How quantum physics can make encryption stronger | Vikram Sharma

64,086 views ・ 2018-04-18

TED


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Recently, we've seen the effects of cyber attacks on the business world.
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Data breaches at companies like JP Morgan, Yahoo, Home Depot and Target
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have caused losses of hundreds of millions
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and in some cases, billions of dollars.
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It wouldn't take many large attacks to ravage the world economy.
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And the public sector has not been immune, either.
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In 2012 to 2014,
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there was a significant data breach at the US Office of Personnel Management.
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Security clearance and fingerprint data was compromised,
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affecting 22 million employees.
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And you may have heard of the attempt by state-sponsored hackers
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to use stolen data to influence election outcomes in a number of countries.
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Two recent examples are the compromise of a large amount of data
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from the Bundestag, the national Parliament of Germany,
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and the theft of emails from the US Democratic National Committee.
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The cyber threat is now affecting our democratic processes.
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And it's likely to get worse.
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As computer technology is becoming more powerful,
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the systems we use to protect our data are becoming more vulnerable.
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Adding to the concern is a new type of computing technology,
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called quantum computing,
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which leverages microscopic properties of nature
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to deliver unimaginable increases in computational power.
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It's so powerful that it will crack many of the encryption systems
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that we use today.
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So is the situation hopeless?
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Should we start packing our digital survival gear
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and prepare for an upcoming data apocalypse?
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I would say, not yet.
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Quantum computing is still in the labs,
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and it will take a few years until it's put to practical applications.
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More important,
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there have been major breakthroughs in the field of encryption.
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For me, this is a particularly exciting time
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in the history of secure communications.
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About 15 years ago,
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when I learned of our new-found ability
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to create quantum effects that don't exist in nature,
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I was excited.
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The idea of applying the fundamental laws of physics
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to make encryption stronger
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really intrigued me.
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Today, a select groups of companies and labs around the world, including mine,
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are maturing this technology for practical applications.
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That's right.
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We are now preparing to fight quantum with quantum.
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So how does this all work?
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Well, first, let's take a quick tour of the world of encryption.
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For that, you'll need a briefcase,
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some important documents that you want to send your friend, James Bond,
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and a lock to keep it all safe.
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Because the documents are top secret, we're going to use an advanced briefcase.
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It has a special combination lock
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which, when closed,
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converts all the text in the documents to random numbers.
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So you put your documents inside, close the lock --
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at which point in time the documents get converted to random numbers --
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and you send the briefcase to James.
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While it's on its way, you call him to give him the code.
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When he gets the briefcase, he enters the code,
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the documents get unscrambled, and voilà,
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you've just sent an encoded message to James Bond.
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(Laughter)
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A fun example, but it does illustrate three things important for encryption.
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The code -- we call this an encryption key.
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You can think of it as a password.
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The call to James to give him the code for the combination lock.
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We call this key exchange.
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This is how you ensure
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you get the encryption key securely to the right place.
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And the lock, which encodes and decodes the document.
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We call this an encryption algorithm.
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Using the key, it encodes the text in the documents
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to random numbers.
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A good algorithm will encode in such a way
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that without the key it's very difficult to unscramble.
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What makes encryption so important
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is that if someone were to capture the briefcase and cut it open
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without the encryption key and the encryption algorithm,
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they wouldn't be able to read the documents.
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They would look like nothing more than a bunch of random numbers.
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Most security systems rely on a secure method for key exchange
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to communicate the encryption key to the right place.
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However, rapid increases in computational power
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are putting at risk a number of the key exchange methods we have today.
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Consider one of the very widely used systems today -- RSA.
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When it was invented, in 1977,
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it was estimated that it would take 40 quadrillion years
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to break a 426-bit RSA key.
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In 1994, just 17 years later,
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the code was broken.
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As computers have become more and more powerful,
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we've had to use larger and larger codes.
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Today we routinely use 2048 or 4096 bits.
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As you can see, code makers and breakers are engaged in an ongoing battle
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to outwit each other.
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And when quantum computers arrive in the next 10 to 15 years,
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they will even more rapidly crack the complex mathematics
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that underlies many of our encryption systems today.
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Indeed, the quantum computer is likely to turn our present security castle
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into a mere house of cards.
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We have to find a way to defend our castle.
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There's been a growing body of research in recent years
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looking at using quantum effects to make encryption stronger.
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And there have been some exciting breakthroughs.
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Remember those three things important for encryption --
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high-quality keys, secure key exchange and a strong algorithm?
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Well, advances in science and engineering
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are putting two of those three elements at risk.
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First of all, those keys.
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Random numbers are the foundational building blocks of encryption keys.
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But today, they're not truly random.
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Currently, we construct encryption keys
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from sequences of random numbers generated from software,
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so-called pseudo-random numbers.
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Numbers generated by a program or a mathematical recipe
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will have some, perhaps subtle, pattern to them.
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The less random the numbers are,
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or in scientific terms, the less entropy they contain,
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the easier they are to predict.
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Recently, several casinos have been victims of a creative attack.
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The output of slot machines was recorded over a period of time
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and then analyzed.
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This allowed the cyber criminals
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to reverse engineer the pseudo-random number generator
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behind the spinning wheels.
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And allowed them, with high accuracy, to predict the spins of the wheels,
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enabling them to make big financial gains.
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Similar risks apply to encryption keys.
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So having a true random number generator is essential for secure encryption.
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For years, researchers have been looking at building true random number generators.
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But most designs to date are either not random enough,
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fast enough or aren't easily repeatable.
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But the quantum world is truly random.
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So it makes sense to take advantage of this intrinsic randomness.
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Devices that can measure quantum effects
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can produce an endless stream of random numbers at high speed.
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Foiling all those would-be casino criminals.
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A select group of universities and companies around the world
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are focused on building true random number generators.
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At my company, our quantum random number generator
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started life on a two meter by one meter optic table.
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We were then able to reduce it to a server-size box.
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Today, it's miniaturized into a PCI card that plugs into a standard computer.
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This is the world's fastest true random number generator.
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It measures quantum effects to produce a billion random numbers per second.
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And it's in use today to improve security
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at cloud providers, banks and government agencies
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around the world.
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(Applause)
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But even with a true random number generator,
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we've still got the second big cyber threat:
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the problem of secure key exchange.
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Current key exchange techniques will not stand up to a quantum computer.
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The quantum solution to this problem
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is called quantum key distribution or QKD,
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which leverages a fundamental, counterintuitive characteristic
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of quantum mechanics.
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The very act of looking at a quantum particle changes it.
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Let me give you an example of how this works.
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Consider again exchanging the code for the lock with James Bond.
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Except this time, instead of a call to give James the code,
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we're going to use quantum effects on a laser to carry the code
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and send it over standard optic fiber to James.
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We assume that Dr. No is trying to hack the exchange.
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Luckily, Dr. No's attempt to intercept the quantum keys while in transit
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will leave fingerprints that James and you can detect.
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This allows those intercepted keys to be discarded.
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The keys which are then retained
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can be used to provide very strong data protection.
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And because the security is based on the fundamental laws of physics,
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a quantum computer, or indeed any future supercomputer
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will not be able to break it.
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My team and I are collaborating with leading universities
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and the defense sector
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to mature this exciting technology
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into the next generation of security products.
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The internet of things is heralding a hyperconnected era
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with 25 to 30 billion connected devices forecast by 2020.
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For the correct functioning of our society in an IoT world,
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trust in the systems that support these connected devices is vital.
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We're betting that quantum technologies will be essential in providing this trust,
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enabling us to fully benefit from the amazing innovations
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that are going to so enrich our lives.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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