How quantum physics can make encryption stronger | Vikram Sharma

64,387 views ・ 2018-04-18

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Young You κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
Recently, we've seen the effects of cyber attacks on the business world.
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졜근 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 사이버 곡격이 λΉ„μ¦ˆλ‹ˆμŠ€ 세계에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯을 λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:17
Data breaches at companies like JP Morgan, Yahoo, Home Depot and Target
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JP λͺ¨κ±΄, μ•Όν›„, ν™ˆλ””ν¬, νƒ€κ²Ÿ λ“±μ˜ κΈ°μ—…μ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν–ˆλ˜ 데이터 μœ μΆœμ€
00:22
have caused losses of hundreds of millions
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수백만 λ‹¬λŸ¬μ˜ 손싀을 λƒˆκ³ 
00:25
and in some cases, billions of dollars.
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일뢀 μ‚¬λ‘€μ˜ 경우, μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬μ˜ 손싀이 λ°œμƒν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:28
It wouldn't take many large attacks to ravage the world economy.
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세계 경제λ₯Ό ν™©νν™”μ‹œν‚€λŠ” λ°μ—λŠ” λ§Žμ€ 곡격이 ν•„μš”ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:33
And the public sector has not been immune, either.
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그리고 κ΅­κ°€ 곡곡 λΆ€λ¬Έ λ˜ν•œ μ˜ˆμ™ΈλŠ” μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:36
In 2012 to 2014,
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2012λ…„μ—μ„œ 2014λ…„ 사이
00:40
there was a significant data breach at the US Office of Personnel Management.
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λ―Έκ΅­ 인사 κ΄€λ¦¬μ²­μ˜ μ€‘λŒ€ν•œ 데이터 유좜 사건이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:45
Security clearance and fingerprint data was compromised,
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λ³΄μ•ˆ ν—ˆκ°€ 및 지문 데이터가 μ†μ‹€λ˜μ–΄
00:48
affecting 22 million employees.
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2,200만 λͺ…μ˜ μ§μ›λ“€μ—κ²Œ 영ν–₯을 μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
And you may have heard of the attempt by state-sponsored hackers
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λ˜ν•œ, μ •λΆ€κ°€ μ§€μ›ν•˜λŠ” 해컀듀이 μ—¬λŸ¬ λ‚˜λΌμ˜ μ„ κ±° 결과에 영ν–₯을 μ£ΌκΈ° μœ„ν•΄
00:57
to use stolen data to influence election outcomes in a number of countries.
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λ„λ‚œλœ 데이터λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것도 ν•œ 번쯀 듀어보셨을 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
Two recent examples are the compromise of a large amount of data
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μ΅œκ·Όμ—λ„ 두 μ°¨λ‘€μ˜ λŒ€κ·œλͺ¨ 데이터 손싀 사둀가 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
from the Bundestag, the national Parliament of Germany,
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독일 ꡭ회 μ˜μ‚¬λ‹Ή ν•˜μ›μ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•œ 데이터 유좜 사건과
01:10
and the theft of emails from the US Democratic National Committee.
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λ―Έκ΅­ λ―Όμ£Όλ‹Ή μ „κ΅­ μœ„μ›νšŒμ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•œ 이메일 λ„μš© μ‚¬κ±΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:16
The cyber threat is now affecting our democratic processes.
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사이버 μœ„ν˜‘μ€ 이제 우리의 민주적인 삢에도 영ν–₯을 미치고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
And it's likely to get worse.
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그리고 그것은 λ”μš± 심각해 질 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:24
As computer technology is becoming more powerful,
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컴퓨터 기술이 점점 κ°•λ ₯해짐에 따라
01:27
the systems we use to protect our data are becoming more vulnerable.
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우리의 데이터λ₯Ό λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜λŠ” μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ€ 점점 취약해지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:33
Adding to the concern is a new type of computing technology,
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λ”μš± μ—Όλ €λ˜λŠ” 점은, μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μœ ν˜•μ˜ 계산 기술인
01:36
called quantum computing,
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μ–‘μž μ—­ν•™ μ»΄ν“¨νŒ…μ΄λΌ λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” κΈ°μˆ μ€
01:38
which leverages microscopic properties of nature
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μžμ—°μ˜ λ―Έμ„Έν•œ νŠΉμ„±μ„ ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬
01:41
to deliver unimaginable increases in computational power.
