What crows teach us about death | Kaeli Swift

89,146 views ใƒป 2020-11-23

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Woori Suh ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
์˜๋„ํ•˜๋“  ์•Š๋“ , ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งŽ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ์‚ฌํ”ผ์—”์Šค๋กœ์„œ ์ด ๋•…์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
00:12
Whether we want to or not, humans spend a great deal of time
0
12714
3554
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์˜จ ํ–‰๋™์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
considering death.
1
16292
1726
์–ด์จŒ๋“  ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฒซ ์žฅ๋ก€์‹์ด
00:18
And it's possible we've been doing so since shortly after homo sapiens
2
18042
3934
์•ฝ 10๋งŒ ๋…„ ์ „์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
00:22
first began roaming the landscape.
3
22000
2601
์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ƒ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ
00:24
After all, the first intentional human burial
4
24625
2768
์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ ๋•…์„ ํŒŒ๊ณ 
00:27
is thought to have occurred around 100,000 years ago.
5
27417
3791
์‹œ์‹ ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค ๋†“๊ณ 
๊ณต๋“ค์—ฌ ์‹œ์‹ ์„ ๋ฎ์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:32
What might those early people have been thinking
6
32250
2851
์ง์Šน์ด ์‹œ์‹ ์„ ํ›ผ์†ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
00:35
as they took the time to dig into the earth,
7
35125
2934
์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด ํผ์งˆ๊นŒ ๋ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
00:38
deposit the body
8
38083
1268
๊ณ ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กด์ค‘์„ ํ‘œํ•˜๋ ค๋˜ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
00:39
and carefully cover it up again?
9
39375
2476
00:41
Were they trying to protect it from scavengers
10
41875
2684
์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ฃฝ์€ ์‹œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
00:44
or stymie the spread of disease?
11
44583
2893
ํƒ€์ž„๋จธ์‹ ์ด ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ด์ƒ
00:47
Were they trying to honor the deceased?
12
47500
2476
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ƒ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋Š”์ง€ ์˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
Or did they just not want to have to look at a dead body?
13
50000
4059
๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฃฝ์€ ์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒŒ
00:54
Without the advent of a time machine,
14
54083
1810
์ธ๊ฐ„๋งŒ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
we may never know for sure what those early people were thinking,
15
55917
3767
์–ด๋–ค ๋™๋ฌผ, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๊ณผ ๋™๋ฌผ๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
00:59
but one thing we do know is that humans are far from alone
16
59708
3560
์ฆ‰ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€, ๊นŒ์น˜, ์–ด์น˜๋„
01:03
in our attention towards the dead.
17
63292
2642
01:05
Like people, some animals,
18
65958
1643
์ฃฝ์€ ๋™์กฑ์—๊ฒŒ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
including the corvids, the family of birds
19
67625
2601
์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๊ณผ ์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ๋ก€์˜์‹์ด
01:10
that houses the crows, ravens, magpies and jays,
20
70250
3976
์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด, ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์ด ๊ฐ€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์ธ ๋™์ƒ ์•„๋ฒจ์„
01:14
also seem to pay special attention to their dead.
21
74250
3143
01:17
In fact, the rituals of corvids may have acted as the inspiration
22
77417
3267
๋งค์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋„๋ก ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์ฃ .
01:20
for our own.
23
80708
1268
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋„ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ
01:22
After all, it was the raven that God sent down
24
82000
3018
์„ ์กฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„
01:25
to teach Cain how to bury his slain brother Abel.
25
85042
4142
๊ณผํ•™๊ณ„๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—์„œ์•ผ ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
But despite this clear recognition by early people that other animals
26
89208
3726
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ โ€˜๋น„๊ต ์ฃฝ์Œํ•™โ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด ํ•™๋ฌธ์˜ ์ •์‹ ๋ช…์นญ์ด
01:32
attend to their dead,
27
92958
1435
01:34
it's only fairly recently that science has really turned its attention
28
94417
3309
2016๋…„์—์„œ์•ผ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
01:37
towards this phenomenon.
29
97750
1976
์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด ํ•™๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ 
01:39
In fact, a formal name for this field -- comparative thanatology --
30
99750
3893
01:43
wasn't first introduced until 2016.
