How to rob a bank (from the inside, that is) | William Black

147,308 views ・ 2014-05-12

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μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Jihyeon J. Kim κ²€ν† : Soo Hyun Yang
00:12
So today's top chef class is in how to rob a bank,
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였늘의 μ£Όμ œλŠ” 은행털기 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
and it's clear that the general public needs guidance,
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λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ λŒ€μ€‘λ“€μ€ 쑰언이 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:20
because the average bank robbery nets
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 평균 은행강도 μˆœκΈˆμ•‘μ΄
00:23
only 7,500 dollars.
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7,500λ‹¬λŸ¬ 밖에 μ•ˆλ˜λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
00:26
Rank amateurs who know nothing
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νšŒκ³„μž₯λΆ€λ₯Ό 속일 쀄 λͺ¨λ₯΄λŠ”
00:28
about how to cook the books.
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μ•„λ§ˆμΆ”μ–΄λ“€μ΄ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:30
The folks who know, of course,
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λŒ€ν˜• 은행을 κ²½μ˜ν•˜λŠ”
00:32
run our largest banks,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€,
00:34
and in the last go-around,
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ 각좕μž₯μΈλ°μš”.
00:36
they cost us over 11 trillion dollars.
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11μ‘° λ‹¬λŸ¬λ₯Ό μš°λ¦¬ν•œν…Œμ„œ κ°•νƒˆν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:41
That's what 11 trillion looks like.
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11μ‘°λ‹¬λŸ¬κ°€ 이 μ •λ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:43
That's how many zeros?
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λ„λŒ€μ²΄ 영이 λͺ‡ 개죠?
00:45
And cost us over 10 million jobs as well.
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또 천 만개의 일자리λ₯Ό 뺏고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:48
So our task is to educate ourselves
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우리의 μž„λ¬΄λŠ” 슀슀둜 κ΅μœ‘μ‹œμΌœμ„œ
00:51
so that we can understand
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μ–΄μ§Έμ„œ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 반볡적으둜
00:52
why we have these recurrent,
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μ‹¬ν•΄μ§€λŠ” κΈˆμœ΅μœ„κΈ°λ₯Ό κ²ͺκ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€
00:54
intensifying financial crises,
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, 그리고 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•΄μ•Ό
00:56
and how we can prevent them in the future.
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μ•žμœΌλ‘œ μ˜ˆλ°©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
And the answer to that is
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그에 λŒ€ν•œ 해닡은
01:02
that we have to stop epidemics of control fraud.
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널리 퍼진 ν†΅μ œ 사기λ₯Ό λλ‚΄λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:06
Control fraud is what happens
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ν†΅μ œ μ‚¬κΈ°λž€
01:08
when the people who control,
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보톡 CEO같은
01:10
typically a CEO,
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ν†΅μ œκΆŒμ„ 가진 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
01:12
a seemingly legitimate entity,
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겉보기에 합법적인 μœ„μΉ˜μ—μ„œ
01:14
use it as a weapon to defraud.
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ν†΅μ œκΆŒμ„ νš‘λ Ήν•˜λŠ”λ° μ“°λŠ” 것을 λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
And these are the weapons of mass destruction
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이것이 κΈˆμœ΅μ„Έκ³„μ˜
λŒ€λŸ‰μ‚΄μƒ λ¬΄κΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:20
in the financial world.
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01:22
They also follow in finance a particular strategy,
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λ˜ν•œ κΈˆμœ΅μ—μ„œμ˜ νŠΉλ³„ν•œ μ „λž΅μ„ μ“°λŠ”λ°
01:27
because the weapon of choice in finance
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κΈˆμœ΅μ—μ„œ μ„ νƒν•˜λŠ” 무기가
01:30
is accounting,
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νšŒκ³„μ΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄κ³ ,
01:31
and there is a recipe for accounting
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νšŒκ³„μ‚¬κΈ°λ₯Ό ν•˜κ³  μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 그럴 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€
01:35
control fraud, and how it occurs.
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비법이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
And we discovered this recipe
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 이 비법을 κ½€λ‚˜ λ¬˜ν•œ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ
01:39
in quite an odd way that I'll come back to in a moment.
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μ•Œμ•„λƒˆκ³  곧 말씀 λ“œλ¦΄κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:42
First ingredient in the recipe: grow like crazy;
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첫번째 비법은: 폭발적으둜 ν‚€μš°λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:46
second, by making or buying really crappy loans,
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λ‘λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ” μ™„μ „νžˆ 엉터리 λŒ€μΆœμ„ ν•΄μ£Όκ±°λ‚˜ λ°›λŠ”λ°
01:51
but loans that are made at a very high interest rate
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μ—„μ²­λ‚œ κ³ κΈˆλ¦¬λ‚˜ 고수읡λ₯ λ‘œ μ±…μ •λœ
λŒ€μΆœμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
or yield;
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μ„Έλ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ” μ—„μ²­λ‚œ λ ˆλ²„λ¦¬μ§€λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
three, while employing extreme leverage --
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01:58
that just means a lot of debt --
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즉, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μžμ‚°μ— λΉ„ν•΄
01:59
compared to your equity;
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μƒλ‹Ήν•œ 뢀채λ₯Ό λ§ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:01
and four, while providing only trivial loss reserves
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λ„€λ²ˆμ§Έ, λΆˆκ°€ν”Όν•œ 손싀을 λŒ€λΉ„ν•΄μ„œ
02:05
against the inevitable losses.
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μ†Œμ•‘μ˜ μ†μ‹€μΆ©λ‹ΉκΈˆμ„ μ œκ³΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
If you follow those four simple steps,
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이 λ„€ 가지 κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ 방법을 λ”°λΌν•˜μ‹œλ©΄,
02:11
and any bank can follow them,
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μ–΄λŠ 은행이든 ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
then you are mathematically guaranteed
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ„Έ 가지가 μˆ˜ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ
02:15
to have three things occur.
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보μž₯λ˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:18
The first thing is
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μ²«λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ”
02:19
you will report record bank profits --
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기둝적인 은행 μ†Œλ“μ„ 보고할 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:23
not just high, record.
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κ·Έλƒ₯ λ†’μ€κ²Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, 기둝적인 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:25
Two, the CEO will immediately be made incredibly wealthy
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λ‘λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ”, ν˜„λŒ€μ˜ 경영자 보상에 μ˜ν•΄μ„œ
02:30
by modern executive compensation.
