CRISPR's Next Advance Is Bigger Than You Think | Jennifer Doudna | TED

877,452 views ใƒป 2023-09-27

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jienna Im ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:04
The essence of being human is that we solve problems.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:08
And when we're faced with enormous problems
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์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
00:10
like disease and climate change,
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00:13
we need to solve them by collaboration.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•ด์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
I'm excited to tell you about a new kind of collaboration
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ๋‚ด๋†“์„
00:19
that will absolutely create solutions to these big problems.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
It's a collaboration that's unexpected
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์ด ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์€ ๋œป๋ฐ–์—๋„ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ
00:26
because it's between humans
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00:27
and the tiniest organisms that populate our planet:
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์ง€๊ตฌ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
the bacteria and other microbes that live in, on and around us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์ด๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ท ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
Bacteria may be small and unseen,
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์„ธ๊ท ์€ ๋น„๋ก ์ž‘๊ณ  ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ
ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ์ž์ฃผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
but they often have inspired transformative innovations,
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00:44
including the one that has become the cornerstone of my own research.
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์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ดˆ์„์ด ๋œ ์„ธ๊ท ๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:49
Over the past decade, I've been at the forefront
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์ €๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์•ž์žฅ์„œ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
of developing a revolutionary technology called CRISPR
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00:57
that has come from the study of how bacteria fight viral infection.
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์„ธ๊ท ์ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด์ฃ .
01:03
CRISPR is amazing because it allows us
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์‹๋ฌผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์˜ DNA๋ฅผ
01:06
to precisely edit the DNA in living organisms,
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์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
including in people and plants.
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01:13
With CRISPR, we can change, remove or replace the genes
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ด€์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ
๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—†์• ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ต์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
that govern the function of cells.
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01:20
This means that we now have the ability to use CRISPR like a word processor
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์ฆ‰, ์ด์ œ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด
01:24
to find, cut and paste text.
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์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์ž๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋ถ™์—ฌ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
CRISPR, amazingly, has already cured people of devastating disorders
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๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ๋Š” ๋‚ซ์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๋ณ‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์ด๋ฏธ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
01:35
like sickle cell disease,
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01:36
and it's created rice plants
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์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๋ญ„์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฒผ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
that are resistant to both diseases and drought.
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01:42
Incredible, right?
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๊ต‰์žฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”?
01:43
But the next world-changing advance with CRISPR
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ์˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ง„๋ณด๋Š”
01:46
will actually come from using it in a way
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ
01:50
that will allow us to go to the next level
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01:54
by editing genes beyond just in individual organisms.
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
We now have the ability to use CRISPR
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
02:02
to edit entire populations of tiny microbes,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ ์•ˆํŒŽ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ด ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์ธ
02:06
called microbiomes,
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๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ด๋„ ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
that live in and on our bodies.
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02:11
For decades, scientists studied bacteria one organism at a time,
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์„ธ๊ท ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์”ฉ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
as if each type of bacteria behaved independently.
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๊ฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ ์„ธ๊ท ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
02:19
But we now know that bacterial behaviors,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์„ธ๊ท ์˜ ์ด๋กญ๊ณ  ํ•ด๋กœ์šด ํ–‰๋™์ด
02:21
both good and bad,
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02:22
result from their interactions within complex microbiomes.
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๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ๋‚ด์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์žฅ๋‚ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์žฅ์• ๋Š”
02:27
In humans, dysfunctional gut microbiomes
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02:30
are associated with diseases as diverse as Alzheimer's and asthma.
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์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ, ์ฒœ์‹ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
And in farm animals, microbiomes produce methane,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ถ• ๋‚ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ตฐ์€ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฒ”์ธ ๋ฉ”ํ…Œ์ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
a powerful contributor to climate change.
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02:41
But when they're healthy,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์ฒด๋‚ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ตฐ์ด ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋ฉด
02:42
both human and animal microbiomes can actually prevent disease
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฉ”ํ…Œ์ธ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
and reduce methane emissions.
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02:48
So to harness these benefits,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์ ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
02:49
we need a way to precisely and reproducibly control
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์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์„ ์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
์žฌํ˜„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
these microbial communities.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ด์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ์™œ ์–ด๋ ค์› ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:58
So why have microbiomes been difficult to control in the past?
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03:01
It turns out that microbiomes are very complex,
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๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ด์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
and they're difficult to manipulate.
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03:06
Antibiotics affect the entire microbiome
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ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ตฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฉฐ
ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
and their overuse can lead to drug resistance.
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์‹์ด ์š”๋ฒ•๊ณผ ํ”„๋กœ๋ฐ”์ด์˜คํ‹ฑ์Šค๋Š” ๋น„ํŠน์ด์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
Diet and probiotics are nonspecific
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03:16
and they're often ineffective.
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03:21
Fecal transplants face various challenges to both effectiveness and acceptance.
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๋Œ€๋ณ€ ์ด์‹์€ ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ๋งŽ์ฃ .
03:27
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:29
But with CRISPR, we have a tool that works like a scalpel.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ”์Šค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฅ์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
It allows us to target a particular gene in a particular kind of cell.
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ํŠน์ • ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ํŠน์ • ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
With CRISPR, we can change one kind of bacterium
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ๊ท ์—๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋งŒ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
without affecting all the others.
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03:46
Another challenge is that less than one percent of the worldโ€™s microbial species
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ข…์˜ 1% ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ด
03:50
have been grown and studied in the lab.