31
103667
2750
์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์ฑ„๋กœ์šด์ง€ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
In this growing field, we are beginning to appreciate what a rich place
32
107250
4018
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ป—์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ์ง€์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ ์กฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฟ๋Š” ํƒ€์ž„๋จธ์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
the natural world is with respect to how other animals interact with their dead,
33
111292
5059
์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
01:56
and it's in this growing body of knowledge
34
116375
2059
01:58
that that time machine to our early ancestors might be possible.
35
118458
4000
์ผ๋‹จ, ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์ •ํ˜•ํ™”๋œ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”
02:03
So what are we learning in this growing field?
36
123458
3268
02:06
Well, right now we can split our understanding into two main groups.
37
126750
4226
๋™๋ฌผ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์‹คํ—˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
In the first, we have animals that display stereotyped, predictable behaviors
38
131000
4643
์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ณค์ถฉ,
02:15
towards their dead,
39
135667
1309
์ฆ‰ ๋ฒŒ, ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ, ํฐ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:17
and for whom much of what we understand about them
40
137000
2393
์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ ์œ„์ƒ์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
02:19
comes from experimental studies.
41
139417
2517
02:21
This group includes things like the social insects --
42
141958
2726
๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‹œ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด
02:24
bees and ants and termites --
43
144708
2351
์ฒ ์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์žฅ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
and for all of these animals, colony hygiene is of critical importance,
44
147083
4018
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์‹œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ์น˜์šด๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
02:31
and so as a result these animals display rigorous undertaking behaviors
45
151125
4101
๋จน์–ด์น˜์šฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
๋ฌด๋ค์„ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
02:35
in response to corpses.
46
155250
2018
์ง‘๋‹จ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋„ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์œ„์ƒ์  ๋Œ€์‘์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
02:37
For example, they may physically remove carcasses from the colony.
47
157292
3684
์˜ˆ๋กœ ์ฅ๋Š”, ๊ฐ™์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋™์กฑ์ด ์ฃฝ์€ ์ฑ„
02:41
They may consume them.
48
161000
1393
02:42
They may even construct tombs.
49
162417
2267
48์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋ฌป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
We see similar hygiene-driven responses in some colony-living mammals.
50
164708
4643
๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€
๋” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
02:49
Rats, for example, will reliably bury cage-mates
51
169375
2893
02:52
that have been dead for 48 hours.
52
172292
2500
์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ณผํ•™์ž์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฒช์€
02:55
In our other group, we have animals that display more variable,
53
175667
4267
์ผํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
perhaps more charismatic behaviors,
54
179958
2310
์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๋™๋ฌผ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์—
03:02
and for whom much of what we understand about them
55
182292
2476
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋” ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
03:04
comes from anecdotes
56
184792
1601
03:06
by scientists or other observers.
57
186417
2125
์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๊ฐ๋ณ„ํ•จ์ด ๋Œ€์ค‘๋ฌธํ™”๋กœ๋„ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ์ฃ .
03:09
This is the animals whose death behaviors
58
189500
2226
03:11
I suspect might be more familiar to folks.
59
191750
2726
์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ฃฝ์€ ๋™์กฑ์˜ ๋ผˆ์—๋„
03:14
It includes organisms like elephants,
60
194500
2809
๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋‘๋Š” ๊ฑธ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
which are well-known for their attendance to their dead,
61
197333
2685
์˜์žฅ๋ฅ˜ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ์†ํ•˜๊ณ 
๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ–‰๋™ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ
03:20
even in popular culture.
62
200042
1684
03:21
In fact, they're even known to be attracted
63
201750
2059
์‹œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๊พธ๊ณ 
03:23
to the bones of their deceased.
64
203833
2185
03:26
It also includes animals like primates,
65
206042
2351
03:28
which display a wide variety of behaviors around their dead,
66
208417
3017
์ง€ํ‚ค๊ณ , ์ƒˆ๋ผ์˜ ์‹œ์ฒด๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
from grooming them
67
211458
1685
์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋งŽ์€ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋ฐ์š”.
03:33
to prolonged attention towards them,
68
213167
3559
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:36
guarding them,
69
216750
1268
03:38
even the transportation of dead infants.
70
218042
3017
ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ฝฐ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋„ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋‚˜์‹ค ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
ํ“จ์ ฏ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ ์ œ์ดํŒŸ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ”๊ณ ๋ž˜๊ฐ€
03:41
And that's actually a behavior we've seen in a number of animals,
71
221083
3226
2018๋…„ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์— ์ฃฝ์€ ์ƒˆ๋ผ ๋ฒ”๊ณ ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ „๋ก€ ์—†์ด
03:44
like the dolphins for example.