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CEOκ°€ μ¦‰μ‹œ μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ λΆ€μžκ°€ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
And three, farther down the road,
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μ„Έλ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ” λλ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ 보면
02:36
the bank will suffer catastrophic losses
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은행은 μž¬λ‚œ μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ 손싀을 맞게 되고
02:39
and will fail unless it is bailed out.
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ꡬ제금육 μ—†μ΄λŠ” νŒŒμ‚°ν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:42
And that's a hint as to how
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κ·Έκ²ƒλ•Œλ¬Έμ— 저희가 이 비법을
02:46
we discovered this recipe,
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μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
because we discovered it through an autopsy process.
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ν•΄μ²΄μž‘μ—…μ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ μ•Œμ•„λƒˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:52
During the savings and loan debacle in 1984,
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1984λ…„ μ €μΆ• λŒ€μΆœ λΆ•κ΄΄μ‹œκΈ°μ—
02:57
we looked at every single failure,
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μ €ν¬λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  νŒŒμ‚°κ±΄μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ΄€κ³ 
02:59
and we looked for common characteristics,
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곡톡점을 μ°Ύμ•„ λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
and we discovered this recipe was common
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λͺ¨λ“  사기사건에 이 방법듀이
ν¬ν•¨λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:06
to each of these frauds.
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03:08
In other words, a coroner could find these things
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λ‹€μ‹œλ§ν•˜λ©΄, κ²€μ‹œκ΄€μ΄ 이것듀을 μ°Ύμ•„λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°
03:11
because this is a fatal recipe
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이것이 κ²½μ œμ™€ 은행을
03:14
that will destroy the banks
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λΆ•κ΄΄μ‹œν‚€λŠ”
03:16
as well as the economy.
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치λͺ…적인 μš”μ†Œμ΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
And it also turns out to be precisely
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λ˜ν•œ μ •ν™•νžˆ
이 μœ„κΈ°λ₯Ό λ©ˆμΆ”κ²Œ ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
what could have stopped this crisis,
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03:23
the one that cost us 11 trillion dollars
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κ°€κ³„λΆ€λ¬Έμ—μ„œλ§Œ
03:26
just in the household sector,
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11μ‘°λ‹¬λŸ¬κ°€ λ“€κ²Œν•˜κ³ 
03:28
that cost us 10 million jobs,
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천 만개의 일자리λ₯Ό 없애버린
03:30
was the easiest financial crisis by far
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이 μœ„κΈ°κ°€ μ™„μ „νžˆ ν”Όν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ—ˆλ˜
03:33
to have avoided completely
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κ°€μž₯ μ‰¬μš΄ κΈˆμœ΅μœ„κΈ°μ˜€λ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:36
if we had simply learned the lessons
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이 비법을 μ‚¬μš©ν•œ
03:38
of epidemics of control fraud,
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λ§Œμ—°ν•œ ν†΅μ œμ‚¬κΈ°μ˜
03:40
particularly using this recipe.
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κ΅ν›ˆμ„ μ•ŒκΈ°λ§Œ ν–ˆλ”λΌλ©΄ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
So let's go to this crisis,
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이 μœ„κΈ°μ™€ 이것을 μΌμœΌν‚¨
03:45
and the two huge epidemics
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λŒ€μΆœλ‘œ λ°œμƒλœ μ‚¬κΈ°μ˜
03:47
of loan origination fraud that drove the crisis --
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κ±°λŒ€ν•œ 두 개의 사건듀을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
appraisal fraud and liar's loans --
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그것은 감정평가사기와 ν—ˆμœ„λŒ€μΆœμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:54
and what we're going to see
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두 κ°€μ§€μ—μ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Ό 것은
03:55
in looking at both of these is
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이 사기건듀에 λŒ€ν•΄
03:58
we got warnings that were incredibly early
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ 빨리
κ²½κ³ λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:01
about these frauds.
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04:03
We got warnings that we could have taken advantage of easily,
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μ‰½κ²Œ 일을 μ²˜λ¦¬ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμ„ κ²½κ³ λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:07
because back in the savings and loan debacle,
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μ €μΆ•κ³Ό λŒ€μΆœ λΆ•κ΄΄κ°€ μžˆμ„ λ‹Ήμ‹œ
04:09
we had figured out how to respond
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이 μœ„κΈ°λ“€μ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λŒ€μ²˜ν•˜κ³ 
04:12
and prevent these crises.
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막아야 할지 μ•Œμ•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:14
And three, the warnings were unambiguous.
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μ„Έλ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ”, κ²½κ³ κ°€ 맀우 ν™•μ‹€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
They were obvious that what was going on
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νšŒκ³„μ‘°μž‘ 사기가 λ”μš± λ§Œμ—°ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ”
04:20
was an epidemic of accounting control fraud building up.
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ν™•μ‹€ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:25
Let's take appraisal fraud first.
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감정평가 사기λ₯Ό λ¨Όμ € λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:27
This is simply where you inflate the value
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이것은 κ°„λ‹¨ν•˜κ²Œ
04:29
of the home that is being pledged
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λŒ€μΆœ λ‹΄λ³΄λ‘œ κ±°λŠ”
04:32
as security for the loan.
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μ£Όνƒμ˜ κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό λΆ€ν’€λ¦¬λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:35
In 2000, the year 2000,
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2000년에,
04:38
that is over a year before Enron fails, by the way,
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μ—”λ‘  μ‚¬νƒœκ°€ 있기 일 년전에,
04:43
the honest appraisers got together a formal petition
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μ •μ§ν•œ 감정평가사듀이 λͺ¨μ—¬
04:47
begging the federal government to act,
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감정평가사기λ₯Ό μ€‘μ§€ν•˜λ„λ‘
04:50
and the industry to act,
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연방정뢀와 산업체가 λ‚˜μ„œκΈ°λ₯Ό μ΄‰κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ”
04:52
to stop this epidemic of appraisal fraud.
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κ³΅μ‹νƒ„μ›μ„œλ₯Ό μ œμΆœν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:56
And the appraisers explained how it was occurring,
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평가사듀은 μ€ν–‰μ—μ„œ 감정가λ₯Ό 뢀풀리도둝
04:59
that banks were demanding that appraisers
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ν‰κ°€μ‚¬λ“€μ—κ²Œ μš”κ΅¬ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
05:03
inflate the appraisal,
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이런 일이 λ²Œμ–΄μ§€κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κ³ 
05:04
and that if the appraisers refused to do so,
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평가사듀이 κ·Έ 일을 κ±°λΆ€ν•˜λ©΄
05:08
they, the banks, would blacklist
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은행듀이 μ •μ§ν•œ 평가사듀을
λΈ”λž™λ¦¬μŠ€νŠΈμ— 올렀
05:12
honest appraisers
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05:14
and refuse to use them.
