Rob Dunbar: The threat of ocean acidification

105,242 views ใƒป 2010-09-13

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Gisu Bang ๊ฒ€ํ† : Min-Hyeok Lee
00:15
If you really want to understand
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ
00:18
the problem that we're facing with the oceans,
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ํ•ด์–‘์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์‹œ๋ ค๋ฉด,
00:21
you have to think about the biology
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์•„์…”์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
00:23
at the same time you think about the physics.
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๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์•„์…”์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
We can't solve the problems
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์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ•™๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
00:28
unless we start studying the ocean
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
00:30
in a very much more interdisciplinary way.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
So I'm going to demonstrate that through
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์†์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰์ค‘์ธ
00:35
discussion of some of the climate change things that are going on in the ocean.
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๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
We'll look at sea level rise.
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๋จผ์ € ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์ƒ์Šน์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
00:40
We'll look at ocean warming.
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ํ•ด์–‘ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ณธ ๋‹ค์Œ
00:42
And then the last thing on the list there, ocean acidification --
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์–‘ ์‚ฐ์„ฑํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
if you were to ask me, you know, "What do you worry about the most?
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ "์ด ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘์— ์ œ์ผ ๊ฑฑ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์„ธ์š”?
00:48
What frightens you?"
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ์ผ ๊ฒ๋‚˜์„ธ์š”?" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์œผ์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
00:50
for me, it's ocean acidification.
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์ €๋Š” ํ•ด์–‘ ์‚ฐ์„ฑํ™”๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ต ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
And this has come onto the stage pretty recently.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•ด์–‘ ์‚ฐ์„ฑํ™”๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๊ฝค๋‚˜ ํ™”๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
00:54
So I will spend a little time at the end.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์— ๋ง์”€์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
I was in Copenhagen in December
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„์‹  ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
00:59
like a number of you in this room.
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์ง€๋‚œ 12์›”์— ์ฝ”ํŽœํ•˜๊ฒ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
And I think we all found it, simultaneously,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋จผ์ €๋ž„ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†์ด
01:04
an eye-opening
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์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ด๊ณ 
01:06
and a very frustrating experience.
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์‹ค๋ง์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
I sat in this large negotiation hall,
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์ด ํฐ ํšŒ์˜์‹ค์— ์•‰์•„ ํšŒ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉด์„œ
01:11
at one point, for three or four hours,
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์„œ ๋„ˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ๋‹จ ํ•œ ์ฐจ๋ก€๋„
01:13
without hearing the word "oceans" one time.
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'๋ฐ”๋‹ค'๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
It really wasn't on the radar screen.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
01:20
The nations that brought it up
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์€
01:22
when we had the speeches of the national leaders --
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์—ฐ์„ค์„ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ
01:24
it tended to be the leaders of the small island states,
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์ž‘์€ ์„ฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ง€๋„์ž ๋‚ด์ง€๋Š” ์ €์ง€๋Œ€ ์„ฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ง€๋„์ž๊ฐ€
01:27
the low-lying island states.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
And by this weird quirk
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด์Šจ ์šด๋ช…์˜ ์žฅ๋‚œ์ธ์ง€
01:31
of alphabetical order of the nations,
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์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ
01:34
a lot of the low-lying states,
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ํ‚ค๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”ํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜์šฐ๋ฃจ ๊ฐ™์€
01:36
like Kiribati and Nauru,
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๋งŽ์€ ์ €์ง€๋Œ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€
01:38
they were seated at the very end of these immensely long rows.
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ํšŒ์˜์žฅ ๋งจ ๋’ท ์ค„์— ์•‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
You know, they were marginalized
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ํšŒ์˜์žฅ์—์„œ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„
01:43
in the negotiation room.
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์†Œ์™ธ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
01:45
One of the problems
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๊ด€๊ฑด์€
01:47
is coming up with the right target.
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์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
It's not clear what the target should be.
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ์ง€๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…์น˜ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
And how can you figure out how to fix something
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๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„
01:53
if you don't have a clear target?
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๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
01:55
Now, you've heard about "two degrees":
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์„ญ์”จ 2๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์…จ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
that we should limit temperature rise to no more than two degrees.
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์˜จ๋„ ์ƒ์Šนํญ์„ ์„ญ์”จ 2๋„ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ œํ•œํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ฃ .
02:00
But there's not a lot of science behind that number.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์น˜์—๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„์น˜ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
We've also talked about
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๋˜ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ก ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
02:05
concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋†๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
Should it be 450? Should it be 400?
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๋†๋„๋ฅผ 450ppm๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทœ์ œํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค, 400ppm์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค ๋ง์ด ๋งŽ์ฃ .
02:10
There's not a lot of science behind that one either.
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์ด ์—ญ์‹œ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
Most of the science that is behind these numbers,
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์ด ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์™€
02:15
these potential targets,
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์ž ์žฌ์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ์น˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘
02:17
is based on studies on land.