72
224333
2310
03:46
You may remember the story of Tahlequah,
73
226667
2184
17์ผ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋…”๋˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ์š”.
03:48
the orca in the resident J pod in the Puget Sound,
74
228875
3143
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์Šฌํ”„๊ธฐ๋„, ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
03:52
who during the summer of 2018
75
232042
2267
03:54
carried her dead calf
76
234333
1435
03:55
for an unprecedented 17 days.
77
235792
3041
๊ถ๊ธˆํ•œ ๊ฑด ๋งŽ์€๋ฐ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ ์š”.
์™œ ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ฝฐ๋Š” ์ฃฝ์€ ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๊ทธํ† ๋ก ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋…”์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:00
Now, a story like that
78
240000
1309
04:01
is both heartbreaking and fascinating,
79
241333
2810
04:04
but it offers far more questions than it does answers.
80
244167
3517
๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์Šฌํผ์„œ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:07
For example, why did Tahlequah carry her calf
81
247708
2935
์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ƒˆ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฌด ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์—†์–ด์„œ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์› ๋˜ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
04:10
for such a long period of time?
82
250667
2226
์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ์ € ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฐ๋ž๋˜
04:12
Was she just that stricken with grief?
83
252917
3351
๋ฒ”๊ณ ๋ž˜์˜ ์Šต์„ฑ์ผ ๋ฟ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
04:16
Was she more confused by her unresponsive infant?
84
256292
3934
๋งŽ์€ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹คํ—˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กญ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
Or is this behavior just less rare in orcas
85
260250
2643
04:22
than we currently understand it to be?
86
262917
1875
ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฒ”๊ณ ๋ž˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ํฐ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ
04:25
But for a variety of reasons,
87
265917
1476
์‹คํ—˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ถ๊ธˆ์ฆ์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š”์š”.
04:27
it's difficult to do the kinds of experimental studies
88
267417
3184
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ณผํ•™์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์›์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ดํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋™๋ฌผ๋กœ
04:30
in an animal like an orca, or many of these other large mammals,
89
270625
3518
๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
that might elucidate those kinds of questions.
90
274167
3226
๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€์š”.
04:37
So instead, science is turning to an animal whose behaviors around death
91
277417
3809
๊ณค์ถฉ๊ณผ ์˜์žฅ๋ฅ˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋„ ์ฃฝ์€ ๋™์กฑ์— ๊ฐ๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
we've been thinking about since BCE:
92
281250
1958
์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ์Œ๊ณผ
04:44
the crows.
93
284083
1893
04:46
Like insects and primates,
94
286000
1309
์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
04:47
crows also seem to pay special attention to their dead.
95
287333
3893
์ด์–ด์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒˆ๋“ค์ด ์œ„์น˜๋กœ ๋ชจ์—ฌ๋“ค๊ณ 
๋–ผ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃน๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
Typically, this manifests as the discovering bird alarm calling,
96
291250
3226
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
04:54
like you can see in this photo,
97
294500
1643
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ฃฝ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋‚˜ ์‹œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋„๋ก ์กฐ์šฉํžˆ
04:56
followed by the recruitment of other birds to the area
98
296167
2684
04:58
to form what we call a mob.
99
298875
1500
์ง€์ผœ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋”๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
But it can be a little different than that too.
100
301042
3142
์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋“ค์ด ๋ง‰๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌํƒ•๊ป์งˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„
05:04
For example, I've had people share with me seeing prolonged silent vigils by crows
101
304208
4768
์‹œ์ฒด ์˜†์— ๋‘๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฎ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
in response to deceased or dying crows.
102
309000
2333
05:12
I've even had people tell me of witnessing crows place objects
103
312083
3476
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ๋‹ด์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๊ณผ ์ƒˆ๊ฐ€
05:15
like sticks and candy wrappers on or near the bodies of dead crows.
104
315583
4584
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹คํ—˜์— ๋”์šฑ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณค์ถฉ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
05:21
And this mix of observations puts these birds
105
321000
2643
์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
05:23
in a really important place in our scheme,
106
323667
2767
๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ๋‹ด์—๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํž˜๋“  ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
05:26
because it suggests on the one hand they might be like the insects,
107
326458
3560
์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ์˜์žฅ๋ฅ˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์„
05:30
displaying these very predictable behaviors,
108
330042
3059
ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:33
but on the other hand we have this handful of observations
109
333125
3018
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋„ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ณ 
05:36
that are more difficult to explain and feel a bit more like what we see
110
336167
3351
05:39
in some of the mammals like primates and elephants.