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μ œμ™Έμ‹œν‚€κ² λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:16
Now, we've seen this before
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μ €μΆ•κ³Ό λŒ€μΆœλΆ•κ΄΄κ°€ 있기 전에
05:19
in the savings and loan debacle,
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이것을 λ³΄μ•˜κ³ 
05:20
and we know that this kind of fraud
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이런 μ‹μ˜ μ‚¬κΈ°λŠ”
05:22
can only originate from the lenders,
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였직 λŒ€μΆœμ—…μžλ‘œ μ‹œμž‘λ˜λŠ” 것이고
05:25
and that no honest lender would ever inflate
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μ •μ§ν•œ λŒ€μΆœμ—…μžλΌλ©΄ 감정가λ₯Ό
μ ˆλŒ€ 뢀풀리지 μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:28
the appraisal,
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05:29
because it's the great protection against loss.
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그게 ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ μ†μ‹€λ³΄ν˜Έμ±…μ΄λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
05:32
So this was an incredibly early warning, 2000.
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2000년이면 μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ 빨리 κ²½κ³ κ°€ μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:36
It was something we'd seen before,
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이전에 λ³΄μ•˜λ˜ 것이고
05:38
and it was completely unambiguous.
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λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜ ν™•μ‹€ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:40
This was an epidemic of accounting control fraud
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이것은 은행이 μ£Όλ„μ μœΌλ‘œ μΌμœΌν‚¨
05:44
led by the banks.
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λ§Œμ—°ν•œ νšŒκ³„μ‘°μž‘ μ‚¬κΈ°μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:45
What about liar's loans?
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μ‚¬κΈ°λŒ€μΆœμ€ μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
05:47
Well, that warning actually comes earlier.
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κΈ€μŽ„μš”, 사싀 이것에 λŒ€ν•œ κ²½κ³ λŠ” 더 빨리 λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:51
The savings and loan debacle is basically
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μ €μΆ•κ³Ό λŒ€μΆœ λΆ•κ΄΄λŠ” μ›λž˜
05:54
the early 1980s through 1993,
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1980λ…„λŒ€ μ΄ˆμ—μ„œ 1993λ…„κΉŒμ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:57
and in the midst of fighting that wave
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νšŒκ³„μ‘°μž‘ 사기가 νΌμ§€λŠ” 것에
06:00
of accounting control fraud,
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λ§žμ„œ μ‹Έμš°λ˜ 1990년에,
06:02
in 1990, we found that a second front
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두 번째 λ°©λ²•μ˜ 사기가
06:07
of fraud was being started.
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μ§„ν–‰μ€‘μ΄μ—ˆμŒμ„ μ•Œκ²Œλ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:09
And like all good financial frauds in America,
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미ꡭ의 λͺ¨λ“  λŒ€λ‹¨ν•œ κΈˆμœ΅μ‚¬κΈ°κ°€ 그렇듯이
06:11
it began in Orange County, California.
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μΊ˜λ¦¬ν¬λ‹ˆμ•„μ˜ μ˜€λ Œμ§€ μΉ΄μš΄ν‹°μ—μ„œ μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:15
And we happened to be the regional regulators for it.
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저희가 마침 κ·Έ 지역 κ°λ…κ΄€μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:18
And our examiners said,
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저희 쑰사관이 λ§ν•˜κΈΈ,
06:20
they are making loans without even checking
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"그듀이 λŒ€μΆœμžμ˜ μ†Œλ“ν™•μΈλ„ 없이
06:23
what the borrower's income is.
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λŒ€μΆœμ„ ν•΄ μ£Όκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:25
This is insane, it has to lead to massive losses,
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λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ λŒ€λŸ‰μ†μ‹€μ„ μΌμœΌν‚¬ μ •μ‹ λ‚˜κ°„ μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:30
and it only makes sense for entities engaged
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νšŒκ³„μ‘°μž‘ 사기에 κ΄€λ ¨λœ
μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œλ‚˜ 말이 λ˜λŠ” μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€". 라고 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:34
in these accounting control frauds.
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06:36
And we said, yeah, you're absolutely right,
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μ €ν¬λŠ”, "κ·Έλž˜μš”, 당신이 λ§žμ•„μš”." 라고 λ§ν•˜κ³ ,
06:38
and we drove those liar's loans
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1990λ…„κ³Ό 1991년에 μ—…κ³„μ—μ„œ
06:41
out of the industry in 1990 and 1991,
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μ‚¬κΈ°λŒ€μΆœμ„ λͺ°μ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:46
but we could only deal with the industry
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 우리 관할뢄야인
06:48
we had jurisdiction over,
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μ €μΆ•κ³Ό λŒ€μΆœμ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλ§Œ
06:50
which was savings and loans,
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일을 μ²˜λ¦¬ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:52
and so the biggest and the baddest of the frauds,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ΅œλŒ€κ·œλͺ¨ μ΅œμ•…μ˜ μ‚¬κΈ°κ±΄μ΄μ—ˆλ˜
06:55
Long Beach Savings, voluntarily gave up
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λ‘±λΉ„μΉ˜ 저좕은행이
06:58
its federal savings and loan charter,
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μ—°λ°©μ €μΆ•, λŒ€μΆœ 승인,
07:01
gave up federal deposit insurance,
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μ—°λ°© 예금 λ³΄ν—˜μ„ 자발적으둜 ν¬κΈ°ν•˜κ³ 
07:03
converted to become a mortgage bank
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였직 우리 관할을 ν”Όν•΄κ°ˆ λͺ©μ μœΌλ‘œ
07:06
for the sole purpose of escaping our jurisdiction,
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λ‹΄λ³΄λŒ€μΆœ μ€ν–‰μœΌλ‘œ μ „ν™˜ν•˜κ³ μ„œ
07:09
and changed its name to Ameriquest,
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μ•„λ©”λ¦¬ν€˜μŠ€νŠΈλ‘œ 이름을 λ°”κΎΈκ³ 
07:11
and became the most notorious
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곧 κ°€μž₯ μ•…λͺ…높은
07:13
of the liar's loans frauds early on,
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ν—ˆμœ„λŒ€μΆœ 사기은행이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:17
and to add to that,
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거기에닀가
07:18
they deliberately predated upon minorities.