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์œก์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
And I would say, for the people that work in the ocean
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์ €์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
02:22
and think about what the targets should be,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฌผ์–ด ๋ณด์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:24
we would argue that they must be much lower.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
You know, from an oceanic perspective,
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๋Œ€์–‘์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด
02:28
450 is way too high.
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450ppm์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
Now there's compelling evidence
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๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
02:32
that it really needs to be 350.
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์™œ 350ppm์ด ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
We are, right now, at 390 parts per million
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋†๋„๋Š”
02:37
of CO2 in the atmosphere.
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390ppm ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
We're not going to put the brakes on in time to stop at 450,
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450ppm์ด ๋ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๊ฒ ์ฃ .
02:42
so we've got to accept we're going to do an overshoot,
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
and the discussion as we go forward
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง„ํ–‰์„ ํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ์ดˆ์ ์€
02:47
has to focus on how far the overshoot goes
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ดˆ๊ณผ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š๋ƒ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
and what's the pathway back to 350.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 350ppm๊นŒ์ง€ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
Now, why is this so complicated?
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๋ญ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
02:55
Why don't we know some of these things a little bit better?
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์™œ ์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ข€ ๋” ์ž˜ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
02:57
Well, the problem is that
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐํ›„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—๋Š”
02:59
we've got very complicated forces in the climate system.
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๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ํž˜์ด ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
There's all kinds of natural causes of climate change.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž์—ฐํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
There's air-sea interactions.
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
Here in Galapagos,
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์ด ๊ณณ ๊ฐˆ๋ผํŒŒ๊ณ ์Šค๋Š”
03:08
we're affected by El Ninos and La Nina.
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์—˜๋‹ˆ๋‡จ์™€ ๋ผ๋‹ˆ๋ƒ๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
But the entire planet warms up when there's a big El Nino.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์—˜๋‹ˆ๋‡จ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋”์›Œ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
03:13
Volcanoes eject aerosols into the atmosphere.
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๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ™”์‚ฐ์€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์— ๋ฏธ๋ฆฝ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
That changes our climate.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐํ›„๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
The ocean contains most of the exchangeable heat on the planet.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ตํ™˜๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์—ด์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
So anything that influences
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ‘œ์ธต์ˆ˜์™€ ์‹ฌํ•ด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์„ž์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์—
03:23
how ocean surface waters mix with the deep water
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์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€์š”์ธ์ด ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
03:26
changes the ocean of the planet.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
And we know the solar output's not constant through time.
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๋˜ ํƒœ์–‘์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
So those are all natural causes of climate change.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ์›์ธ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
And then we have the human-induced causes
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์—
03:36
of climate change as well.
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์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
We're changing the characteristics of the surface of the land,
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์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์ด ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
03:40
the reflectivity.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์œจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
We inject our own aerosols into the atmosphere,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์— ์ธ๊ฐ„์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฝ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
and we have trace gases, and not just carbon dioxide --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
03:47
it's methane, ozone,
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๋ฉ”ํƒ„, ์˜ค์กด, ํ™ฉ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ
03:49
oxides of sulfur and nitrogen.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์งˆ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค๋„ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
So here's the thing. It sounds like a simple question.
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์ž, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:53
Is CO2 produced by man's activities
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
03:56
causing the planet to warm up?
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
03:58
But to answer that question,
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋‹ต์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
04:00
to make a clear attribution to carbon dioxide,
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ ์†์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด,
04:03
you have to know something about
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์—
04:05
all of these other agents of change.
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๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
But the fact is we do know a lot about all of those things.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ทธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
You know, thousands of scientists
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋ช…์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด
04:12
have been working on understanding
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์ธ๊ฐ„์— ์˜ํ•œ ์›์ธ๊ณผ
04:14
all of these man-made causes
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์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์›์ธ์„
04:16
and the natural causes.
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ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
And we've got it worked out, and we can say,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ผ์ด ์ง„์ „๋˜์–ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” "์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ€
04:21
"Yes, CO2 is causing the planet to warm up now."
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:25
Now, we have many ways to study natural variability.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
04:28
I'll show you a few examples of this now.
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๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
This is the ship that I spent the last three months on in the Antarctic.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ ์„ ๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ ๋‚จ๊ทน์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋•Œ ํƒ„ ๋ฐฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
It's a scientific drilling vessel.
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๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‹œ์ถ”์„ ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
04:36
We go out for months at a time and drill into the sea bed
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ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉด ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ ํ•ด์ €์‹œ์ถ”์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•ด์„œ
04:39
to recover sediments
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ๋กœ
04:41
that tell us stories of climate change, right.
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๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:44
Like one of the ways to understand our greenhouse future
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ์‹คํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
04:47
is to drill down in time
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์˜›๋‚ ์— ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์ด
04:49
to the last period
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ์˜€๋˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๊นŒ์ง€
04:51
where we had CO2 double what it is today.