111
339542
3351
๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
์‹œ์‹ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:42
And like those animals, crows share an extremely large relative brain size
112
342917
4642
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€์˜ ์‹œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด
05:47
and the kinds of dynamic social lives that might invite more complexity
113
347583
4226
๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๊ณ 
05:51
in how they respond to their dead.
114
351833
2601
๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ฉด
05:54
So I wanted to try to understand what was going on
115
354458
3601
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ๋„
05:58
when crows encounter a dead crow,
116
358083
2560
ํ™•์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
and what this might teach us about the role of death in their world,
117
360667
3392
๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ์™œ ์‹œ์ฒด๋กœ ๋ชจ์—ฌ๋“œ๋Š”์ง€๋Š”
06:04
and possibly the worlds of other animals as well,
118
364083
2560
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ๋ฐ์š”.
06:06
even those early versions of ourselves.
119
366667
2750
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐํšŒ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:10
There's a number of different ways that we could explain
120
370458
2685
์™œ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€, ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์˜€๋Š”์ง€ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ 
06:13
why crows might be attracted to their dead.
121
373167
2684
06:15
For example, maybe it's a social opportunity,
122
375875
3726
์ด ์ผ์ด ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น ์ง€ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
06:19
a way for them to explore why that individual died,
123
379625
3643
์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์Šฌํ””์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žฅ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
06:23
who they were
124
383292
1309
06:24
and what impact this is going to have on the neighborhood moving forward.
125
384625
4018
ํ˜น์€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ๋„์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
Maybe it's an expression of grief,
126
388667
1684
๋ชจ๋‘ ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ํŒŒ๊ณ ๋“ค ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฐ€์„ค๋“ค์ด๊ณ 
06:30
like our own contemporary funerals.
127
390375
1875
์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
06:33
Or maybe it's a way that they learn about danger in their environment.
128
393125
3625
๊ณผํ•™์‹คํ—˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ •๋‹ต์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฐ€์„ค๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:37
While all of those explanations are worth pursuing,
129
397708
2935
๋‹จ, ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์„ค,
์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค ๋บด๊ณ ๋Š”์š”.
06:40
and certainly not mutually exclusive,
130
400667
2392
06:43
they're not all testable scientific questions.
131
403083
3185
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์ƒ์ผ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
But that idea that dead crows might act as cues of danger, that is.
132
406292
5517
ํŠนํžˆ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋„์š”.
์ฒซ์งธ๋Š” ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์†Œ,
06:51
So as a graduate student, I wanted to explore that question,
133
411833
3435
ํŠนํžˆ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์†Œ๋กœ
06:55
particularly with respect to two ideas.
134
415292
3809
์‹œ์ฒด์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ง€์–ด ํ•™์Šตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€.
06:59
The first was whether they might be able to learn new predators,
135
419125
3809
๋‘˜์งธ๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ•™์Šตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€,
07:02
specifically people,
136
422958
1851
์‹œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑธ์š”.
07:04
based on their association with dead crows.
137
424833
3101
์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ €๋Š” ์‹œ์• ํ‹€์˜ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€์— ๊ฐ€์„œ
07:07
And the second was if they might learn places
138
427958
2518
07:10
associated with where they find crow bodies.
139
430500
4184
๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€ ํ•œ ์Œ์—๊ฒŒ 3์ผ ๋™์•ˆ
๋ฐฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
So to do this, I would go out into some unsuspecting Seattle neighborhood
140
434708
4768
์ด๋Š” ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ
๋•…์— ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜ค๋Š”์ง€์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ
07:19
and I would start to feed a breeding pair of crows
141
439500
2393
์ž ์‹œ ํ›„์— ๋ณด์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
over the course of three days,
142
441917
2476
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  4์ผ์ฐจ์—๋Š”
07:24
and this provided a baseline
143
444417
1392
์žฅ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
for how quickly the crows would come down to a food pile,
144
445833
2726
์ด๊ฑด ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
07:28
which, as you'll see in a minute, was really important.
