Why are drug prices so high? Investigating the outdated US patent system | Priti Krishtel

93,396 views

2020-02-06 ・ TED


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Why are drug prices so high? Investigating the outdated US patent system | Priti Krishtel

93,396 views ・ 2020-02-06

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Young Woo Kim κ²€ν† : YoonJu Mangione
저희 λ‚¨νŽΈμ€ 첫 λˆˆμ— λ°˜ν•œ μ‚¬λž‘μ΄μ—ˆλŒ€μš”.
00:13
For my husband, it was love at first sight.
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00:16
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
00:18
Here's what happened.
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이런 일이 μžˆμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
00:19
Years ago, Rudy,
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λͺ‡ λ…„ μ „, λ£¨λ””λŠ”
00:21
who I had strictly put in the friend zone at the time,
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κ·Έ λ‹Ήμ‹œ μ œκ°€ μ² μ €ν•˜κ²Œ 친ꡬ둜만 μ§€λ‚΄μžκ³  선을 κ·Έμ—ˆμ„ λ•Œμ—
00:25
came over to my house and met my dad,
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저희 집에 μ™€μ„œ 저희 아버지λ₯Ό λ§Œλ‚¬μ–΄μš”.
00:28
a pharmaceutical scientist who had just retired
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저희 μ•„λ²„μ§€λŠ” 약을 ν•˜λ‚˜ κ°œλ°œν•΄ μ‹œμž₯에 내놓은 λ’€
00:31
after bringing a drug to market.
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막 μ€ν‡΄ν•œ μ•½ν•™μžμ…¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:34
My dad said,
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저희 μ•„λ²„μ§€κ»˜μ„œ λ§μ”€ν•˜μ‹œκΈΈ,
00:35
"Ah, you probably wouldn't have heard of it.
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"μ•„, μžλ„€λŠ” μ•„λ§ˆ λ“€μ–΄λ³Έ 적이 μ—†κ² κ΅°.
00:37
It's for IPF,
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IPFλ₯Ό μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜λŠ” 약인데,
00:39
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis."
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νŠΉλ°œμ„± νμ„¬μœ μ¦μ΄λΌλŠ” 병 말일세"라고 ν•˜μ…¨κ³ 
00:42
Rudy paused for a long time, and then he said,
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λ£¨λ””λŠ” μž μ‹œ λ™μ•ˆ 말이 μ—†λ‹€κ°€,
00:46
"That's the disease that took my father's life 15 years ago."
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"그건 15λ…„μ „ 제 μ•„λ²„μ§€μ˜ 생λͺ…을 μ•—μ•„κ°„ λ³‘μ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”."라고 λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:52
Rudy says that this is the moment he fell in love.
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λ£¨λ””λŠ” κ·Έ μˆœκ°„ μ‚¬λž‘μ— λΉ μ‘ŒλŒ€μš”.
00:55
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
00:56
With my father.
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저희 μ•„λ²„μ§€λž‘μš”.
00:58
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
01:00
Even though it was too late for my dad to save his,
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비둝 저희 아버지가 그의 아버지λ₯Ό μ‚΄λ¦¬κΈ°μ—λŠ” λ„ˆλ¬΄ λŠ¦μ—ˆμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
01:04
he felt that destiny had delivered us this full-circle moment.
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κ·ΈλŠ” 운λͺ…이 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 이런 μ™„μ „ν•œ μˆœκ°„μ„ μ„ μ‚¬ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 λŠκΌˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:09
In my family, we have a special love for my father's inventions.
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우리 가쑱듀은 μ•„λ²„μ§€μ˜ 발λͺ…ν’ˆμ— νŠΉλ³„ν•œ 애정을 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:13
And in particular, we have a reverence for his patents.
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특히 μ•„λ²„μ§€κ»˜μ„œ κ°–κ³  계신 νŠΉν—ˆκΆŒλ“€μ€ 정말 μ‘΄κ²½μŠ€λŸ½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
We have framed patents on the wall in our house.