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상상할 수 없을 μ •λ„μ˜ μ—°μ‚° λŠ₯λ ₯ ν–₯상을 κ°€μ Έμ˜¨λ‹€λŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:46
It's so powerful that it will crack many of the encryption systems
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이것은 μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ˜ λ§Žμ€ μ•”ν˜Έν™” μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ 무λ ₯ν™”ν•  μ •λ„λ‘œ κ°•λ ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:50
that we use today.
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01:52
So is the situation hopeless?
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그럼 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 상황이 μ ˆλ§μ μΌκΉŒμš”?
01:55
Should we start packing our digital survival gear
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 디지털 생쑴 μž₯λΉ„λ₯Ό κΎΈλ €
01:58
and prepare for an upcoming data apocalypse?
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λ‹€κ°€μ˜€λŠ” 데이터 쒅말을 λŒ€λΉ„ν•΄μ•Ό ν• κΉŒμš”?
02:02
I would say, not yet.
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μ €λŠ” 아직은 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌκ³  λ§ν•˜κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
Quantum computing is still in the labs,
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μ–‘μž μ—­ν•™ μ»΄ν“¨νŒ…μ€ 아직 연ꡬ 쀑이고
02:06
and it will take a few years until it's put to practical applications.
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μ‹€μš©ν™”λ˜κΈ°κΉŒμ§€λŠ” μˆ˜λ…„μ΄ 걸릴 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:10
More important,
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더 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 사싀은
02:11
there have been major breakthroughs in the field of encryption.
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μ•”ν˜Έν™” λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œλŠ” 더 μ€‘λŒ€ν•œ λ°œμ „μ΄ μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:15
For me, this is a particularly exciting time
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μ €μ—κ²Œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 일듀은 λ³΄μ•ˆ ν†΅μ‹ μ˜ μ—­μ‚¬μ—μ„œ
02:18
in the history of secure communications.
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νŠΉλ³„νžˆ ν₯미둜운 μ‹œκ°„μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
About 15 years ago,
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μ•½ 15λ…„ μ „
02:23
when I learned of our new-found ability
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ν˜„μ‹€μ—μ„œλŠ” μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”
02:25
to create quantum effects that don't exist in nature,
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μ–‘μž 효과λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚΄λŠ” 우리의 μ‹ κΈ°μˆ μ„ λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ
02:29
I was excited.
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μ €λŠ” 맀우 ν₯λΆ„λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
The idea of applying the fundamental laws of physics
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λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μ˜ κΈ°λ³Έ 법칙을 μ μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ•”ν˜Έν™”λ₯Ό λ”μš± κ°•λ ₯히 λ§Œλ“œλŠ”
02:34
to make encryption stronger
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄λŠ” 정말 ν₯λ―Έλ‘œμ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:35
really intrigued me.
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02:38
Today, a select groups of companies and labs around the world, including mine,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ , 저희λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•œ μ—„μ„ λœ λͺ‡λͺ‡ κΈ°μ—…κ³Ό μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œλ“€μ΄
02:44
are maturing this technology for practical applications.
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μ‹€μš©ν™”λ₯Ό μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ 이 κΈ°μˆ μ„ λ°œμ „μ‹œν‚€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
That's right.
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κ·Έλ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:49
We are now preparing to fight quantum with quantum.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ§€κΈˆ μ–‘μžλ₯Ό 가지고 μ–‘μžμ™€ μ‹ΈμšΈ μ€€λΉ„λ₯Ό ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:53
So how does this all work?
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이런 일이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ°€λŠ₯ν• κΉŒμš”?
02:55
Well, first, let's take a quick tour of the world of encryption.
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λ¨Όμ €, μ•”ν˜Έν™”μ˜ 세계에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ κ°„λ‹¨νžˆ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:59
For that, you'll need a briefcase,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ„œλ₯˜ κ°€λ°© ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆλ‹€κ³  κ°€μ •ν•©μ‹œλ‹€.