145
448583
2893
๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€ ์‹œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋‹ด์€ ์ „์ฑ„์š”๋ฆฌ ์ ‘์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ณ 
07:31
Then, on the fourth day,
146
451500
1518
30๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์„œ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ
07:33
we would have our funeral.
147
453042
1333
07:35
This is Linda.
148
455750
1601
์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์ดฌ์˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
Linda is one of seven masks whose job was to stand there for 30 minutes
149
457375
4059
์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ๋’ค์— ๋Œ์•„์™€
07:41
with her little hors d'oeuvre plate of dead crow
150
461458
2518
๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€ ์‹œ์ฒด ์—†์ด ์„œ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด
๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๊ทธ์ € ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ• ์ง€
07:44
while I documented what happened.
151
464000
2643
07:46
Most importantly, though,
152
466667
1309
์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์†Œ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์šธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
07:48
her job was to come back after a week,
153
468000
2018
07:50
now without the dead crow,
154
470042
1809
07:51
so that we could see if the birds would treat her just like any old pedestrian,
155
471875
4559
๋‚ ์•„์™€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ผ์ง€ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
or if, instead, they would exhibit behaviors like alarm calling
156
476458
3976
๋ฌผ๋ก , ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ํ•™์Šตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ
08:00
or dive bombing
157
480458
1393
๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
08:01
that would indicate that they perceived her as a predator.
158
481875
2792
์ €ํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋Š”
08:05
Now, given that we already knew crows were capable of learning
159
485500
3434
๋ฆฐ๋‹ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‹œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ—ˆ์ˆ˜์•„๋น„๋ฅผ
08:08
and recognizing human faces,
160
488958
2018
๊ทธ ์ผ๋กœ 6์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋„๋ก ์œ„ํ—˜ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
it may come as no surprise that the majority of crows in our study
161
491000
3976
๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
08:15
did treat the masks that they saw handling dead crows as threats
162
495000
3934
โ€™์•„๋‹ˆ, ์ž ๊น๋งŒ์š”.
์–ผ๊ตด์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ฌด์„ญ์ž–์•„์š”.
08:18
when they saw them over the course of the next six weeks.
163
498958
3435
์ €๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑท๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:22
Now, if you're sitting there thinking,
164
502417
2017
๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋“ ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๋ณผ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.โ€ฒ
08:24
alright, give me a break,
165
504458
1851
๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๋ฒ•ํ•˜๊ธด ํ•˜์ฃ .
08:26
look at that face, it is terrifying,
166
506333
2351
์‹คํ—˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ง‘๋“ค์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„
08:28
anyone would treat that as a threat
167
508708
2060
08:30
if they saw it walking down the street,
168
510792
2309
๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋Š๊ผˆ์ง€๋งŒ
์ผ๋‹จ์€ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
know that you are not alone.
169
513125
1976
๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋“ค์ด ํ—ˆ์ˆ˜์•„๋น„๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ
08:35
As it turns out, a lot of the folks
170
515125
1726
08:36
whose houses we did these experiments in front of
171
516875
2434
์„ ์ž…๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:39
felt the same way,
172
519333
1310
08:40
but we'll save that for another time.
173
520667
2351
์กฐ๊ธˆ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ•œ๋‹ˆ๋ฐœ ๋ ‰ํ„ฐ๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ธด ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
08:43
So you may be comforted to know that we did control tests
174
523042
3101
08:46
to make sure that crows don't share our preconceived bias against masks
175
526167
4642
๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„
08:50
that look a bit like the female version of Hannibal Lecter.
176
530833
3375
๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋ง๋ถ™์—ฌ
๋˜ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์žฅ๋ก€์‹์„ ์น˜๋ฅธ ํ›„
08:55
Now, in addition to finding that crows were able to make associations with people
177
535125
4101
๋จน์ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
๋ชจ์ด ๋”๋ฏธ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค์•‰๋Š” ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ทนํžˆ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ 
08:59
based on their handling of dead crows,
178
539250
2226
09:01
we also found that in the days following these funeral events,
179
541500
3143
์žฅ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
as we continued to feed them,
180
544667
1934
09:06
that their willingness to come down to the food pile significantly diminished,
181
546625
4101
์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ์–ด๋–ค ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ
๊บผ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
and we didn't see that same kind of decline in our control groups.
182
550750
3809
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š”
09:14
So that suggests that, yes, crows can make associations
183
554583
3643
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด ํ‹€๋ ธ์Œ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ
09:18
with particular places where they've seen dead crows.