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νŠΉν—ˆκΆŒλ“€μ„ μ•‘μžλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ 집 벽에 κ±Έμ–΄ λ‘μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
01:21
And there's a recognition in our family that everything I've been able to do --
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그리고 우리 가쑱듀은 μ œκ°€ μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ 이뀄낸 λͺ¨λ“  것,
01:26
college, law school, health justice work --
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λŒ€ν•™κ΅, λ²•ν•™μ „λ¬ΈλŒ€ν•™μ›, 건강법 κ΄€λ ¨ 일,
01:29
all of it is because America enabled my father
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이 λͺ¨λ“ κ²Œ λ―Έκ΅­μ΄λž€ λ‚˜λΌκ°€ 제 μ•„λ²„μ§€μ˜ 발λͺ…κ°€λ‘œμ„œμ˜ 잠재λ ₯을
01:33
to fulfill his potential as an inventor.
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λ°œνœ˜ν•  수 있게 ν•΄μ£Όμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λΌκ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
01:42
Last year, I met the director of the US Patent Office
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μ§€λ‚œν•΄, μ €λŠ” 처음으둜
λ―Έκ΅­ νŠΉν—ˆκ΅­μ˜ μ±…μž„μžλ₯Ό λ§Œλ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:46
for the first time,
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01:47
and I sent my family a selfie from that office in Virginia.
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λ²„μ§€λ‹ˆμ•„μ— μžˆλŠ” νŠΉν—ˆμ²­μ—μ„œ μ…€μΉ΄ ν•œμž₯을 찍어 κ°€μ‘±μ—κ²Œ λ³΄λƒˆμ£ .
01:50
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
01:52
I got so many emojis back,
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λ‹΅μž₯에 이λͺ¨ν‹°μ½˜μ„ ν•˜λ„ 많이 λ°›μ•„μ„œ
01:53
you would have thought I had met BeyoncΓ©.
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λˆ„κ°€ 보면 μ œκ°€ λΉ„μš˜μ„ΈλΌλ„ λ§Œλ‚œ 쀄 μ•Œκ² λ”λΌκ³ μš”.
01:56
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
01:58
But truth be told,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 사싀은
01:59
I was actually there to talk about a problem --
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μ €λŠ” ν•œ λ¬Έμ œμ— λŒ€ν•΄ λ…Όν•˜λŸ¬ κ°„ κ±°μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:01
how our outdated patent system is fueling the high cost of medicines
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미ꡭ의 ꡬ식 νŠΉν—ˆμ œλ„κ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 높은 μ•½ 값을 λΆ€μ±„μ§ˆν•˜κ³ 
02:06
and costing lives.
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κ·Έ 결과둜 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λͺ©μˆ¨μ„ μžƒλŠ”μ§€μš”.
02:09
Today, over two billion people live without access to medicines.
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  20μ–΅ μ΄μƒμ˜ μΈκ΅¬λŠ” 약을 ꡬ할 μˆ˜λ„ 없이 μ‚΄κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
And against this global crisis,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 전세계적인 μœ„κΈ°μ—λ„
02:15
drug prices are skyrocketing,
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μ•½ 값은 κΈ‰κ²©νžˆ μΉ˜μ†Ÿκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:17
including in wealthier countries.
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λΆ€μœ ν•œ κ΅­κ°€λ“€μ—μ„œλ„ 말이죠.
02:20
Thirty-four million Americans have lost a family member or a friend
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3,400만 λͺ…κ°€λŸ‰μ˜ 미ꡭ인듀은 μ§€λ‚œ 5λ…„κ°„
κ°€μ‘± λ˜λŠ” 친ꡬλ₯Ό μžƒμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:25
in the last five years,
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02:27
not because the treatment didn't exist,
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μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ΄ μ—†μ–΄μ„œκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
02:29
but because they couldn't afford it.
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치료λ₯Ό 받을 수 μžˆλŠ” 여건이 μ•ˆλκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—μš”.
02:32
Rising drug costs are pushing families into homelessness,
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μΉ˜μ†ŸλŠ” μ•½ 값은 가쑱듀을 거리둜 λ‚΄λͺ°κ³ 
02:36
seniors into bankruptcy
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노인듀을 νŒŒμ‚°μœΌλ‘œ λͺ°μ•„λ„£κ³  있으며
02:38
and parents to crowdfunding treatment for their critically ill children.