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์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์–‘๋˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:53
Fortunately, we can now access the other 99 percent
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๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 99% ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
03:57
due to the pioneering research of my colleague, Jill Banfield,
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์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ์ธ ์งˆ ๋ฐดํ•„๋“œ์˜ ์„ ๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€
04:00
and her breakthrough technology,
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ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ตฐ์œ ์ „์ฒดํ•™ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋•๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
metagenomics,
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04:03
which is a tool that allows us to figure out
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๊ตฐ์œ ์ „์ฒดํ•™์€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์— ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ 
04:06
what species are present
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04:07
and what they're doing in a microbial community.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:11
Metagenomics creates a detailed blueprint of a complex microbiome,
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๊ตฐ์œ ์ „์ฒดํ•™์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์˜ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์ฒญ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ
04:15
and that means that we can use it
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์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ž๋ฆฌ์—
04:18
to figure out how to use gene editing tools
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์œ ์ „์ž ํŽธ์ง‘ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
in the right gene, in the right organism.
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04:24
You might be wondering how we can take this new knowledge
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์‹ค์ œ ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์— ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ง€์‹์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
and harness it to solve real world problems.
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04:30
Well, we're bringing together these two breakthrough technologies,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ธ ๊ตฐ์œ ์ „์ฒดํ•™๊ณผ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ
04:35
metagenomics and CRISPR,
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04:36
to create a brand new field of science called precision microbiome editing.
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๋งž์ถค ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ตฐ ํŽธ์ง‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
This will allow us to discover links between dysfunctional microbiomes
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์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์žฅ์• ์™€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘, ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜
04:45
and disease or greenhouse gas emissions.
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์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
We can develop modified and improved microbiome editors
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ตฐ ํŽธ์ง‘ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด
04:52
and show that they're safe and effective.
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ž„์„ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
And we can then begin to deploy these optimized solutions
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
04:58
to create the kinds of solutions that will be transformative in the future.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ๋‚ด๋†“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
So how does this affect our health and the health of our planet?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น ๊นŒ์š”?
05:11
We know the poorest countries and people are the most affected by climate change,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ์™€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
and it's a problem created by the wealthiest people.
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๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ธ๋ฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
05:19
And methane is a big part of the problem.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฉ”ํ…Œ์ธ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
It's been a major contributor to rising global temperatures
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๋ฉ”ํ…Œ์ธ์€ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™” ์ด์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ์˜จ ์ƒ์Šน์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์›์ธ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
since preindustrial times.
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05:27
Specific microbiome compositions in livestock
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๊ฐ€์ถ•์˜ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์žฅ๋‚ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์€
05:29
can actually reduce methane emissions by up to 80 percent.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฉ”ํ…Œ์ธ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 80%๊นŒ์ง€ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:33
But doing that today currently requires daily interventions at enormous expense,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ ๋งค์ผ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
and it just doesn't scale.
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05:41
But with precision microbiome editing,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งž์ถค ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ตฐ ํŽธ์ง‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
05:43
we have an opportunity to modify a calf's microbiome at birth,
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ํƒœ์–ด๋‚  ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์†ก์•„์ง€์˜ ์žฅ๋‚ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”
05:49
limiting that animal's impact on the climate for its entire lifetime.
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์†ก์•„์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ‰์ƒ ๊ธฐํ›„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„์ผ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
And this is beneficial for farmers
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์ด๋Š” ๋†๋ถ€์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
05:57
because reduced methane production
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๋ฉ”ํ…Œ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ์ค„์ด๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
means more efficient conversion of feed into food.
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06:02
Importantly, these tools can be used in the future
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์€ ์ด ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋งค๋ฆฝ์ง€, ํ์ˆ˜, ๋…ผ ๋“ฑ
06:06
to reduce methane emissions from other sources,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์›์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํ…Œ์ธ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋„ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
like landfills, wastewater and rice paddies.
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06:12
Ultimately, microbiomes generate
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์žฅ๋‚ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ตฐ์€ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ
์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ฉ”ํ…Œ์ธ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 3๋ถ„์˜ 2๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:15
up to two-thirds of all of the methane emissions globally.
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06:19
So our technology could really move the needle
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋Œ€์‘์— ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
in our fight against climate change.
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 3์–ต ๋ช…์ด ์ฒœ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
06:25
In human health,
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06:26
asthma affects up to 300 million people around the world,
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06:29
a number that grows by 50 percent each decade,
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10๋…„๋งˆ๋‹ค 50%์”ฉ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
06:32
and it disproportionately affects lower-income children.
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์˜ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์ด ๋” ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:36
Our team has identified a promising link
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์€ ์žฅ๋‚ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž์™€
06:38
between a molecule produced in the gut microbiome
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์ฒœ์‹ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
and asthma development.
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06:43
With precision microbiome editing,
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๋งž์ถค ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ตฐ ํŽธ์ง‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฒœ์‹ ์œ„ํ—˜์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
06:45
we could offer a child at risk for asthma a noninvasive therapy
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์ฒœ์‹์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์นจ์Šต์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ
06:49
that would eliminate asthma-inducing molecules,
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06:53
changing her life trajectory.
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์•„์ด์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
And what's really exciting
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •๋ง ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ํ–ฅํ›„์—
06:57
is that these same approaches in the future could help us treat
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๋น„๋งŒ, ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘, ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ ๋“ฑ
07:02
or even prevent human diseases
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07:04
that are linked to the gut microbiome,
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์žฅ๋‚ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„
07:06
including obesity, diabetes and Alzheimer's.
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์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:10
I think itโ€™s fascinating that we can now use CRISPR
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ์ค€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ž‘์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ
07:13
to edit the same tiny organisms that gave us CRISPR.
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ๋กœ ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฐธ ์‹ ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
In doing so, weโ€™re collaborating with the ultimate partner: nature.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋™๋ฃŒ์ธ ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
Together, we can use CRISPR-powered precision microbiome editing
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งž์ถค ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ตฐ ํŽธ์ง‘์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
07:28
to build a more resilient future for all of us.
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์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
Thank you very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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