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์–ผ์Œ์„ ํŒŒ์„œ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
And so that's what we've done with this ship.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์‹œ์ถ”์„ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
This was -- this is south of the Antarctic Circle.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ๊ทน๊ถŒ์˜ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์ธ๋ฐ
04:58
It looks downright tropical there.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ์—ด๋Œ€์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ฐ™์ง€์š”.
05:00
One day where we had calm seas and sun,
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ง‘๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋„ ์ž”์ž”ํ•ด์„œ
05:03
which was the reason I could get off the ship.
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๋ฐฐ์—์„œ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
Most of the time it looked like this.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
We had a waves up to 50 ft.
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์ตœ๋Œ€ ํŒŒ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ 15.2๋ฏธํ„ฐ์—
05:10
and winds averaging
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•ญํ•ด์—์„œ
05:12
about 40 knots for most of the voyage
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ํ‰๊ท  ํ’์†์ด ์•ฝ 40๋…ธํŠธ ์ •๋„์˜€๊ณ 
05:14
and up to 70 or 80 knots.
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์ตœ๋Œ€ 7,80๋…ธํŠธ์ผ ๋•Œ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
So that trip just ended,
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์ด ์ž‘์—…์€ ๋๋‚œ์ง€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ
05:18
and I can't show you too many results from that right now,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‹น์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
but we'll go back one more year,
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€์‹ ์— 1๋…„ ์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋•Œ ์ œ๊ฐ€
05:22
to another drilling expedition I've been involved in.
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์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ์ถ”์ž‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
This was led by Ross Powell and Tim Naish.
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์ด ์ž‘์—…์€ ๋กœ์Šค ํŒŒ์›ฐ๊ณผ ํŒ€ ๋‚ด์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋„ํ–ˆ๋˜
05:28
It's the ANDRILL project.
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์•ค๋“œ๋ฆด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
And we made the very first bore hole
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์ผ ํฐ
05:32
through the largest floating ice shelf on the planet.
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๋น™๋ถ•์— ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์‹œ์ถ”๊ณต์„ ๋šซ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
This is a crazy thing, this big drill rig wrapped in a blanket
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ์นœ ์ง“์ด์ฃ . ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ฐ์‹ธ์„œ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”
05:37
to keep everybody warm,
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๋‹ด์š”๋กœ ์ด ํฐ ๊ตด์ฐฉ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์‹ธ๊ณ 
05:39
drilling at temperatures of minus 40.
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์˜ํ•˜ 40๋„์—์„œ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋šซ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
And we drilled in the Ross Sea.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋กœ์Šคํ•ด๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ถ”ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
05:43
That's the Ross Sea Ice Shelf on the right there.
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์ €๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋กœ์Šค ๋น™๋ถ•์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
So, this huge floating ice shelf
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์ด ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น™๋ถ•,
05:48
the size of Alaska
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์•Œ๋ž˜์Šค์นด์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋งŒํ•œ ๋น™๋ถ•์ด
05:50
comes from West Antarctica.
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์„œ๋‚จ๊ทน์—์„œ ๋– ๋‚ด๋ ค ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:52
Now, West Antarctica is the part of the continent
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์„œ๋‚จ๊ทน์€ ํ•ด์ € 2000๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ •๋„์˜
05:55
where the ice is grounded on sea floor
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๊นŠ์ด์— ์–ผ์Œ์ด ๊ฐ€๋ผ์•‰์€
05:57
as much as 2,000 meters deep.
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๋Œ€๋ฅ™์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
So that ice sheet is partly floating,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ € ๋Œ€๋ฅ™๋น™ํ•˜์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋– ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉด์„œ
06:02
and it's exposed to the ocean, to the ocean heat.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค์™€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—ด์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
This is the part of Antarctica that we worry about.
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์ด ๊ณณ์ด ๋‚จ๊ทน์—์„œ ๊ฑฑ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
Because it's partly floating, you can imagine,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ผ๋ถ€๋งŒ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ผ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
06:10
is sea level rises a little bit,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๋„ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋ฉด
06:12
the ice lifts off the bed, and then it can break off and float north.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น™ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋œจ๋ฉด์„œ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ๋‚˜์™€ ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:15
When that ice melts, sea level rises by six meters.
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์ด ๋น™ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋…น์œผ๋ฉด ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ด 6๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ƒ์Šนํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
So we drill back in time to see how often that's happened,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž์ฃผ, ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋น™ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋…น๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ 
06:22
and exactly how fast that ice can melt.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ์ถ”์ž‘์—…์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
Here's the cartoon on the left there.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์™ผ์ชฝ์— ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
We drilled through a hundred meters of floating ice shelf
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋น™๋ถ•์„ 100 ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋šซ๊ณ 
06:31
then through 900 meters of water
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900 ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜์„œ
06:33
and then 1,300 meters into the sea floor.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๋ฐ‘๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์„ 1300 ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋šซ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:36
So it's the deepest geological bore hole ever drilled.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€์งˆํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋šซ๋ ธ๋˜ ๊นŠ์ด ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊นŠ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
It took about 10 years to put this project together.