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λΆ€λͺ¨λ“€μ€ μœ„μ€‘ν•œ 아이λ₯Ό 살리기 μœ„ν•΄ ν¬λΌμš°λ“œνŽ€λ”©μ— μ˜μ‘΄ν•  μˆ˜λ°–μ— μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
There are many reasons for this crisis,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μœ„κΈ°μ—λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ μ΄μœ κ°€ μžˆλŠ”λ°
κ·Έ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” μ‹œλŒ€μ— 뒀떨어진 νŠΉν—ˆ μ œλ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:47
but one is the outdated patent system
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02:50
that America tries to export to the rest of the world.
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미ꡭ은 이걸 λ‹€λ₯Έ ꡭ가듀에 μˆ˜μΆœν•˜λ €κ³  ν•˜κ³  있죠.
02:55
The original intention behind the patent system
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νŠΉν—ˆ μ œλ„μ˜ μ›λž˜ μ˜λ„λŠ”
02:57
was to motivate people to invent
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발λͺ…을 μž₯λ €ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•¨μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:00
by rewarding them with a time-limited monopoly.
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λ³΄μƒμœΌλ‘œ 일정 κΈ°κ°„ λ™μ•ˆμ˜ λ…μ κΆŒμ„ μ£Όλ©΄μ„œ 말이죠.
03:03
But today, that intention has been distorted beyond recognition.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ , 그런 μ˜λ„λŠ” λͺ°λΌλ³Ό μ •λ„λ‘œ μ™œκ³‘ λ˜μ–΄μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:08
Corporations have teams of lawyers and lobbyists
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기업듀은 법λ₯  νŒ€κ³Ό λ‘œλΉ„μŠ€νŠΈλ‘œ 이루어진 νŒ€μ„ κ΅¬μ„±ν•΄μ„œ
03:11
whose sole job is to extend patent protection as long as possible.
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νŠΉν—ˆκΆŒ 보호λ₯Ό κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ ν•œ μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ μ—°μž₯ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:17
And they've kept the patent office busy.
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그리고 기업듀은 νŠΉν—ˆμ²­μ„ 정신없이 λ°”μ˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ™”μ£ .
03:20
It took 155 years for the US Patent Office
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νŠΉν—ˆμ²­μ΄ 처음 500만 건의 νŠΉν—ˆκΆŒμ„ λ°œκΈ‰ν•˜λŠ” 데에
03:24
to issue its first five million patents.
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155년이 κ±Έλ ΈλŠ”λ°
03:27
It took just 27 years for it to issue the next five million.
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λ‹€μŒ 500만 κ±΄κ°€λŸ‰μ˜ νŠΉν—ˆκΆŒμ„ λ°œκΈ‰ν•˜λŠ” λ°μ—λŠ” 단 27년이 κ±Έλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
We haven't gotten drastically more inventive.
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κ°‘μžκΈ° 발λͺ…ν’ˆμ΄ μš°ν›„μ£½μˆœμœΌλ‘œ μƒκ²¨λ‚œκ²Œ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:35
Corporations have gotten drastically better at gaming the system.
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기업듀이 μ œλ„λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜λŠ”λ°μ— 훨씬 λŠ₯μˆ™ν•΄μ§„κ±°μ£ .
03:40
Drug patents have exploded --
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μ˜μ•½ν’ˆ κ΄€λ ¨ νŠΉν—ˆλŠ” 폭발적으둜 μ¦κ°€ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
03:43
between 2006 and 2016, they doubled.
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2006λ…„κ³Ό 2016λ…„ 사이에 μˆ˜μΉ˜κ°€ 두 배둜 μ¦κ°€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:48
But consider this:
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이걸 μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”:
03:50
The vast majority of medicines associated with new drug patents
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ˜μ•½ν’ˆ νŠΉν—ˆκΆŒκ³Ό μ—°κ΄€λœ λŒ€λ‹€μˆ˜μ˜ μ•½ν’ˆλ“€μ€
03:56
are not new.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:57
Nearly eight out of 10 are for existing ones,
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거의 μ—΄ κ°œμ€‘ μ—¬λŸ κ°œκ°€ 기쑴에 있던 κ²ƒλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:01
like insulin or aspirin.