184
558250
4143
์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€
๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ๋•Œ
09:22
So together, what that tells us is that
185
562417
1976
09:24
while we certainly shouldn't discount those other explanations,
186
564417
3684
์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
we can feel pretty confident in saying
187
568125
1893
์•Œ์•„ ๋‘์–ด์„œ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‚˜์  ๊ฒŒ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:30
that for crows, attention to their dead
188
570042
2684
09:32
might be a really important way
189
572750
1559
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ถ๊ณผ ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„ 
09:34
that these animals learn about danger.
190
574333
2893
๋งŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:37
And that's a nice, tidy little narrative
191
577250
2643
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด์–ด์„œ ํ–‰ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ
09:39
on which to hang our hats.
192
579917
1892
09:41
But in life and death,
193
581833
1935
๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ํฌ์‹์ž๊ฐ€ ์—†์„ ๋•Œ๋Š”
09:43
things are rarely so neat,
194
583792
2351
์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:46
and I really came face to face with that in a follow-up experiment,
195
586167
3559
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์ด ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š”
09:49
where we were looking at how crows respond to dead crows
196
589750
2976
์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์žฅ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
in the absence of any kind of predator.
197
592750
3184
์‹คํ—˜์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊พธ๋ช„์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
And suffice it to say, we found that in these cases,
198
595958
3018
๊ธธ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ์ฃฝ์€ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€ ์ธํ˜•์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๊ณ 
09:59
the wakes can get a little more weird.
199
599000
2917
์—ฌ๊ธด ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€ ํ•œ ์Œ์ด ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:03
So this is what that experimental setup looks like.
200
603125
2643
(๊นŒ์•…)
๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ์€ ์ด ์˜์—ญ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ๋‚ธ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ์Œ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ ์š”.
10:05
You can see our stuffed dead crow alone on the sidewalk,
201
605792
2684
ํ™”๋ฉด ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
and it's been placed on the territory of a pair.
202
608500
3059
๊ณง ์ง์ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ์˜ฌ ๊ฑฐ๊ณ ์š”.
10:11
(Squawk)
203
611583
1268
10:12
That is the alarm call by one of those territorial birds,
204
612875
2726
10:15
and it's coming into frame.
205
615625
1500
์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋ณ„ ์ผ ์—†์ฃ .
10:18
Pretty soon, its mate is going to join it.
206
618417
2333
์œผ๋ ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด์ œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ด์ƒํ•ด์ง€์ฃ .
10:23
And so far, this is all very usual.
207
623958
2768
์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ์ง์ง“๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ชป ๋ณด์‹  ๋ถ„๋„ ๊ณ„์‹ค ํ…๋ฐ
10:26
This is what crows do.
208
626750
1434
10:28
OK, right now it's getting a little less usual.
209
628208
2959
์ง์ง“๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:32
Not everyone here might be familiar with what bird sex looks like,
210
632208
4643
10:36
so if you are not, this is what it looks like.
211
636875
2625
๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ–‰๋™์ด ์œตํ•ฉ๋œ ๊ฑธ ๋ณด์…จ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
๊ฒฝ๊ณ ์Œ์„ ๋ƒ„์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ธฐ.
์„ธ๊ฒŒ ์ชผ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ,
10:45
You're basically seeing a confluence of three behaviors:
212
645125
3976
์ง์ง“๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ ํ•œ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์˜†์— ์žˆ๋˜ ํฅ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
10:49
alarm, as indicated by the alarm calling;
213
649125
3892
10:53
aggression, as indicated by the very forceful pecking
214
653042
3392
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ฑ์  ํฅ๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์•„์ฃผ ๋†€๋ž์ฃ ?
10:56
by both one of the copulatory birds and one of the excited bystanders;
215
656458
5143
๋งŽ์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ๊ณผ ํ† ๋ก ์„ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
and sexual arousal.
216
661625
1684
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€
11:03
Clearly, this is startling,
217
663333
2810
๋™๋ฌผ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ธฐ์—
11:06
and interesting to think about and talk about.
218
666167
3351
๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด๊ฒŒ ํ”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:09
But if our goal is to understand
219
669542
2642
์ด๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ง ์ž์ฃผ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
11:12
the big picture of how animals interact with their dead,
220
672208
3643
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:15
then the most important question we should ask is, is this representative?
221
675875
3976
11:19
Is this something that's happening consistently?