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์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์—๋Š” ์•ฝ 10๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:42
And here's what we found.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
Now, there's 40 scientists working on this project,
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ํ˜„์žฌ, 40๋ช…์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
06:46
and people are doing all kinds of really complicated
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๊ทธ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์†Œ๋ชจ๋˜๋Š”
06:48
and expensive analyses.
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๋ถ„์„์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
But it turns out, you know, the thing that told the best story
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•Œ๋งž๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š”
06:54
was this simple visual description.
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
You know, we saw this in the core samples as they came up.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ณธ๋“ค์„ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
We saw these alternations
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ
07:01
between sediments that look like this --
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธด ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:03
there's gravel and cobbles in there
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์ €๊ธฐ์— ์ž๊ฐˆ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
and a bunch of sand.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ๋ชจ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:07
That's the kind of material in the deep sea.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ฌํ•ด์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
It can only get there if it's carried out by ice.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ผ์Œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋‚˜์™€์•ผ๋งŒ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
So we know there's an ice shelf overhead.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋น™ํ•˜ ์ง€์ธต์ด ์œ„์ชฝ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
And that alternates with a sediment that looks like this.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
This is absolutely beautiful stuff.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:19
This sediment is 100 percent made up
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์ด ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ์€ 100%
07:21
of the shells of microscopic plants.
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๋ฏธ์†Œ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ป์งˆ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
And these plants need sunlight,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ํƒœ์–‘๋น›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
so we know when we find that sediment
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜
07:28
there's no ice overhead.
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์œ„์— ๋น™ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
And we saw about 35 alternations
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋น™ํ•˜๋กœ ๋ฎ์ธ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฌผ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ,
07:32
between open water and ice-covered water,
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์•ฝ 35๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ
07:35
between gravels and these plant sediments.
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์ž๊ฐˆ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
So what that means is, what it tells us
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋Š” ๊ณง ๋กœ์Šคํ•ด ์ง€์—ญ,
07:41
is that the Ross Sea region, this ice shelf,
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์ฆ‰ ๋กœ์Šค ๋น™๋ถ•์ด ๋…น์•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€
07:44
melted back and formed anew
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•ฝ 35๋ฒˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
07:46
about 35 times.
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์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:48
And this is in the past four million years.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๋‚œ 400๋งŒ๋…„์˜ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
This was completely unexpected.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:54
Nobody imagined that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์„œ๋‚จ๊ทน์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™๋น™์ด ์—ญ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ
07:56
was this dynamic.
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์ƒ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
In fact, the lore for many years has been,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๋งŽ์€ ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์€
08:01
"The ice formed many tens of millions of years ago,
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"๋น™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช‡์ฒœ๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
08:03
and it's been there ever since."
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๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
And now we know that in our recent past
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ์—
08:07
it melted back and formed again,
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๋น™ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋…น์•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
08:09
and sea level went up and down, six meters at a time.
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ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ด ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— 6m์”ฉ ๋†’์•„์กŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
What caused it?
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๋ญ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
08:14
Well, we're pretty sure that it's very small changes
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์Œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚จ๊ทน ์ง€๋ฐฉ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘๋น›์˜ ์–‘์˜
08:16
in the amount of sunlight reaching Antarctica,
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์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์›์ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฝค ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:19
just caused by natural changes in the orbit of the Earth.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ถค๋„์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:22
But here's the key thing:
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ด๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
you know, the other thing we found out
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์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:26
is that the ice sheet passed a threshold,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™๋น™ํ•˜๊ฐ€
08:28
that the planet warmed up enough --
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ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
and the number's about one degree to one and a half degrees Centigrade --
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์„ญ์”จ 1๋„์—์„œ 1.5๋„ ์ •๋„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
the planet warmed up enough that it became ...
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์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”๋˜์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ค์„œ
08:35
that ice sheet became very dynamic
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๋Œ€๋ฅ™๋น™ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์—ญ๋™์ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
08:37
and was very easily melted.
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๊ทธ ๋•์— ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋…น๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:39
And you know what?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฑฐ ์•„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
08:41
We've actually changed the temperature in the last century
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ง€๋‚œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์ ๋‹น๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋งŒ์„
08:43
just the right amount.
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๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
So many of us are convinced now
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ์€
08:48
that West Antarctica, the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, is starting to melt.
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์„œ๋‚จ๊ทน์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™๋น™ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋…น๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‚ฉ๋“ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
We do expect to see a sea-level rise
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฒˆ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ์ƒ์Šน์ด
08:54
on the order of one to two meters by the end of this century.