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μΈμŠλ¦°μ΄λ‚˜ μ•„μŠ€ν”Όλ¦° 같은 것 말이죠.
04:05
My organization, a team of lawyers and scientists,
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λ³€ν˜Έμ‚¬λ“€κ³Ό κ³Όν•™μžλ“€λ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λœ 저희 단체가
04:08
recently conducted an investigation into the 12 best-selling drugs in America.
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졜근 λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 많이 νŒ”λ¦° 12개의 μ•½ν’ˆμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ‘°μ‚¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:14
We found that, on average,
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저희가 λ°œκ²¬ν•œ 것은 ν‰κ· μ μœΌλ‘œ 각 μ•½ν’ˆ λ‹Ή
04:16
there are 125 patents filed on each medicine.
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125개의 νŠΉν—ˆκ°€ λ“±λ‘λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
Often for things we've known how to do for decades,
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λͺ‡μ‹­ λ…„ κ°„ 이미 μ•Œκ³  있던 것듀,
04:25
like putting two pills into one.
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두 개의 μ•Œμ•½μ„ ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ ν•©μΉ˜λŠ” 방법 같은 것듀 λ§μ΄μ—μš”.
04:28
The higher a patent wall a company builds,
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νšŒμ‚¬κ°€ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ†“μ€ νŠΉν—ˆκΆŒμ˜ μž₯벽이 더 λ†’μ•„μ§ˆμˆ˜λ‘,
04:31
the longer they hold on to their monopoly.
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νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ€ λ…μ κΆŒμ„ 더 였래 μœ μ§€ν• μˆ˜ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:34
And with no one to compete with,
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κ²½μŸμƒλŒ€κ°€ μ—†μœΌλ‹ˆ
04:36
they can set prices at whim.
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μ œλ©‹λŒ€λ‘œ 가격을 μ •ν•  μˆ˜λ„ 있죠.
04:39
And because these are medicines
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그리고 이건 λͺ…ν’ˆ μ‹œκ³„κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
04:41
and not designer watches,
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μ˜μ•½ν’ˆμ΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
04:43
we have no choice but to pay.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 값을 μ§€λΆˆν•  수 밖에 μ—†λŠ”κ±°μ£ .
04:46
The patent wall is a strategy to block competition.
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νŠΉν—ˆκΆŒμ˜ μž₯벽을 μ„Έμš°λŠ” 것은 κ²½μŸμ„ μ°¨λ‹¨ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μ „λž΅μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:51
Not for the 14 years maximum
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미ꡭ의 κ±΄κ΅­μžλ“€μ΄ μ›λž˜ κ΅¬μƒν–ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ
04:54
that America's founders originally envisioned,
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μ΅œλŒ€ 14λ…„ λ™μ•ˆμ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ,
04:57
or the 20 years allowed by law today,
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λ˜λŠ” μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  법이 ν—ˆκ°€ν•˜λŠ” 20λ…„λ™μ•ˆμ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ,
05:01
but for 40 years or more.
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40λ…„ λ˜λŠ” 그보닀 μ˜€λž˜λ„λ‘μš”.
05:04
Meanwhile, prices on these drugs have continued to increase --
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κ·Έλ™μ•ˆ μ•½ 값은 κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ μ¦κ°€ν•΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:08
68 percent since 2012.
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2012λ…„ μ΄ν›„λ‘œ 68 νΌμ„ΌνŠΈλ‚˜μš”.
05:12
That's seven times the rate of inflation.
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λ¬Όκ°€ μƒμŠΉλ₯ μ˜ 일곱 배에 λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” μˆ˜μΉ˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:16
And people are struggling or even dying,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ‚¬νˆ¬λ₯Ό 벌이고 있으며, 심지어 λͺ©μˆ¨κΉŒμ§€ μžƒκΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:19
because they can't afford the meds.
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약을 μ‚΄ ν˜•νŽΈμ΄ μ•ˆλΌμ„œμš”.