03:01
some important documents that you want to send your friend, James Bond,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ 친ꡬ인 μ œμž„μŠ€ λ³Έλ“œμ—κ²Œ μ „λ‹¬ν•˜κ³  싢은 μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ„œλ₯˜λ“€μ„ λ„£κ³ 
03:05
and a lock to keep it all safe.
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μ•ˆμ „ν•˜κ²Œ λ³΄κ΄€ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 가방을 μž κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:08
Because the documents are top secret, we're going to use an advanced briefcase.
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이 λ¬Έμ„œλ“€μ€ 1κΈ‰ κΈ°λ°€λ¬Έμ„œμ΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 첨단 μ„œλ₯˜ 가방을 μ‚¬μš©ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
It has a special combination lock
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이 가방은 특수 μ•”ν˜Έν‚€ 잠금μž₯치λ₯Ό 가지고 있고
03:15
which, when closed,
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가방이 잠길 λ•Œ
03:16
converts all the text in the documents to random numbers.
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λ¬Έμ„œμ— μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  κΈ€μžλ“€μ€ λ¬΄μž‘μœ„ μˆ«μžλ“€λ‘œ λ³€ν™˜λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:20
So you put your documents inside, close the lock --
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μ •λ¦¬ν•˜μžλ©΄, μ„œλ₯˜λ₯Ό 가방에 λ„£κ³ , 가방을 잠근 ν›„
03:24
at which point in time the documents get converted to random numbers --
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이 μ‹œμ μ—μ„œ λ¬Έμ„œλ“€μ˜ λ‚΄μš©μ€ λ¬΄μž‘μœ„ μˆ«μžλ“€λ‘œ λ³€κ²½λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
03:27
and you send the briefcase to James.
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그리고 당신은 μ„œλ₯˜ 가방을 μ œμž„μŠ€ λ³Έλ“œμ—κ²Œ λ³΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:30
While it's on its way, you call him to give him the code.
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가방이 μ „λ‹¬λ˜λŠ” λ™μ•ˆ, κ·Έμ—κ²Œ μ „ν™”λ‘œ κ°€λ°©μ˜ μ•”ν˜Έν‚€λ₯Ό μ•Œλ €μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
When he gets the briefcase, he enters the code,
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κ·Έκ°€ μ„œλ₯˜ 가방을 λ°›μ•„ μ•”ν˜Έν‚€λ₯Ό μž…λ ₯ν•˜κ³ 
03:37
the documents get unscrambled, and voilΓ ,
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λ¬Έμ„œκ°€ λ‹€μ‹œ ν•΄λ…λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
μ§œμž”!
03:40
you've just sent an encoded message to James Bond.
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μ„±κ³΅μ μœΌλ‘œ μ•”ν˜Έν™”λœ λ©”μ‹œμ§€κ°€ μ œμž„μŠ€ λ³Έλ“œμ—κ²Œ μ „λ‹¬λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
03:45
A fun example, but it does illustrate three things important for encryption.
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μž¬λ―ΈμžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λ‘€μ§€λ§Œ, 이것은 μ•”ν˜Έν™”μ˜ μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ„Έ 가지λ₯Ό 보여주고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:50
The code -- we call this an encryption key.
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μ½”λ“œ(Code) - μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이것을 μ•”ν˜Έν‚€λΌκ³  λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:53
You can think of it as a password.
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λΉ„λ°€λ²ˆν˜Έμ™€ λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
The call to James to give him the code for the combination lock.
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호좜(Call) - μ œμž„μŠ€μ—κ²Œ μ „ν™”λ₯Ό κ±Έμ–΄ μ„œλ₯˜ κ°€λ°©μ˜ μ•”ν˜Έν‚€λ₯Ό μ•Œλ €μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
We call this key exchange.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이것을 ν‚€ κ΅ν™˜μ΄λΌκ³  λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:03
This is how you ensure
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이것은 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ•ˆμ „ν•˜κ²Œ
04:04
you get the encryption key securely to the right place.
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μ•”ν˜Έν‚€λ₯Ό μ˜¬λ°”λ₯Έ μœ„μΉ˜λ‘œ 가지고 μ˜€λŠ” 방법을 μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:09
And the lock, which encodes and decodes the document.