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그듀은 κ³„νšμ μœΌλ‘œ μ†Œμ™Έλ°›μ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μ•½νƒˆν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:23
So we knew again about this crisis.
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이 μœ„κΈ°μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:27
We'd seen it before. We'd stopped it before.
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μ˜ˆμ „μ— λ³΄μ•˜μ—ˆκ³ , λ§‰μ•˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:31
We had incredibly early warnings of it,
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λ†€λžκ²Œλ„ 일찍 κ²½κ³ λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:34
and it was absolutely unambiguous
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μ •μ§ν•œ λŒ€μΆœμ—…μžλΌλ©΄ 이런 μ‹μœΌλ‘œ
07:36
that no honest lender would make loans in this fashion.
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λŒ€μΆœμ„ ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 것이 λ„ˆλ¬΄ λͺ…λ°±ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:40
So let's take a look at the reaction
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그럼 업계와 κ°λ…μžλ“€,
07:43
of the industry and the regulators
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검찰은 λ§‰μ„μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ μœ„κΈ°μ— λŒ€ν•œ
07:46
and the prosecutors to these clear
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λͺ…ν™•ν•œ 초기 경고에 λŒ€ν•΄
07:48
early warnings that could have prevented the crisis.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ°˜μ‘ν–ˆλŠ”μ§€ λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:53
Start with the industry.
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μ‚°μ—…λΆ„μ•ΌλΆ€ν„° λ³΄μ‹œκ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:55
The industry responded between 2003 and 2006
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μ—…κ³„λŠ” 2003λ…„κ³Ό 2006λ…„ 사이에
08:01
by increasing liar's loans
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500νΌμ„ΌνŠΈ μ΄μƒμœΌλ‘œ
08:04
by over 500 percent.
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ν—ˆμœ„λŒ€μΆœμ„ λŠ˜λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:09
These were the loans
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κ±°ν’ˆμ„ κ·ΉλŒ€ν™” μ‹œν‚€κ³ 
08:11
that hyperinflated the bubble
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κ²½μ œμœ„κΈ°λ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚¨
08:12
and produced the economic crisis.
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λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έ λŒ€μΆœλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:16
By 2006, half of all the loans called subprime
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2006년쯀에, μ„œλΈŒν”„λΌμž„μ΄λΌκ³  ν•˜λŠ”
λŒ€μΆœμ˜ 절반이 ν—ˆμœ„λŒ€μΆœμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:21
were also liar's loans.
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08:23
They're not mutually exclusive, it's just that together,
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μƒν˜Έ λ°°νƒ€μ μΈκ²Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ κ·Έμ € ν•©μž‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:26
they're the most toxic combination
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μƒμƒν•˜μ‹€ 수 μžˆλŠ”
08:29
you can possibly imagine.
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κ°€μž₯ μœ„ν—˜ν•œ μ‘°ν•©μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:31
By 2006, 40 percent of all the loans
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2006년쯀에 κ·Έν•΄ 이루어진 μ£ΌνƒλŒ€μΆœμ˜
08:34
made that year, all the home loans made that year,
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40νΌμ„ΌνŠΈκ°€
08:37
were liar's loans,
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ν—ˆμœ„λŒ€μΆœμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:40
40 percent.
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40νΌμ„ΌνŠΈμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:41
And this is despite a warning
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μ—…κ³„μ˜ λ°˜λΆ€νŒ¨ μ „λ¬Έκ°€κ°€
08:44
from the industry's own antifraud experts
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이런 λŒ€μΆœμ€ 사기꾼듀을 λŒ€λ†“κ³ 
08:47
that said that these loans were an open invitation
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λΆˆλŸ¬λ“€μ΄λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” 경고에도
08:50
to fraudsters,
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λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μΌμ–΄λ‚œ 일이며
08:52
and that they had a fraud incidence
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μ‚¬κΈ°μ‚¬κ±΄μ˜
08:54
of 90 percent,
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90νΌμ„ΌνŠΈκ°€ μƒκΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:56
nine zero.
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90νΌμ„ΌνŠΈμš”.
08:59
In response to that, the industry
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이것에 λŒ€ν•΄, 업계가 처음으둜
09:02
first started calling these loans liar's loans,
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μ–΄λ–€ μΉ˜λ°€ν•¨μ΄ λΆ€μ‘±ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 뜻으둜
09:07
which lacks a certain subtlety,
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ν—ˆμœ„λŒ€μΆœμ΄λΌκ³  λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:11
and second, massively increased them,
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κ·Έ λ‹€μŒμ—λŠ” 폭발적으둜 λŒ€μΆœμ„ λŠ˜λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:14
and no government regulator ever
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μ–΄λ–€ μ •λΆ€ 감독관도
09:17
required or encouraged any lender
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λŒ€μΆœμ—…μžμ—κ²Œ ν—ˆμœ„λŒ€μΆœμ„
09:21
to make a liar's loan
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ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
09:22
or anyone to purchase a liar's loan,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ ν—ˆμœ„λŒ€μΆœμ„ 받도둝 ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:25
and that explicitly includes Fannie and Freddie.
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그것은 μ†”μ§νžˆ λŒ€μΆœνšŒμ‚¬μΈ νŒ¨λ‹ˆμ™€ ν”„λ ˆλ””λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:28
This came from the lenders
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이것은 μ‚¬κΈ°μˆ˜λ²•μ΄
09:30
because of the fraud recipe.
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λŒ€μΆœμ—…μžμ˜ ν–‰κ°μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:33
What happened to appraisal fraud?
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κ°μ •μ‚¬κΈ°λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
09:36
It expanded remarkably as well.
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μ—­μ‹œ μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ μ¦κ°€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:39
By 2007, when a survey of appraisers was done,
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2007λ…„μ―€, κ°μ •μ‚¬λ“€μ˜ 섀문쑰사가 끝났을 λ•Œ,
09:43
90 percent of appraisers reported
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90νΌμ„ΌνŠΈμ˜ 감정사듀이
09:46
that they had been subject to coercion
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λŒ€μΆœμ—…μžλ‘œλΆ€ν„°
09:48
from the lenders trying to get them
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감정가λ₯Ό 뢀풀리도둝
09:51
to inflate an appraisal.