05:22
Now I want to be really clear about something.
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λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ 해두고 μ‹Άμ€κ²Œ μžˆλŠ”λ°,
05:25
This isn't about making the pharmaceutical industry the bad guy.
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μ œμ•½μ‚°μ—…μ„ λ‚˜μ˜κ²Œ 보이게 ν•˜λ €λŠ” μ˜λ„κ°€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:29
What I'm talking about today
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였늘 μ œκ°€ ν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ” 말은
05:31
is whether the system we created to promote progress
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진전을 μ΄‰μ§„μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ μ œλ„κ°€
05:35
is actually working as intended.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ˜λ„λœλŒ€λ‘œ μž‘λ™ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠλƒ ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:39
Sure, the pharmaceutical companies are gaming the system,
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λ¬Όλ‘ , μ œμ•½ νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ€ μ˜λ¦¬ν•˜κ²Œ μ œλ„λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
05:43
but they're gaming it because they can.
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μ΄μš©ν•˜λŠ” 건 그럴 수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:46
Because we have failed to adapt this system
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ˜ ν˜„μ‹€μ— 맞게
05:49
to meet today's realities.
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μ œλ„λ₯Ό μ μš©ν•˜λŠ”λ°μ— μ‹€νŒ¨ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
05:52
The government is handing out
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μ •λΆ€λŠ” μ—…κ³„μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 높이 ν‰κ°€λ˜λŠ”
05:53
one of the most prized rewards in business --
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보상을 μ£Όκ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°,
05:57
the opportunity to create a product that is protected from competition --
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κ²½μŸμœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ³΄ν˜Έλ°›μ„ 수 μžˆλŠ” μƒν’ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλŠ” 기회 말이죠.
06:02
and asking for less and less in return on our behalf.
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그리고 우리λ₯Ό λŒ€μ‹ ν•΄ λ‹΅λ‘€λ₯Ό 거의 μš”κ΅¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:06
Imagine awarding 100 Pulitzer Prizes to one author for the same book.
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ν•œ μž‘κ°€κ°€ μ“΄ μ±… ν•œ κΆŒμ— ν“°λ¦¬μ²˜ 상 100개λ₯Ό μ€€λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
06:12
(Murmurs)
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(쀑얼거림)
06:14
It doesn't have to be this way.
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μ΄λŒ€λ‘œμ—¬μ•Όλ§Œ ν•˜λŠ” 건 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:16
We can create a modern patent system
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν˜„λŒ€μ μΈ νŠΉν—ˆ μ œλ„λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:19
to meet the needs of a 21st-century society.
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21μ„ΈκΈ° μ‚¬νšŒμ—μ„œ ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•˜λŠ” 것을 μΆ©μ‘±μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆλŠ” μ œλ„μš”.
06:23
And to do that,
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그리고 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ
06:24
we need to reimagine the patent system to serve the public,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 단지 κΈ°μ—…λ§Œμ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 곡곡에 이읡이 될 수 μžˆλ„λ‘
06:27
not just corporations.
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νŠΉν—ˆμ œλ„λ₯Ό μž¬μ„€μ • ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:30
So how do we do it?
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그럼 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•΄μ•Ό ν• κΉŒμš”?
06:32
Five reforms.
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이 λ‹€μ„― 가지 뢀뢄을 κ°œν˜ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:34
First, we need to stop handing out so many patents.
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첫번째둜, λ„ˆλ¬΄ λ§Žμ€ νŠΉν—ˆκΆŒμ„ μ£ΌλŠ” 것을 λ©ˆμΆ°μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:39
Back under the Kennedy administration,
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μ˜ˆμ „ μΌ€λ„€λ”” μ •κΆŒ μ‹œλŒ€ λ•Œμ—
06:41
in an effort to curb rising drug costs,
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μΉ˜μ†ŸλŠ” μ•½ 값을 μ–΅μ œν•  λ…Έλ ₯의 μΌν™˜μœΌλ‘œ
06:44
a congressman from Tennessee proposed an idea.