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์•ฝ 1m์—์„œ 2m ์ •๋„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
And it could be larger than that.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ์ƒ์Šน์˜ ์‹ค์ œ๊ฐ’์€ ๋” ํด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
This is a serious consequence
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ‚ค๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์‹œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ‰๊ท  ํ•ด๋ฐœ๊ณ ๋„๊ฐ€
09:02
for nations like Kiribati,
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ํ‰๊ท  ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ๋†’์ด๋ณด๋‹ค
09:04
you know, where the average elevation
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์‚ด์ง ๋†’์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
09:06
is about a little over a meter above sea level.
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์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
Okay, the second story takes place here in Galapagos.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ๋ผํŒŒ๊ณ ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
This is a bleached coral,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ‘œ๋ฐฑ๋œ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:13
coral that died during the 1982-'83 El Nino.
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์ด ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋Š” 1982๋…„-1983๋…„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์—˜๋‹ˆ๋‡จ ํ˜„์ƒ ๋•Œ์— ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
This is from Champion Island.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ ์„ฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:18
It's about a meter tall Pavona clavus colony.
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์ด ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ณด๋‚˜ ํด๋ผ๋ฒ„์Šค ๊ตฐ์ง‘์˜ ๋†’์ด๋งŒํผ ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:21
And it's covered with algae. That's what happens.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๋ฎ์—ฌ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—˜๋‹ˆ๋‡จ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
09:24
When these things die,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ฃฝ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š”
09:26
immediately, organisms come in
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๊ทธ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์œ ๊ธฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ€๋ ค๋“ค์–ด์™€์„œ
09:28
and encrust and live on that dead surface.
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๊ทธ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ๋ฎ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ฃฝ์€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์œ„์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
And so, when a coral colony is killed
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ ์„œ์‹์ง€๊ฐ€
09:33
by an El Nino event,
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์—˜๋‹ˆ๋‡จ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜๋ฉด
09:35
it leaves this indelible record.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ง€์›Œ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:37
You can go then and study corals
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์„œ
09:39
and figure out how often do you see this.
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž์ฃผ ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
So one of the things thought of in the '80s
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 1980๋…„๋Œ€์— ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€
09:43
was to go back and take cores
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐˆ๋ผํŒŒ๊ณ ์Šค ๊ณณ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๋Š”
09:45
of coral heads throughout the Galapagos
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ ์œ—๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ธ ์ผ์ด
09:47
and find out how often was there a devastating event.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž์ฃผ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
And just so you know, 1982-'83,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ 1982-83๋…„์—
09:53
that El Nino killed 95 percent
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๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์—˜๋‹ˆ๋‡จ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐˆ๋ผํŒŒ๊ณ ์Šค์— ์žˆ๋Š”
09:55
of all the corals here in Galapagos.
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ์˜ 95%๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:58
Then there was similar mortality in '97-'98.
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1997-98๋…„์—๋„ ๊ฐˆ๋ผํŒŒ๊ณ ์Šค์—์„œ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ฃฝ์Œ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
And what we found
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋•…์„ ํŒŒ์„œ
10:03
after drilling back in time two to 400 years
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200๋…„์—์„œ 400๋…„์„ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์€
10:05
was that these were unique events.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ๋“ค์ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
We saw no other mass mortality events.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ํ์‚ฌ ์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
So these events in our recent past really are unique.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋น„๊ต์  ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
So they're either just truly monster El Ninos,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ •๋ง ํฐ ์—˜๋‹ˆ๋‡จ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด
10:15
or they're just very strong El Ninos
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ
10:17
that occurred against a backdrop of global warming.
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๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์—˜๋‹ˆ๋‡จ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
Either case, it's bad news
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์ด ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ชจ๋‘
10:23
for the corals of the Galapagos Islands.
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๊ฐˆ๋ผํŒŒ๊ณ ์Šค ์„ฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์—๊ฒ ๋‚˜์œ ๋‰ด์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
Here's how we sample the corals.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ณธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”์ง€ ๋‚˜์™€์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
This is actually Easter Island. Look at this monster.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์Šคํ„ฐ ์„ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
10:32
This coral is eight meters tall, right.
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์ด ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋Š” ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ 8๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:35
And it been growing for about 600 years.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•ฝ 600๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ž๋ผ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:37
Now, Sylvia Earle turned me on to this exact same coral.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ค๋น„์•„ ์–ผ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ์ด ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:40
And she was diving here with John Lauret -- I think it was 1994 --
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์กด ๋ผ์šฐ๋ ›๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- ์•„๋งˆ ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” 1994๋…„์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.--
10:43
and collected a little nugget and sent it to me.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์•„์„œ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:45
And we started working on it,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
10:47
and we figured out we could tell the temperature of the ancient ocean
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ๋Œ€์–‘์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์ด ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
10:49
from analyzing a coral like this.
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๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
So we have a diamond drill.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ ์‹œ์ถ”๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:54
We're not killing the colony; we're taking a small core sample out of the top.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ ค๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค; ๋‹จ์ง€ ์œ—๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ์ž‘์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์–ป์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
The core comes up as these cylindrical tubes of limestone.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ์„ํšŒ์„์˜ ์›ํ†ตํ˜• ๊ด€๋ชจ์–‘์„ ๋šซ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์™€์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:00
And that material then we take back to the lab and analyze it.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ๊ณง ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์–ด์ง€์ฃ .