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잠금(Lock) - 이것은 λ¬Έμ„œλ₯Ό μ•”ν˜Έν™”ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ λ³΅ν˜Έν™”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:12
We call this an encryption algorithm.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이것을 μ•”ν˜Έν™” μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ΄λΌκ³  λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:15
Using the key, it encodes the text in the documents
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μ•”ν˜Έν‚€λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬, λ¬Έμ„œλ“€μ˜ λ‚΄μš©λ“€μ„ μ•”ν˜Έν™”ν•˜μ—¬
04:20
to random numbers.
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λ¬΄μž‘μœ„ 숫자둜 λ³€κ²½ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:21
A good algorithm will encode in such a way
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쒋은 μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ€ 이런 λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ μ•”ν˜Έν™”λ₯Ό ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
04:24
that without the key it's very difficult to unscramble.
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μ•”ν˜Έν‚€λ₯Ό λͺ¨λ₯΄λ©΄ ν•΄λ…ν•˜κΈ°κ°€ 맀우 μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:29
What makes encryption so important
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μ•”ν˜Έν™”κ°€ μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ΄μœ λŠ”
04:31
is that if someone were to capture the briefcase and cut it open
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λ§Œμ•½ μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ„œλ₯˜ 가방을 κ°€λ‘œμ±„ 그것을 κ°•μ œλ‘œ μ—°λ‹€κ³  ν•˜λ”λΌλ„
04:35
without the encryption key and the encryption algorithm,
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μ•”ν˜Έν‚€λ‚˜ μ•”ν˜Έν™” μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ΄ μ—†μ΄λŠ”
04:38
they wouldn't be able to read the documents.
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그듀은 λ¬Έμ„œλ₯Ό 읽지 λͺ»ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:41
They would look like nothing more than a bunch of random numbers.
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였직 λ¬΄μˆ˜ν•œ λ¬΄μž‘μœ„ μˆ«μžλ“€λ‘œ 된 의미 μ—†λŠ” λ¬Έμ„œλ§Œ 보게 될 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:46
Most security systems rely on a secure method for key exchange
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ λ³΄μ•ˆ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ€ μƒν˜Έ 톡신을 μœ„ν•œ μ•”ν˜Έν‚€λ₯Ό
04:51
to communicate the encryption key to the right place.
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μ˜¬λ°”λ₯Έ μœ„μΉ˜μ— μ „λ‹¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ λ³΄μ•ˆμ΄ 적용된 방법을 μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:56
However, rapid increases in computational power
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ—°μ‚° λŠ₯λ ₯의 κΈ‰κ²©ν•œ λ°œμ „μ€
04:59
are putting at risk a number of the key exchange methods we have today.
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” ν‚€ κ΅ν™˜ 방식에 μœ„ν˜‘μ„ μ£Όκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:04
Consider one of the very widely used systems today -- RSA.
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  널리 μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ” μ•”ν˜Έν™” μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μΈ RSAλ₯Ό 생각해 λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
05:09
When it was invented, in 1977,
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이것이 발λͺ…λœ 1977λ…„μ—λŠ”
05:13
it was estimated that it would take 40 quadrillion years
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426 λΉ„νŠΈμΈ RSA μ•”ν˜Έν‚€λ₯Ό ν•΄λ…ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
05:17
to break a 426-bit RSA key.
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4κ²½ λ…„μ˜ μ‹œκ°„μ΄ 걸릴 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μΆ”μ •ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:22
In 1994, just 17 years later,
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1994λ…„, κ·Έλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 단지 17λ…„ ν›„
05:26
the code was broken.
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이 RSA μ•”ν˜Έν‚€λŠ” ν•΄λ…λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:29
As computers have become more and more powerful,
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컴퓨터듀이 λ”λ”μš± κ°•λ ₯ν•΄ 짐에 따라
05:31
we've had to use larger and larger codes.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 더 κΈΈκ³  더 κΈ΄ μ•”ν˜Έν‚€λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:35
Today we routinely use 2048 or 4096 bits.
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ , μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 보톡 2048 λ˜λŠ” 4096 λΉ„νŠΈμ˜ μ•”ν˜Έν‚€λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:41
As you can see, code makers and breakers are engaged in an ongoing battle
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λ³΄μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό, μ½”λ“œ μ œμž‘μžμ™€ ν•΄λ…μžλ“€μ€ μ„œλ‘œλ³΄λ‹€ μ•žμ„œκΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬
05:46
to outwit each other.