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κ°•μš”λ°›μ•˜λ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:52
In other words, both forms of fraud
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즉, 두 κ°€μ§€μ˜ μ‚¬κΈ°μˆ˜λ²•μ΄
09:55
became absolutely endemic and normal,
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일반적으둜 λ§Œμ—°ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆκ³ ,
09:59
and this is what drove the bubble.
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그것이 κ±°ν’ˆμ„ ν‚€μ› λ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:01
What happened in the governmental sector?
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μ •λΆ€λΆ€λ¬Έμ—λŠ” μ–΄λ–€ 일이 λ²Œμ–΄μ‘Œμ„κΉŒμš”?
10:04
Well, the government, as I told you,
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λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦°λŒ€λ‘œ, μ •λΆ€λŠ”
10:06
when we were the savings and loan regulators,
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저희가 μ €μΆ•κ³Ό λŒ€μΆœ κ°λ…κ΄€μ΄μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ,
10:09
we could only deal with our industry,
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κ·Έ μ—…κ³„λ§Œ 일을 μ²˜λ¦¬ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ ,
10:12
and if people gave up their federal deposit insurance,
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μ—…κ³„μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ—°λ°©μ •λΆ€ μ˜ˆκΈˆλ³΄ν—˜μ„ ν¬κΈ°ν•˜λ©΄,
10:14
we couldn't do anything to them.
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μ €ν¬λŠ” μ–΄λ–€ 일도 ν•  μˆ˜κ°€ μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:16
Congress, it may strike you as impossible,
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λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜μ‹€ 수 μžˆκ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€λ§Œ,
10:20
but actually did something intelligent in 1994,
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1994년에 μ˜νšŒκ°€ λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•œ 일을 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:23
and passed the Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act
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μ£Όνƒμ†Œμœ κΆŒκ³Ό μžμ‚°λ³΄ν˜Έλ²•μ„ ν†΅κ³Όμ‹œμΌœμ„œ
10:26
that gave the Fed, and only the Federal Reserve,
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였직 μ—°λ°©μ€€λΉ„μœ„μ›νšŒμ—λ§Œ
10:30
the explicit, statutory authority to ban liar's loans
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μ—°λ°©μ˜ˆκΈˆ λ³΄ν—˜μ„ λ“€μ—ˆλŠ”μ§€μ™€ 상관없이
10:34
by every lender,
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λͺ¨λ“  λŒ€μΆœμžλ“€μ˜ ν—ˆμœ„λŒ€μΆœμ„ κΈˆμ§€ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
10:36
whether or not they had federal deposit insurance.
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법적 κΆŒν•œμ„ λΆ€μ—¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:39
So what did Ben Bernanke and Alan Greenspan,
221
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μ—°μ€€μ˜μž₯μ΄μ—ˆλ˜ λ²€ 버냉킀와 μ•¨λŸ° κ·Έλ¦°μŠ€νŽ€μ€
10:42
as chairs of the Fed, do
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 것듀이 λŒ€λŸ‰ 사기 λŒ€μΆœμ΄κ³ 
10:44
when they got these warnings
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그것이 2μ°¨ μ‹œμž₯으둜 νŒ”λ € λ‚˜κ°€κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ”
10:46
that these were massively fraudulent loans
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κ²½κ³ λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜μ„ λ•Œ
10:49
and that they were being sold to the secondary market?
225
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무엇을 ν–ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
10:53
Remember, there's no fraud exorcist.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„, 사기꾼 ν‡΄λ§ˆμ‚¬λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:55
Once it starts out a fraudulent loan,
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ν•œλ²ˆ μ‚¬κΈ°λŒ€μΆœμ΄ μ‹œμž‘λ˜λ©΄
10:57
it can only be sold to the secondary market
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λ”ν•œ μ‚¬κΈ°μˆ˜λ²•μ„ 톡해
10:59
through more frauds,
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λŒ€ν‘œμžμ™€ 피보증인에 λŒ€ν•΄ 거짓말을 ν•˜λ©°
11:00
lying about the reps and warrantees,
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2μ°¨ μ‹œμž₯으둜 νŒ”λ €λ‚˜κ°€κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:03
and then those people are going to produce
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그럼 이 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
11:05
mortgage-backed securities
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μ£Όνƒλ‹΄λ³΄λŒ€μΆœ 증ꢌ과
11:06
and exotic derivatives
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이 μ‚¬κΈ°λŒ€μΆœμ— κΈ°μ΄ˆν•˜κ²Œ λ˜λŠ”
11:07
which are also going to be supposedly backed
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κΈ°λ¬˜ν•œ νŒŒμƒμƒν’ˆλ“€μ„
11:10
by those fraudulent loans.
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λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:12
So the fraud is going to progress
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전체 체계λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ
11:14
through the entire system,
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사기가 μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ–΄ κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:15
hyperinflate the bubble, produce a disaster.
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κ±°ν’ˆμ„ ν‚€μš°κ³ , μž¬μ•™μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ£ .
11:18
And remember, we had experience with this.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이런 κ²½ν—˜μ΄ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:22
We had seen significant losses,
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μƒλ‹Ήν•œ 손싀을 λ΄€μ—ˆκ³ 
11:24
and we had experience of competent regulators
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유λŠ₯ν•œ 감독관듀이 이것을 λ§‰λŠ”
11:27
in stopping it.
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κ²½ν—˜μ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:29
Greenspan and Bernanke refused
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κ·Έλ¦°μŠ€νŽ€κ³Ό λ²„λƒ‰ν‚€λŠ”
ν—ˆμœ„λŒ€μΆœμ„ λ§‰κΈ°μœ„ν•œ
11:32
to use the authority under the statute
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법적 κΆŒν•œμ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 것을
11:34
to stop liar's loans.
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κ±°λΆ€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
그듀은 κ·œμ œν•˜λŠ” 것이라면
11:37
And this was a matter first of dogma.
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11:39
They're just horrifically opposed
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끔찍할 μ •λ„λ‘œ λ°˜λŒ€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:42
to anything regulatory.