11:04
You can see some of the coral cores there on the right.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ํ™”๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
So we've done that all over the Eastern Pacific.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋™ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ด ์ผ์„ ๋งˆ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:09
We're starting to do it in the Western Pacific as well.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์„œํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋„ ์ด ์ผ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
I'll take you back here to the Galapagos Islands.
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์ด์ œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐˆ๋ผํŒŒ๊ณ ์Šค ์„ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
And we've been working at this fascinating uplift here in Urbina Bay.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋น„๋‚˜ ๋งŒ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์œต๊ธฐ๋˜์–ด ์ƒ๊ธด ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๊ณ ์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
That the place where,
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์ด ์žฅ์†Œ๋Š”
11:19
during an earthquake in 1954,
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์ง€๋‚œ 1954๋…„์— ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ
11:21
this marine terrace was lifted up
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์ด ํ•ด์•ˆ ๋‹จ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ
11:23
out of the ocean very quickly,
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์•„์ฃผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์œต๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ณณ์ธ๋ฐ,
11:26
and it was lifted up about six to seven meters.
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๊ทธ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ์•ฝ 6m์—์„œ 7m ์ •๋„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:29
And so now you can walk through a coral reef without getting wet.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๋ฌผ์— ์ –์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:32
If you go on the ground there, it looks like this,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ ๋•…์— ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด, ์ด๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
11:34
and this is the grandaddy coral.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
It's 11 meters in diameter,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด 11๋ฏธํ„ฐ์ด๋ฉฐ,
11:38
and we know that it started growing
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด 1584๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž๋ผ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
11:40
in the year 1584.
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์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:42
Imagine that.
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์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค์ฃ .
11:44
And that coral was growing happily in those shallow waters,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋Š” ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€, ์ฆ‰ 1954๋…„๊นŒ์ง€
11:47
until 1954, when the earthquake happened.
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์–•์€ ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ์ž˜ ์ž๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:50
Now the reason we know it's 1584
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 1584๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž๋ผ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ผ๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ
11:52
is that these corals have growth bands.
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:54
When you cut them, slice those cores in half and x-ray them,
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์„ ์ž˜๋ผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฅด๊ณ  ์—‘์Šค๋ ˆ์ด์— ๋น„์ถ”๋ฉด
11:57
you see these light and dark bands.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐ๊ณ  ์–ด๋‘์šด ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:59
Each one of those is a year.
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๊ทธ ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋“ค ํ•˜๋‚˜ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ 1๋…„์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:01
We know these corals grow about a centimeter and a half a year.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋…„๊ฐ„ ์•ฝ 1์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ •๋„ ์ž๋ž๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:03
And we just count on down to the bottom.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:06
Then their other attribute is
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์ด ๋•Œ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ
12:08
that they have this great chemistry.
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ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
We can analyze the carbonate
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”
12:12
that makes up the coral,
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ํƒ„์‚ฐ์—ผ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
12:14
and there's a whole bunch of things we can do.
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๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:16
But in this case, we measured the different isotopes of oxygen.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์†Œ์˜ ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ๋“ค์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:19
Their ratio tells us the water temperature.
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์ด ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์€ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
In this example here,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
12:23
we had monitored this reef in Galapagos
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐˆ๋ผํŒŒ๊ณ ์Šค์—์„œ ์ด ์•”์ดˆ๋ฅผ
12:25
with temperature recorders,
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์˜จ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋ก๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ ,
12:27
so we know the temperature of the water the coral's growing in.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ž„ ๋•Œ์˜ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
Then after we harvest a coral, we measure this ratio,
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ ์ดํ›„์— ์ด ๋น„์œจ์„ ์žฌ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
12:33
and now you can see, those curves match perfectly.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ด ๊ณก์„ ์ด ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ผ์น˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:36
In this case, at these islands,
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ด ์„ฌ๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š”
12:38
you know, corals
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์—
12:40
are instrumental-quality recorders of change in the water.
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์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:43
And of course, our thermometers
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ก , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๊ณ„๋Š”
12:45
only take us back 50 years or so here.
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50๋…„ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ฐ’ ๋ฐ–์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:47
The coral can take us back
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ
12:49
hundreds and thousands of years.