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μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‹Έμš°κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:50
And when quantum computers arrive in the next 10 to 15 years,
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그리고 μ–‘μž 컴퓨터가 μ™„μ„±λ˜λŠ” 10λ…„ 내지 15λ…„ μ΄ν›„μ—λŠ”
05:54
they will even more rapidly crack the complex mathematics
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ν•΄λ…μžλ“€μ€ μ΅œμ‹  μ•”ν˜Έν™” μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ˜ 근간을 이루고 μžˆλŠ”
05:58
that underlies many of our encryption systems today.
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맀우 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 곡식듀을 더 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ 해독해 λ‚Ό κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:03
Indeed, the quantum computer is likely to turn our present security castle
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ–‘μž μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λŠ” μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μŒ“μ•„μ˜¨ λ³΄μ•ˆμ΄λΌλŠ” 성을
06:08
into a mere house of cards.
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μΉ΄λ“œ κ·Έλ¦Ό μ†μ˜ μ΄ˆλΌν•œ μ§‘μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ 버릴 κ°€λŠ₯성이 λ†’μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:12
We have to find a way to defend our castle.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 우리의 성을 지킬 방법을 μ°Ύμ•„μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:17
There's been a growing body of research in recent years
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졜근 λͺ‡ λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ μ•”ν˜Έν™”λ₯Ό λ”μš± κ°•λ ₯ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬
06:20
looking at using quantum effects to make encryption stronger.
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μ–‘μž 효과λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 것에 λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬ가 μ¦κ°€ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:23
And there have been some exciting breakthroughs.
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그리고, λͺ‡ 가지 ν₯미둜운 λŒνŒŒκ΅¬κ°€ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:27
Remember those three things important for encryption --
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μ•”ν˜Έν™”μ˜ μ„Έ 가지 μ€‘μš”ν•œ μš”μ†Œμ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ‹­λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
06:30
high-quality keys, secure key exchange and a strong algorithm?
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높은 μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ μ•”ν˜Έν‚€, μ•ˆμ „ν•œ μ•”ν˜Έν‚€ κ΅ν™˜, 그리고 κ°•λ ₯ν•œ μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:35
Well, advances in science and engineering
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κ³Όν•™κ³Ό κ³΅ν•™μ˜ λ°œμ „μ€, 이 μ„Έ 가지 μš”μ†Œ 쀑
06:38
are putting two of those three elements at risk.
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두 가지 μš”μ†Œμ— λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ μœ„ν˜‘μ„ μ£Όκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:42
First of all, those keys.
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λ¨Όμ €, μ•”ν˜Έν‚€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:45
Random numbers are the foundational building blocks of encryption keys.
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λ¬΄μž‘μœ„ λ‚œμˆ˜λŠ” μ•”ν˜Έν‚€μ˜ κΈ°λ³Έ ꡬ성 μš”μ†Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:49
But today, they're not truly random.
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  이것은 μ§„μ •ν•œ λ¬΄μž‘μœ„κ°€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:52
Currently, we construct encryption keys
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ν˜„μž¬, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄μ—μ„œ λ°œμƒμ‹œν‚¨
06:55
from sequences of random numbers generated from software,
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연속적인 λ¬΄μž‘μœ„ λ‚œμˆ˜λ“€μ„ 가지고 μ•”ν˜Έν‚€λ₯Ό κ΅¬μ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:59
so-called pseudo-random numbers.
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이λ₯Ό μ˜μ‚¬ λ‚œμˆ˜λΌκ³  λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:02
Numbers generated by a program or a mathematical recipe
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ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ΄λ‚˜ μˆ˜ν•™μ  λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ μƒμ„±λœ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ‚œμˆ˜λŠ”
07:06
will have some, perhaps subtle, pattern to them.