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11:44
But it is also the international competition in laxity,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ˜ν•œ λ―Έκ΅­κ³Ό 영ꡭ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜,
11:49
the race to the bottom
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특히 λŸ°λ˜μ΄μš”,
11:50
between the United States and the United Kingdom,
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λ°”λ‹₯으둜 μΉ˜λ‹«λŠ”
해이함은 ꡭ제적인 κ²½μŸμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:54
the city of London, in particular,
252
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11:55
and the city of London won that race to the bottom,
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런던이 λ°”λ‹₯으둜의 κ²½μŸμ—μ„œ μ΄κ²ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:58
but it meant that all regulation in the West
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그것은 μ„œκ΅¬μ—μ„œμ˜ λͺ¨λ“  κ·œμ œκ°€
12:02
was completely degraded
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κ°€μž₯ μ·¨μ•½ν•œ 규제λ₯Ό κ°€μ§ˆ 수 μžˆλŠ”
12:04
in this stupid competition to be
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그런 말도 μ•ˆλ˜λŠ” κ²½μŸμ—μ„œ
12:06
who could have the weakest regulation.
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2072
μ™„μ „νžˆ κ°•λ“±λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:08
So that was the regulatory response.
258
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그것이 κ·œμ œμ— λŒ€ν•œ λ°˜μ‘μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:11
What about the response of the prosecutors
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이 μœ„κΈ° 이후,
12:14
after the crisis,
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11μ‘°λ‹¬λŸ¬μ˜ 손싀과
12:16
after 11 trillion dollars in losses,
261
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천 만개의 μΌμžλ¦¬κ°€ 없어진 ν›„,
12:20
after 10 million jobs lost,
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μ €μΆ•κ³Ό λŒ€μΆœ 뢕괴보닀
12:22
a crisis in which the losses and the frauds
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70λ°° 더 컀진
12:25
were more than 70 times larger
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손싀과 사기가 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ μœ„κΈ°μ— λŒ€ν•΄
12:29
than the savings and loan debacle?
265
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κ²€μ°°μ—μ„œλŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ°˜μ‘ν–ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
12:31
Well, in the savings and loan debacle,
266
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μ €μΆ•κ³Ό λŒ€μΆœ λΆ•κ΄΄μ‚¬κ±΄μ—μ„œ,
12:33
our agency that regulated savings and loans, OTS,
267
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3970
그것을 κ·œμ œν•˜λŠ” 저희 기관인 OTSλŠ”
12:37
made over 30,000 criminal referrals,
268
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4084
3만λͺ… μ΄μƒμ˜ 범죄건을 μ λ°œν•˜κ³ ,
12:41
produced over 1,000 felony convictions
269
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천 κ±΄μ΄μƒμ˜ 쀑범죄 νŒκ²°μ„ μ΄λŒμ–΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:44
just in cases designated as major,
270
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μ£Όμš” λ‹΄λ‹ΉλΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œλ§Œ κ·Έ 정도고,
12:46
and that understates the degree of prioritization,
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μ €ν¬λŠ” FBI와 ν•¨κ»˜ κ΅­κ°€μ μœΌλ‘œ
12:50
because we worked with the FBI
272
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κ°€μž₯ μ•…λͺ…높은 100λŒ€ 사기사건 λͺ©λ‘μ„
12:51
to create the list of the top 100 fraud schemes,
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μž‘μ„±ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μΌν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
12:56
the absolute worst of the worst, nationwide.
274
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μš°μ„ μˆœμœ„μ˜ μ •λ„λŠ” λ‚΄λ €μ„œ 이야기 ν•œκ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:59
Roughly 300 savings and loans involved,
275
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2784
μ €μΆ•κ³Ό λŒ€μΆœμ€ λŒ€λž΅ 300건이,
13:02
roughly 600 senior officials.
276
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3314
κ³ μœ„ 곡무원 600λͺ… 정도가 κ΄€λ ¨λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:05
Virtually all of them were prosecuted.
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거의 κ·Έλ“€ λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ κΈ°μ†Œλ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:07
We had a 90 percent conviction rate.
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90νΌμ„ΌνŠΈκ°€ μœ μ£„λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:10
It's the greatest success against
279
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1830
μ—˜λ¦¬νŠΈ 계측 전문직 범죄에 λŒ€ν•œ
13:12
elite white collar criminals ever,
280
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2602
κ°€μž₯ μ„±κ³΅ν•œ μ‚¬λ‘€μ˜€κ³ ,
13:15
and it was because of this understanding
281
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2236
ν†΅μ œμ‚¬κΈ°μ™€ νšŒκ³„λΆ€μ •μ˜ 방법을
13:17
of control fraud
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1335
잘 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
13:18
and the accounting control fraud mechanism.
283
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2511
κ°€λŠ₯ν–ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:21
Flash forward to the current crisis.
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ν˜„μž¬ μœ„κΈ°λ₯Ό λ“€μ—¬λ‹€ λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:24
The same agency, Office of Thrift Supervision,
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이 λ‚˜λΌμ—μ„œ μ΅œλŒ€μ˜ ν—ˆμœ„λŒ€μΆœμ„ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”
13:26
which was supposed to regulate
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λ§Žμ€ μ—…μžλ“€μ„
13:28
many of the largest makers of liar's loans
287
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2097
감독해야 ν• 
13:30
in the country,
288
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같은 기관인, κΈ΄μΆ•κ°μ‹œμ²­(OTS)은--
13:31
has made, even today -- it no longer exists,
289
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--μ§€κΈˆμ€ μ—†μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:36
but as of a year ago,
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일년 μ „μœΌλ‘œ ν•΄μ„œ 심지어 ν˜„μž¬κΉŒμ§€λ„
13:38
it had made zero criminal referrals.
291
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λ²”μ£„μ λ°œμ΄ 0κ±΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:43
The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency,
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1696
κ΅­κ°€ μ΅œλŒ€μ€ν–‰λ“€μ„ κ°μ‹œν•΄μ•Ό ν• 
13:44
which is supposed to regulate the largest national banks,
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ν†΅ν™”κ°μ‹œμ²­λ„
13:47
has made zero criminal referrals.
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2551
λ²”μ£„μ λ°œμ΄ 0κ±΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:49
The Fed appears to have made
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1626
μ—°λ°©μ€€λΉ„μœ„μ›νšŒλ„
13:51
zero criminal referrals.
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1995
λ²”μ£„μ λ°œμ΄ 0κ±΄μ΄μ—ˆλ˜κ²ƒ κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:53
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
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833494
1955
μ—°λ°© μ˜ˆκΈˆλ³΄ν—˜ 기업은
13:55
is smart enough to refuse to answer the question.