222
679875
2809
์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ ๋ฒˆ์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ ์Œ์˜ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€ ์˜์—ญ ๊ธธ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์—
11:22
And that's why being able to do systematic studies with crows
223
682708
3310
๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€ ์ธํ˜•์„ ๋†“์•„๋‘์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
11:26
is so valuable,
224
686042
1559
11:27
because after conducting hundreds of these trials,
225
687625
2434
๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€, ํ”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:30
where I was placing these dead crows out on the sidewalks
226
690083
2726
์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘, ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘,
11:32
on the territories of hundreds of different pairs,
227
692833
2810
์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ์ € ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋„
11:35
what we found was that, no, it's not.
228
695667
3226
30% ๋ฐ–์— ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:38
Contact of any kind,
229
698917
1476
๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ 
11:40
whether it was sexual, aggressive
230
700417
2142
11:42
or even just exploratory,
231
702583
1851
์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด๋‹ˆ
๊ทธ์ € ๋ฌด์‹œํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
11:44
only occurred 30 percent of the time.
232
704458
2726
์“ธ๋ฐ์—†๊ณ , ์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ๊ดดํ•œ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€์˜ ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ์š”.
11:47
So given that this wasn't representative,
233
707208
3476
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜
11:50
this was the minority,
234
710708
1310
11:52
we may be tempted to just dismiss it
235
712042
2267
์„ฑ์  ํฅ๋ถ„์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์ด
11:54
as irrelevant, odd, creepy, weird crow behavior.
236
714333
3810
ํฌ๊ท€ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€์—๋งŒ ๊ตญํ•œ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ์š”.
11:58
But what may surprise you is that behaviors like aggression
237
718167
3309
๋™๋ฌผ์ด ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•  ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ
12:01
or even sexual arousal
238
721500
2018
12:03
aren't all that rare,
239
723542
1309
์‹œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๊พธ๊ณ  ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š”, ์นœํ™”์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์Šต์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
12:04
and certainly aren't constrained to just crows.
240
724875
3476
12:08
Because while the popular narrative when it comes to animal death behaviors
241
728375
3934
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ข…์กฐ์ฐจ๋„
์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์นœํ™”์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™๋งŒ ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:12
tends to focus on affiliative behaviors
242
732333
2935
12:15
like grooming or guarding,
243
735292
2059
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฌผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ง์ง“๊ธฐ ํ–‰์œ„๋„
12:17
that is far from the complete list of what even our closest relatives do
244
737375
4434
12:21
around their dead.
245
741833
1935
๋„“์€ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๋™๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์˜์žฅ๋ฅ˜์™€ ๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ์š”.
12:23
In fact, we've documented behaviors like biting, beating and even sex itself
246
743792
5726
๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์žฅ๋ก€์˜์‹์„
12:29
in a wide variety of animals,
247
749542
1892
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ฉด ์ข‹์„๊นŒ์š”?
12:31
including many primates and dolphins.
248
751458
2625
์ผ๋‹จ, ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”
12:35
So where does this leave us in our understanding of animals
249
755583
3476
๊ณค์ถฉ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์‘๋ ฅ์ด ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:39
and their death rituals?
250
759083
1334
์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—” ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
12:41
Well, for crows, it suggests that,
251
761375
2268
12:43
like insects, they may have a strong adaptive driver
252
763667
4017
์ด๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์žฅ๋ก€์‹์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:47
in their interest in their dead.
253
767708
1601
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋”์šฑ ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก
12:49
In this case, it might be danger learning,
254
769333
2643
๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์„
12:52
and that might have acted as the inspiration
255
772000
2393
๋ชจ๋‘ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ •๋‹ต์€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊นจ๋‹ซ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:54
for our own rituals as well.
256
774417
1875
12:57
But when we look more closely,
257
777292
1684
12:59
we see that there's no one simple narrative
258
779000
2893
์•„์ง๋„ ํƒ€์ž„๋จธ์‹ ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ํ•œ์ฐธ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
13:01
that can explain the vast array of behaviors
259
781917
2767
13:04
we see in crows and many other animals.
260
784708
2667
์•„์ฃผ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์—ฌ์ •์ด ๋˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:08
And that suggests that we are still far from completing that time machine.
261
788292
4892
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
13:13
But it's going to be a really fascinating ride.
262
793208
3667
13:17
Thank you.
263
797458
1268
13:18
(Applause)
264
798750
2958
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7