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ, ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋…„ ์ „์˜ ๊ฐ’๊นŒ์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:51
So, what we do:
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
we've merged a lot of different data sets.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋“ค์„ ํ•ฉ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:56
It's not just my group; there's maybe 30 groups worldwide doing this.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์†ํ•œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋งŒ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ 30๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:59
But we get these instrumental- and near-instrumental-quality records
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ณ„์ธก, ์ถ”์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„
13:02
of temperature change that go back hundreds of years,
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์ง€๋‚œ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ก๋“ค์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๊ณ ,
13:04
and we put them together.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ•œ๊บผ๋ฒˆ์— ํ•ฉ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:06
Here's a synthetic diagram.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ•ฉ์ณ์ง„ ๋„ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:08
There's a whole family of curves here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ณก์„ ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
13:10
But what's happening: we're looking at the last thousand years
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ ์ฒœ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€
13:13
of temperature on the planet.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:15
And there's five or six different compilations there,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—” ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŽธ์ง‘์ด ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
13:17
But each one of those compilations reflects input
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ํŽธ์ง‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ
13:20
from hundreds of these kinds of records from corals.
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๊ธฐ๋ก๋œ ์˜จ๋„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ’๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๊ฐœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:23
We do similar things with ice cores.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ผ์Œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:26
We work with tree rings.
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๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚˜์ดํ…Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
And that's how we discover
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
13:30
what is truly natural
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์—„๋ฐ€ํžˆ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
13:32
and how different is the last century, right?
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์ง€๋‚œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์™€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:35
And I chose this one
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
13:37
because it's complicated and messy looking, right.
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๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์ €๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:40
This is as messy as it gets.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ง€์ €๋ถ„ํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:42
You can see there's some signals there.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:45
Some of the records
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋“ค์€
13:47
show lower temperatures than others.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:49
Some of them show greater variability.
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๋˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:52
But they all tell us
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
13:54
what the natural variability is.
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์ด๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:56
Some of them are from the northern hemisphere;
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ถ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์™”๊ณ 
13:58
some are from the entire globe.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:00
But here's what we can say:
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
14:02
what's natural in the last thousand years is that the planet was cooling down.
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์ง€๋‚œ ์ฒœ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์กŒ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:05
It was cooling down
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์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ 1900๋…„ ์ฏค๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”
14:07
until about 1900 or so.
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์ฐจ๊ฐ€์›Œ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:09
And there is natural variability
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํƒœ์–‘์— ์˜ํ•ด, ์—˜๋‹ˆ๋‡จ์— ์˜ํ•ด
14:11
caused by the Sun, caused by El Ninos.
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๋ฐœ์ƒ๋œ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:14
A century-scale, decadal-scale variability,
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ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์œ„, 10๋…„ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
14:16
and we know the magnitude;
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:18
it's about two-tenths to four-tenths of a degree Centigrade.
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์•ฝ ์„ญ์”จ 0.2์—์„œ 0.4๋„ ์ •๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:21
But then at the very end is where
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ •๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋์—๋Š”
14:23
we have the instrumental record in black.
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๊ฒ€๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:25
And there's the temperature up there in 2009.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2009๋…„์—” ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:28
You know, we've warmed the globe
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์•Œ๋“ฏ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ
14:30
about a degree Centigrade in the last century,
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์ง€๋‚œ ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ ์•ฝ ์„ญ์”จ 1๋„ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:33
and there's nothing
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๋ก์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋Š”
14:35
in the natural part of that record
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋™์•ˆ
14:37
that resembles what we've seen in the last century.
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๋ดค๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:39
You know, that's the strength of our argument,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
14:41
that we are doing something that's truly different.
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์ด ๋…ผ์Ÿ์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋งํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:45
So I'll close with a short discussion
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด์ œ ์งง์€ ํ•ด์–‘ ์‚ฐ์„ฑํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
14:48
of ocean acidification.
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๋งˆ์น˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:51
I like it as a component of global change to talk about,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ์„œ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:54
because, even if you are a hard-bitten global warming skeptic,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ณ ์ง‘์„ผ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜จ๋‚œํ™” ํšŒ์˜๋ก ์ž๋ผ ํ• ์ง€๋ผ๋„
14:58
and I talk to that community fairly often,
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์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ž์ฃผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด์™”๋Š”๋ฐ,
15:00
you cannot deny
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ์šฉํ•ด๋˜๋Š”
15:02
the simple physics
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
15:04
of CO2 dissolving in the ocean.
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๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํž˜๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:07
You know, we're pumping out lots of CO2 into the atmosphere,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ™”์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋‚˜
15:10
from fossil fuels, from cement production.
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์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:13
Right now, about a third of that carbon dioxide
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์•ฝ 1/3์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ€
15:15
is dissolving straight into the sea, right?
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋กœ ์šฉํ•ด๋˜์–ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:17
And as it does so,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
15:19
it makes the ocean more acidic.
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ํ•ด์–‘์„ ๋” ์‚ฐ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:22
So, you cannot argue with that.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:24
That is what's happening right now,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜„์žฌ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด๋ฉฐ,
15:26
and it's a very different issue
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™” ์–˜๊ธฐ์™€๋Š”
15:28
than the global warming issue.