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ν…Œλ„€μ‹œ 주의 ν•œ μ˜μ›μ΄ 아이디어λ₯Ό ν•˜λ‚˜ μ œμ‹œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:48
He said,
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κ·Έκ°€ λ§ν•˜κΈΈ,
06:49
"If you want to tweak a drug,
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"μ•½ν’ˆμ„ 쑰금만 μ†λ΄μ„œ
06:51
and you want to get another patent on it,
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κ·Έ μ•½ν’ˆμ— λŒ€ν•œ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ νŠΉν—ˆκΆŒμ„ μ–»κ³  μ‹Άλ‹€λ©΄
06:53
the modified version has to be significantly better, therapeutically,
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μˆ˜μ •λœ μ•½ν’ˆμ€ ν™˜μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ
μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ μœΌλ‘œ 훨씬 μ’‹μ•„μ•Ό ν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€."
06:57
for patients."
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06:59
Because of intense lobbying,
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μΉ˜μ—΄ν•œ λ‘œλΉ„ν™œλ™ λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
07:01
this idea never saw the light of day.
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이 λ°©μ•ˆμ€ 빛을 보지 λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:04
But a reimagined patent system
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ°œμ„ λœ νŠΉν—ˆ μ œλ„λŠ”
07:07
would resurrect and evolve this simple, yet elegant proposition.
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이 κ°„λ‹¨ν•˜λ©΄μ„œλ„ μš°μ•„ν•œ μ œμ•ˆμ„ λΆ€ν™œμ‹œν‚€κ³  λ°œμ „μ‹œν‚¬κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
07:12
That to get a patent,
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νŠΉν—ˆκΆŒμ„ μ–»κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
07:13
you have to invent something substantially better
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훨씬 더 λ‚˜μ€ 것을 κ°œλ°œν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:16
than what's already out there.
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기쑴에 μžˆλŠ” 것보닀 말이죠.
07:18
This shouldn't be controversial.
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κ±°κΈ°μ—” λ…ΌμŸμ˜ 여지가 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:21
As a society,
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우리 μ‚¬νšŒλŠ”
07:22
we reserve the big rewards for the big ideas.
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λŒ€λ‹¨ν•œ 아이디어λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ 큰 보상을 λ§ˆλ ¨ν•΄λ‘‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:26
We don't give Michelin stars to chefs who just tweak a recipe --
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μš”λ¦¬λ²•μ„ 살짝 λ°”κΎΈκΈ°λ§Œ ν•œ μš”λ¦¬μ‚¬μ—κ²Œ 미슐랭 μŠ€νƒ€λ₯Ό 주진 μ•Šμž–μ•„μš”.
07:31
we give them to chefs who change how we think about food.
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λŒ€μ‹  μŒμ‹μ— λŒ€ν•œ 우리의 생각을 바꿔놓은 μš”λ¦¬μ‚¬μ—κ²Œ μ£Όμ£ .
07:35
And yet, we hand out patents worth billions of dollars
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그런데 ν•œνŽΈμœΌλ‘  μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬ κ°€μΉ˜μ˜ νŠΉν—ˆκΆŒμ„ λ‚˜λˆ μ£Όλ“― ν•˜κ³  있죠.
07:38
for minor changes.
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μ•„μ£Ό 쑰금의 변화에도 λ§μ΄μ—μš”.
07:40
It's time to raise the bar.
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μ΄μ œλŠ” 기쀀을 높일 λ•Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:43
Second,
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두 번째둜,
07:45
we need to change the financial incentives of the Patent Office.
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νŠΉν—ˆμ²­μ˜ μž¬μ • μœ μΈμ±…μ„ λ°”κΏ€ ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:49
Right now, the revenue of the Patent Office
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ν˜„μž¬ νŠΉν—ˆμ²­μ˜ μˆ˜μž…μ€
07:52
is directly linked to the number of patents that it grants.
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κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ ν—ˆκ°€ν•΄ μ£ΌλŠ” νŠΉν—ˆκΆŒμ˜ κ°œμˆ˜μ™€ μ§μ ‘μ μœΌλ‘œ 관련이 λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:57
That's like private prisons getting paid more to hold more people --
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마치 λ―Όκ°„κ΅λ„μ†Œλ“€μ΄ 더 λ§Žμ€ μ£„μˆ˜λ₯Ό μœ μΉ˜ν•΄μ„œ 더 λ§Žμ€ λˆμ„ λ°›λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌμš”.