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특유의, μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ λ―Έλ¬˜ν•œ νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ κ°–κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:10
The less random the numbers are,
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μˆ«μžκ°€ 덜 λ¬΄μž‘μœ„ν• μˆ˜λ‘
07:12
or in scientific terms, the less entropy they contain,
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ν˜Ήμ€ 과학적 μš©μ–΄λ‘œ, 숫자의 μ—”νŠΈλ‘œν”Όκ°€ μ μ„μˆ˜λ‘
07:15
the easier they are to predict.
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μ•”ν˜Έν‚€λŠ” μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•˜κΈ° μ‰¬μ›Œμ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:18
Recently, several casinos have been victims of a creative attack.
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졜근, λͺ‡λͺ‡ 카지노듀은 ν•œ 창의적인 곡격의 ν”Όν•΄λ₯Ό μž…μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:22
The output of slot machines was recorded over a period of time
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μŠ¬λ‘―λ¨Έμ‹ μ˜ 기둝을 일정 κΈ°κ°„ λ™μ•ˆ λ…Ήν™”ν•œ ν›„
07:27
and then analyzed.
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그것을 λΆ„μ„ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:28
This allowed the cyber criminals
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이λ₯Ό 톡해 사이버 λ²”μ£„μžλ“€μ€
07:30
to reverse engineer the pseudo-random number generator
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μŠ¬λ‘―λ¨Έμ‹  뒀에 감좔어진 μ˜μ‚¬ λ‚œμˆ˜ λ°œμƒκΈ°μ˜ 섀계λ₯Ό
07:34
behind the spinning wheels.
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역곡학 ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:36
And allowed them, with high accuracy, to predict the spins of the wheels,
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그리고 이것은 높은 μ •ν™•λ„λ‘œ μŠ¬λ‘―λ¨Έμ‹ μ˜ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό 예츑 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆκ³ 
07:42
enabling them to make big financial gains.
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κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ 큰 κΈˆμ „μ μΈ 이득을 κ°€μ Έλ‹€μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:47
Similar risks apply to encryption keys.
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μ•”ν˜Έν‚€λ„ λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 문제λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:50
So having a true random number generator is essential for secure encryption.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ μ§„μ •ν•œ λ‚œμˆ˜ λ°œμƒκΈ°λ₯Ό λ³΄μœ ν•˜λŠ” 것은 μ•”ν˜Έν™”μ— ν•„μˆ˜μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:57
For years, researchers have been looking at building true random number generators.
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μˆ˜λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ, λ§Žμ€ μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ μ§„μ •ν•œ λ‚œμˆ˜ λ°œμƒκΈ° μ œμž‘μ„ 연ꡬ해 μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:03
But most designs to date are either not random enough,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ ν˜„μž¬κΉŒμ§€μ˜ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 섀계듀은 μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ λ¬΄μž‘μœ„ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ±°λ‚˜
08:06
fast enough or aren't easily repeatable.
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λΉ λ₯΄μ§€ μ•Šκ±°λ‚˜, λ°˜λ³΅ν•˜κΈ° 쉽지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:10
But the quantum world is truly random.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ–‘μž μ„Έκ³„λŠ” μ§„μ •ν•œ λ¬΄μž‘μœ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:13
So it makes sense to take advantage of this intrinsic randomness.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ μ–‘μž 고유의 λ¬΄μž‘μœ„μ„±μ΄λΌλŠ” 이점을 λ‚œμˆ˜μ— μ΄μš©ν•˜λŠ” 것은 ν•©λ¦¬μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:20
Devices that can measure quantum effects
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μ–‘μž 효과λ₯Ό μΈ‘μ •ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μž₯λΉ„λŠ”
08:22
can produce an endless stream of random numbers at high speed.
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λ¬΄μž‘μœ„ λ‚œμˆ˜λ₯Ό λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ λΉ λ₯Έ μ†λ„λ‘œ 생성할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:26
Foiling all those would-be casino criminals.
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λͺ¨λ“  카지노 범죄듀을 μ’Œμ ˆμ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:30
A select group of universities and companies around the world
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μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ μ—„μ„ λœ λŒ€ν•™ 및 νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ€
08:34
are focused on building true random number generators.
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μ§„μ •ν•œ λ‚œμˆ˜ 생성기λ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ λ…Έλ ₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:37
At my company, our quantum random number generator
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우리 νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ μ–‘μž λ‚œμˆ˜ λ°œμƒκΈ°λŠ”
08:41
started life on a two meter by one meter optic table.