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์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์Ÿ์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:30
It has many consequences.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:32
There's consequences for carbonate organisms.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ํƒ„์‚ฐ์—ผ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:35
There are many organisms
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ํƒ„์‚ฐ ์นผ์Š˜์˜ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ
15:37
that build their shells out of calcium carbonate --
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์‹๋ฌผ, ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ป๋ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
15:39
plants and animals both.
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๋งŒ๋“  ์œ ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:42
The main framework material of coral reefs
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€
15:44
is calcium carbonate.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ํƒ„์‚ฐ ์นผ์Š˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:46
That material is more soluble
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์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋ ๋Š” ์•ก์ฒด์—์„œ๋Š”
15:48
in acidic fluid.
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๋” ์ž˜ ์šฉํ•ด๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:51
So one of the things we're seeing
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€
15:53
is organisms are having
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์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค์ด
15:55
to spend more metabolic energy
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ป์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
15:57
to build and maintain their shells.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹ ์ง„๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:59
At some point, as this transience,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š”
16:01
as this CO2 uptake in the ocean continues,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋กœ์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ํก์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ 
16:04
that material's actually going to start to dissolve.
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ํƒ„์‚ฐ ์นผ์Š˜์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์šฉํ•ด๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:06
And on coral reefs,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์ด
16:08
where some of the main framework organisms disappear,
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์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ์—์„œ
16:11
we will see a major loss
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•ด์–‘ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์—
16:13
of marine biodiversity.
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์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์†์‹ค์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:15
But it's not just the carbonate producers that are affected.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํƒ„์‚ฐ์—ผ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋งŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:18
There's many physiological processes
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํ•ด์–‘ ์‚ฐ์„ฑํ™”์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”
16:21
that are influenced by the acidity of the ocean.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:24
So many reactions involving enzymes and proteins
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํšจ์†Œ์™€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐ˜์‘๋“ค์ด
16:27
are sensitive to the acid content of the ocean.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ๋…น์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋ ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:30
So, all of these things --
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์‹ ์ง„๋Œ€์‚ฌ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ผ์ด ๋” ์ปค์ง€๊ณ 
16:32
greater metabolic demands,
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์ƒ์‹์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๊ณ 
16:34
reduced reproductive success,
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ํ˜ธํก๊ณผ ์‹ ์ง„๋Œ€์‚ฌ์—
16:36
changes in respiration and metabolism.
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๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:39
You know, these are things that we have good physiological reasons
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ์‹œ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ
16:42
to expect to see stressed
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๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€
16:44
caused by this transience.
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์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:46
So we figured out some pretty interesting ways
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ ์–‘์„
16:48
to track CO2 levels in the atmosphere,
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์ถ”์ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฝค ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด์—ˆ๊ณ ,
16:51
going back millions of years.
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๋ช‡๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „์˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:53
We used to do it just with ice cores,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ ์–ผ์Œ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋งŒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
16:55
but in this case, we're going back 20 million years.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—” 2000๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:58
And we take samples of the sediment,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜์˜€๊ณ 
17:00
and it tells us the CO2 level of the ocean,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ ์–‘์„ ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
17:03
and therefore the CO2 level of the atmosphere.
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์ด๋Š” ๊ณง ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ ์–‘์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:05
And here's the thing:
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ...
17:07
you have to go back about 15 million years
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ ์–‘๊ณผ
17:09
to find a time when CO2 levels
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์•ฝ 1500๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ ์–‘์ด ๋น„์Šทํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ
17:12
were about what they are today.
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์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:14
You have to go back about 30 million years
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๋˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์•ฝ 3000๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ์–‘์˜
17:16
to find a time when CO2 levels
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๋‘๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ์–‘๊ณผ
17:18
were double what they are today.
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๊ฐ™์€์ง€ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:20
Now, what that means is
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
17:22
that all of the organisms that live in the sea
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค์€
17:24
have evolved in this chemostatted ocean,
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ํ˜„์žฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋†๋„์—์„œ
17:27
with CO2 levels lower than they are today.
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๋ฌผ์งˆ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์กฐ์ ˆ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—์„œ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:30
That's the reason that they're not able to respond or adapt
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
17:33
to this rapid acidification
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๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ํ•ด์–‘ ์‚ฐ์„ฑํ™”์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด
17:36
that's going on right now.
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๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ ์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:38
So, Charlie Veron
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ ๋ก ์€
17:40
came up with this statement last year:
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ฑ๋ช…์„ ์ž‘๋…„์— ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:42
"The prospect of ocean acidification
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"์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด
17:44
may well be the most serious
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๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ
17:46
of all of the predicted outcomes
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์–‘์‚ฐ์„ฑํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ง€๋„
17:48
of anthropogenic CO2 release."
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๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
17:51
And I think that may very well be true,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:54
so I'll close with this.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:56
You know, we do need the protected areas, absolutely,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
17:59
but for the sake of the oceans,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋ผ๋ฉด
18:01
we have to cap or limit CO2 emissions
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ
18:03
as soon as possible.
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์ œํ•œํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:05
Thank you very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:07
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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