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4534
μ˜μ•…ν•˜κ²Œλ„ λŒ€λ‹΅μ„ κ±°λΆ€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:59
Without any guidance from the regulators,
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κ°λ…κ΄€μ˜ μ–΄λ–€ 지침도 μ—†κ³ ,
14:05
there's no expertise in the FBI
300
845518
2882
FBIλŠ” λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 사기사건을 쑰사할
14:08
to investigate complex frauds.
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2472
전문인λ ₯도 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:10
It isn't simply that they've had
302
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이 κΈ°μ†Œκ±΄λ“€μ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 할지
14:12
to reinvent the wheel
303
852804
1822
λ‹€μ‹œκΈˆ λ˜‘κ°™μ€ 방법을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ„œκ°€
14:14
of how to do these prosecutions;
304
854626
1918
μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:16
they've forgotten that the wheel exists,
305
856544
4756
방법이 이미 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ§κ°ν•œ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:21
and therefore, we have zero prosecutions,
306
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4098
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €ν¬λŠ” ν•œ 건의 κΈ°μ†Œλ„ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:25
and of course, zero convictions,
307
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2602
λ¬Όλ‘ , 이 μœ„κΈ°λ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚¨
14:28
of any of the elite bank frauds,
308
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2790
μ›”κ°€ ν˜•νƒœμ˜
14:30
the Wall Street types,
309
870790
1537
μ „λ¬Έ 은행사기건에 λŒ€ν•΄
14:32
that drove this crisis.
310
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ν•œ 건도 μœ μ£„νŒκ²°λ„ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:35
With no expertise coming from the regulators,
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2237
κ°λ…κ΄€μΆœμ‹ μ˜ 전문인λ ₯ 없이
14:37
the FBI formed what it calls a partnership
312
877696
3091
FBIλŠ” 2007년에 μ €λ‹Ήμ•Œμ„ μ—…μž ν˜‘νšŒμ™€
14:40
with the Mortgage Bankers Association in 2007.
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μ†Œμœ„ μ œνœ΄κ΄€κ³„λ₯Ό λ§Ίμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:45
The Mortgage Bankers Association
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1833
μ €λ‹Ήμ•Œμ„ μ—…μž ν˜‘νšŒλž€
14:46
is the trade association of the perps.
315
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3751
λ²”μ£„μžμ˜ λ™μ—…λ‹¨μ²΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:50
And the Mortgage Bankers Association
316
890694
2416
그리고 μ €λ‹Ήμ•Œμ„ μ—…μž ν˜‘νšŒλŠ” 일을 μ°©μˆ˜ν–ˆκ³ 
14:53
set out, it had the audacity and the success
317
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3790
FBIλ₯Ό μ†μΌλ§Œν•œ λŒ€λ‹΄μ„±μœΌλ‘œ
14:56
to con the FBI.
318
896900
1678
μ„±κ³΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:58
It had created a supposed definition
319
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3077
ν˜‘νšŒλŠ” 담보사기에 λŒ€ν•œ
15:01
of mortgage fraud, in which, guess what,
320
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2875
λŒ€λž΅μ˜ κ°œλ…μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆλŠ”λ°,
15:04
its members are always the victim
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ν˜‘νšŒνšŒμ›λ“€μ€ μ ˆλŒ€ κ°€ν•΄μžκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
15:06
and never the perpetrators.
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906392
2017
μ–Έμ œλ‚˜ ν¬μƒμžλΌλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:08
And the FBI has bought this hook, line, sinker,
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4514
그리고 FBIλŠ” 이 λ‚šμ‹œλ„κ΅¬λ“€κ³Ό
15:12
rod, reel and the boat they rode out in.
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4081
그듀이 λΉ μ Έλ‚˜κ°ˆ λ°°λ₯Ό ν•¨κ»˜ κ΅¬μž…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:17
And so the FBI,
325
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3056
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ FBIλŠ”
15:20
under the leadership of an attorney general
326
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3098
흑인 법무μž₯κ΄€κ³Ό
흑인 λ―Έκ΅­ λŒ€ν†΅λ Ήμ˜
15:23
who is African-American
327
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1174
15:24
and a president of the United States who is African-American,
328
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2462
μ§€νœ˜ μ•„λž˜
15:26
have adopted the Tea Party definition of the crisis,
329
926794
3500
μž„μ›κ³„μ—΄μ—λŠ” 죄가 λ˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ 
15:30
in which it is the first virgin crisis in history,
330
930294
3482
역사상 처음으둜 μΌμ–΄λ‚œ μœ„κΈ°λΌκ³  ν•˜λŠ”
15:33
conceived without sin in the executive ranks.
331
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ν‹°νŒŒν‹°μ˜ κ°œλ…μ„ μ±„νƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:37
And it's those oh-so-clever hairdressers
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그듀은 λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” λ³΄ν†΅μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ‘œ
15:40
who were able to defraud the poor, pitiful banks,
333
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3218
금육 지식이 μ—†λŠ”
15:44
who lack any financial sophistication.
334
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2384
κ°€λ‚œν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό λΆˆμŒν•œ 은행듀을 μ‚¬μ·¨ν–ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:46
It is the silliest story you can conceive of,
335
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이것은 생각해 λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” κ°€μž₯ ν™©λ‹Ήν•œ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λ‘œ
15:49
and so they go and they prosecute the hairdressers,
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3901
FBIλŠ” κ°€μ„œ κ·Έ λ³΄ν†΅μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ κΈ°μ†Œν•˜κ³ λŠ”
15:53
and they leave the banksters alone entirely.
337
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4179
μ€ν–‰κ΄€κ³„μžλ“€μ€ λ‹€ μ œμ™Έμ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:57
And so, while lions are roaming the campsite,
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μ‚¬μžλ“€μ΄ μ•Όμ˜μ§€λ₯Ό λ°°νšŒν•˜κ³  μžˆμ„ λ•Œ
16:00
the FBI is chasing mice.
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FBIλŠ” 생μ₯λ§Œ μ«“κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:04
What do we need to do?
340
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1430
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•΄μ•Ό ν• κΉŒμš”?
16:05
What can we do in all of this?
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 무엇을 ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
16:07
We need to change the perverse incentive structures
342
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3819
μœ„κΈ°λ‘œ λͺ°μ•„ κ°€κ³  μžˆλŠ”
16:11
that produce these recurrent epidemics
343
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2996
반볡적인 νšŒκ³„λΆ€μ • 사기λ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ”
16:14
of accounting control fraud
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1329
μ‚¬μ•…ν•œ 보상 ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό
16:16
that are driving our crises.