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κ°€λ‘œ 2m, μ„Έλ‘œ 1m 크기만 ν•œ κ΄‘ν•™ ν…Œμ΄λΈ”λ‘œ μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:46
We were then able to reduce it to a server-size box.
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그리고 μ’€ 더 μ§€λ‚˜μ„œ 일반 μ„œλ²„ 크기둜 쀄일 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:50
Today, it's miniaturized into a PCI card that plugs into a standard computer.
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ—λŠ” λ”μš± μ†Œν˜•ν™”λ˜μ–΄ 일반 μ»΄ν“¨ν„°μ˜ PCI μΉ΄λ“œλ‘œ μ—°κ²°λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:59
This is the world's fastest true random number generator.
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이것이 μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ λΉ λ₯Έ μ§„μ •ν•œ λ‚œμˆ˜ λ°œμƒκΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:04
It measures quantum effects to produce a billion random numbers per second.
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λ‚œμˆ˜λ₯Ό λ°œμƒν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μ–‘μž 효과λ₯Ό μ΄ˆλ‹Ή 10μ–΅ 회 μΈ‘μ •ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:09
And it's in use today to improve security
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이것은 μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ ν΄λΌμš°λ“œ κ³΅κΈ‰μžλ“€,
09:13
at cloud providers, banks and government agencies
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은행, μ •λΆ€ κΈ°κ΄€ λ“±μ§€μ—μ„œ λ³΄μ•ˆμ„ ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚€λŠ” 데 μ‚¬μš©λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:16
around the world.
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09:18
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
09:27
But even with a true random number generator,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ§„μ •ν•œ λ‚œμˆ˜ λ°œμƒκΈ°λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜λ”λΌλ„
09:29
we've still got the second big cyber threat:
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두 번째의 큰 μœ„ν˜‘ μš”μ†ŒλŠ” 아직도 남아 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:32
the problem of secure key exchange.
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μ•”ν˜Έν‚€ κ΅ν™˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ λ¬Έμ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:36
Current key exchange techniques will not stand up to a quantum computer.
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ν˜„μž¬μ˜ μ•”ν˜Έν‚€ κ΅ν™˜ κΈ°μˆ μ€ μ–‘μž 컴퓨터λ₯Ό κ²¬λŽŒλ‚΄μ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:41
The quantum solution to this problem
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이 λ¬Έμ œμ— λŒ€ν•œ μ–‘μž 해결책은
09:43
is called quantum key distribution or QKD,
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μ–‘μž ν‚€ λΆ„λ°°(Quantum key distribution) ν˜Ήμ€ QKD 라고 ν•˜λ©°
09:47
which leverages a fundamental, counterintuitive characteristic
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μ–‘μž μ—­ν•™μ˜ 근본적인 νŠΉμ„±μΈ
반 직관적인 μ„±μ§ˆμ„ μ΄μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:52
of quantum mechanics.
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09:54
The very act of looking at a quantum particle changes it.
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μ–‘μž μž…μžλ₯Ό κ΄€μ°°ν•˜λŠ” λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έ ν–‰μœ„κ°€ μ–‘μžλ₯Ό λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚¨λ‹€λŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:00
Let me give you an example of how this works.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:02
Consider again exchanging the code for the lock with James Bond.
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μ œμž„μŠ€ λ³Έλ“œμ—κ²Œ μ„œλ₯˜ κ°€λ°© μ•”ν˜Έν‚€λ₯Ό μ „λ‹¬ν–ˆλ˜ 과정을 λ‹€μ‹œ λ– μ˜¬λ € λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
10:07
Except this time, instead of a call to give James the code,
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μ΄λ²ˆμ—λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ·Έμ—κ²Œ μ „ν™”λ₯Ό κ±Έμ–΄ μ•”ν˜Έν‚€λ₯Ό μ•Œλ €μ£ΌλŠ” λŒ€μ‹ μ—
10:12
we're going to use quantum effects on a laser to carry the code
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μ–‘μž 효과λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ ˆμ΄μ €μ— μ•”ν˜Έν‚€λ₯Ό μ‹£κ³ 
10:16
and send it over standard optic fiber to James.
