ,
10:19
a life where sometimes you put your finger into your friend's ice cream,
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๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ ๋‹น์‹  ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜ ์•„์ด์Šคํฌ๋ฆผ์— ๋„ฃ๋Š” ์‚ถ์ด
10:23
is a life that's a lot more interesting.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์‚ถ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:26
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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