345
976088
2014
λ°”κΏ”μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:18
So we have to first get rid
346
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2888
λ¨Όμ € 쑰직적으둜 μœ„ν—˜ν•œ 기관듀을
16:20
of the systemically dangerous institutions.
347
980990
2488
μ—†μ• μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:23
These are the so-called too-big-to-fail institutions.
348
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3485
이듀은 μ†Œμœ„ "νŒŒμ‚°ν•˜κΈ°μ—λŠ” λ„ˆλ¬΄ κ±°λŒ€ν•œ" κΈ°κ΄€λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:26
We need to shrink them to the point,
349
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2142
5λ…„ μ΄λ‚΄λ‘œ 그것듀을
16:29
within the next five years,
350
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1595
μ μ ˆν•˜κ²Œ μΆ•μ†Œν•΄μ„œ
16:30
that they no longer pose a systemic risk.
351
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2735
더이상 쑰직적인 μœ„ν—˜μ„ μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šλ„λ‘ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:33
Right now, they are ticking time bombs
352
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μ§€κΈˆ ν˜„μž¬, 그듀은 λ‹€μŒ 기관이 νŒŒμ‚°ν•˜λ©΄
16:35
that will cause a global crisis
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λ°”λ‘œ 세계적 μœ„κΈ°λ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚¬
16:38
as soon as the next one fails --
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μ‹œν•œν­νƒ„μ„ κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:41
not if, when.
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λ§Œμ•½μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μ‹€μ œλ‘œμš”.
16:43
Second thing we need to do is completely reform
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λ‘λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ” 감정평가사듀을 λ§€μˆ˜ν•˜λŠ” 데 μ“°λŠ”
16:45
modern executive and professional compensation,
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ν˜„λŒ€μ˜ μž„μ›κ³Ό 전문직 보상체계λ₯Ό
16:48
which is what they use to suborn the appraisers.
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μ™„μ „νžˆ κ°œν˜ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:53
Remember, they were pressuring the appraisers
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„, 그듀은 평가사듀을 보상체계λ₯Ό 톡해
16:55
through the compensation system,
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압박을 κ°€ν•΄μ„œ
16:56
trying to produce what we call a Gresham's dynamic,
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μ‹œμž₯μ—μ„œ μ•…ν•œ μœ€λ¦¬κ°€ ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ 윀리λ₯Ό λͺ°μ•„λ‚΄λŠ”
16:59
in which bad ethics drives good ethics
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μ†Œμœ„ κ·Έλ ˆμ…€μ˜ λ²•μΉ™μ΄λΌλŠ” 것을
17:02
out of the marketplace.
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λ§Œλ“€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:03
And they largely succeeded,
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그리고 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ μ„±κ³΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:05
which is how the fraud became endemic.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 사기가 λ§Œμ—°ν•˜κ²Œ 된 것이죠.
17:08
And the third thing that we need to do
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μ„Έλ²ˆμ§Έ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  일은
17:11
is deal with what we call the three D's:
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3D 라고 ν•˜λŠ”
17:13
deregulation, desupervision,
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규제철폐, κ°μ‹œμ™„ν™”, 사싀상 λΆˆκΈ°μ†Œμ²˜λΆ„μ˜
17:16
and the de facto decriminalization.
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문제λ₯Ό μ²˜λ¦¬ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:20
Because we can make
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이 세가지 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό
17:22
all three of these changes, and if we do so,
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ν•΄λ‚Ό 수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ©°, κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
17:26
we can dramatically reduce
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μœ„κΈ°κ°€ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” λΉˆλ„μ™€
17:28
how often we have a crisis
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심각성을 획기적으둜
17:31
and how severe those crises are.
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쀄일 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:34
That is not simply critical to our economy.
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그것은 λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ κ²½μ œμ— μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:37
You can see what these crises do to inequality
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κ·Έ μœ„κΈ°λ“€μ΄ λΆˆν‰λ“±κ³Ό λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜μ—
17:41
and what they do to our democracy.
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λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯을 μ•„μ‹€ 수 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:43
They have produced crony capitalism,
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미ꡭ식 자본주의 ν•œ 패거리λ₯Ό
17:46
American-style,
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λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λƒˆλŠ”λ°,
17:47
in which the largest financial institutions
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μ΅œλŒ€ κΈˆμœ΅κΈ°κ΄€λ“€μ΄
17:50
are the leading financial donors of both parties,
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μ–‘ λ‹Ήμ˜ μ£Όμš” μ •μΉ˜ μžκΈˆμ€„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:54
and that's the reason why
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κ·Έλ ‡κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
17:56
even after this crisis,
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μ €μΆ• λŒ€μΆœμœ„κΈ°λ³΄λ‹€ 70νΌμ„ΌνŠΈ 더 ν™•λŒ€λœ
18:00
70 times larger than the savings and loan crisis,
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이 μœ„κΈ° 이후에도
18:05
we have no meaningful reforms
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λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦° μ„Έ 가지 μ˜μ—­μ—μ„œ
18:08
in any of the three areas that I've talked about,
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ν—ˆμœ„λŒ€μΆœμ„ κΈˆμ§€ν•˜λŠ” 것 λ§κ³ λŠ”
18:11
other than banning liar's loans,
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μ–΄λ– ν•œ μ˜λ―ΈμžˆλŠ” κ°œν˜μ„
18:13
which is good,
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ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:14
but that's just one form of ammunition
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그것은 사기λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ
18:17
for this fraud weapon.
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무기의 ν•˜λ‚˜μΌ λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:18
There are many forms of ammunition they can use.
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그듀은 μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ 무기λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:22
That's why we need to learn
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 은행원듀이 배운 것을
18:24
what the bankers have learned:
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ°°μ›Œμ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€:
18:26
the recipe for the best way to rob a bank,
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은행을 ν„Έ 수 μžˆλŠ” 졜고의 방법,
18:29
so that we can stop that recipe,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 그것을 막을 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:32
because our legislators,
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μ •μΉ˜μžκΈˆμ— κΈ°λŒ€μ–΄ μžˆλŠ”
18:34
who are dependent on political contributions,
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μž…λ²•μžλ“€μ΄
18:37
will not do it on their own.
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슀슀둜 ν•˜λ €κ³  μ•ˆ ν• ν…Œλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
18:39
Thank you very much.
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λŒ€λ‹¨νžˆ κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:41
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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