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ν‘œμ€€ κ΄‘μ„¬μœ λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ 이λ₯Ό 보낼 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:20
We assume that Dr. No is trying to hack the exchange.
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그리고 μ•„λ‹ˆμ˜€ 박사가 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ΅ν™˜ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ 해킹을 μ‹œλ„ν•œλ‹€κ³  κ°€μ •ν•΄ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
10:26
Luckily, Dr. No's attempt to intercept the quantum keys while in transit
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λ‹€ν–‰νžˆλ„, μ•„λ‹ˆμ˜€ 박사가 μ–‘μž μ•”ν˜Έν‚€λ₯Ό 전솑 쀑간에 κ°€λ‘œμ±„λ €κ³  μ‹œλ„ν•˜λ©΄
10:31
will leave fingerprints that James and you can detect.
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μ œμž„μŠ€ λ³Έλ“œμ™€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ κ·Έ 사싀을 μ•Œμ•„μ°¨λ¦΄ 수 μžˆλŠ” 지문이 λ‚¨κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:36
This allows those intercepted keys to be discarded.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 되면 쀑간에 κ°€λ‘œμ±„μ§„ μ•”ν˜Έν‚€λ₯Ό νŒŒμ•…ν•˜μ—¬ 버릴 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:40
The keys which are then retained
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그리고 μœ μ§€λœ μ•”ν˜Έν‚€λ“€μ€
10:41
can be used to provide very strong data protection.
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맀우 κ°•λ ₯ν•œ 데이터 λ³΄ν˜Έμ— μ‚¬μš©λ  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:45
And because the security is based on the fundamental laws of physics,
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이 λ³΄μ•ˆ 방법은 λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μ˜ κΈ°λ³Έ 법칙을 기반으둜 ν•˜λ―€λ‘œ
10:50
a quantum computer, or indeed any future supercomputer
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μ–‘μž μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λ‚˜ 미래의 μ–΄λ– ν•œ μŠˆνΌμ»΄ν“¨ν„°λ„
이λ₯Ό 깨트릴 수 없을 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:54
will not be able to break it.
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10:56
My team and I are collaborating with leading universities
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저와 저희 νŒ€μ›λ“€μ€
이 ν₯미둜운 κΈ°μˆ μ„ μ°¨μ„ΈλŒ€ λ³΄μ•ˆ μ œν’ˆμœΌλ‘œ λ°œμ „μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬
10:59
and the defense sector
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11:01
to mature this exciting technology
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11:03
into the next generation of security products.
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μ£Όμš” λŒ€ν•™ 및 κ΅­λ°© κΈ°κ΄€λ“€κ³Ό ν˜‘λ ₯ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:07
The internet of things is heralding a hyperconnected era
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사물인터넷(IoT)은 2020λ…„κΉŒμ§€ μ•½ 250~300μ–΅ 개의 μž₯μΉ˜κ°€
11:13
with 25 to 30 billion connected devices forecast by 2020.
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μƒν˜Έ κ΄‘λ²”μœ„ν•œ 연결을 ν•˜λŠ” μ‹œλŒ€κ°€ 될 κ²ƒμž„μ„ μ˜ˆκ³ ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:20
For the correct functioning of our society in an IoT world,
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사물인터넷 세계 μ•ˆμ—μ„œ μ‚¬νšŒ κΈ°λŠ₯이 μ˜¬λ°”λ₯΄κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
11:25
trust in the systems that support these connected devices is vital.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μž₯치 κ°„ 연결을 μ§€μ›ν•˜λŠ” μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ˜ 신뒰성은 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:31
We're betting that quantum technologies will be essential in providing this trust,
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μ €ν¬λŠ” μ–‘μž 기술이 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‹ λ’°λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•˜λŠ”λ° ν•„μˆ˜μ μ΄κ³ 
11:36
enabling us to fully benefit from the amazing innovations
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우리의 삢을 ν’μš”λ‘­κ²Œ ν•  λ†€λΌμš΄ 미래 ν˜μ‹  κΈ°μˆ λ‘œλΆ€ν„°
11:41
that are going to so enrich our lives.
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졜고의 이읡을 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 가져닀쀄 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ ν™•μ‹ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:46
Thank you.
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11:47
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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