08:02
it naturally leads to more incarceration,
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투μ˜₯λ˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μžμ—°μŠ€λ ˆ λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚˜κ² μ£ .
08:06
not less.
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μ€„μ–΄λ“œλŠ”κ²Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌμš”.
08:08
The same is true for patents.
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νŠΉν—ˆκΆŒμ—λ„ λ˜‘κ°™μ΄ 적용이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:12
Third, we need more public participation.
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μ„Έ 번째, 더 λ§Žμ€ 곡곡의 μ°Έμ—¬κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:16
Right now, the patent system is like a black box.
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ν˜„μž¬ νŠΉν—ˆ μ œλ„λŠ” λΈ”λž™λ°•μŠ€μ™€ κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:19
It's a two-way conversation between the patent office and industry.
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νŠΉν—ˆμ²­κ³Ό νŠΉν—ˆμ‚°μ—… 사이에 μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§€λŠ” 쌍방ν–₯ λŒ€ν™”μΈλ°
08:24
You and I aren't invited to that party.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ³Ό μ €λŠ” 여기에 μ΄ˆλŒ€λ°›μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμ£ .
08:28
But imagine if instead,
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λŒ€μ‹ μ— μƒμƒν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”. λ§Œμ•½ νŠΉν—ˆμ²­μ΄ μ‹œλ―Όλ“€μ˜ ν•™μŠ΅κ³Ό
08:30
the Patent Office became a dynamic center for citizen learning and ingenuity,
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독창성 발휘λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ 역동적인 곡간이 λœλ‹€λ©΄ 어떨지 λ§μ΄μ—μš”.
08:36
staffed not just by technical experts and bureaucrats,
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직원듀이 μ‹€λ ₯μžˆλŠ” μ „λ¬Έκ°€λ‚˜ κ΄€λ£Œλ“€λ‘œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ‘Œμ„ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
08:40
but also by great public-health storytellers
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과학에 열정을 가진
08:43
with a passion for science.
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λ›°μ–΄λ‚œ 곡쀑보건 이야기꾼듀도 μžˆλŠ” κ³΅κ°„μ΄μš”.
08:46
Regular citizens could get accessible information
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ν‰λ²”ν•œ μ‹œλ―Όλ“€λ„ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ κΈ°μˆ λ“€μ— κ΄€ν•œ 정보λ₯Ό
08:50
about complex technologies
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μš©μ΄ν•˜κ²Œ 얻을 수 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:52
like artificial intelligence or gene editing,
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인곡지λŠ₯μ΄λ‚˜ μœ μ „μž λ³€ν˜• 같은 것 말이죠.
08:55
enabling us to participate in the policy conversations
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그럼으둜써 μš°λ¦¬λ“€λ„ μ •μ±…κ΄€λ ¨ 담화에 μ°Έμ—¬ν•  수 있게 되겠죠.
09:00
that directly impact our health and lives.
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우리 건강과 삢에 μ§μ ‘μ μœΌλ‘œ 영ν–₯을 쀄 수 μžˆλŠ” μ •μ±…λ“€μš”.
09:05
Fourth,
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λ„€ 번째둜,
09:08
we need to get the right to go to court.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 법원에 갈 ꢌ리λ₯Ό νšλ“ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:11
Right now in America, after a patent is granted,
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ν˜„μž¬ λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œλŠ” νŠΉν—ˆκΆŒμ„ 뢀여받은 후에도
09:14
the public has no legal standing.
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μ‹œλ―Όλ“€μ€ 법적 μ§€μœ„λ₯Ό 보μž₯ 받지 λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:17
Only those with a commercial interest, usually other drug companies,
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였직 상업적 이읡과 κ΄€λ ¨λœ, 주둜 μ œμ•½νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ΄
09:22
have that right.
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그런 ꢌ리λ₯Ό κ°–μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:24
But I've witnessed firsthand how lives can be saved
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ €λŠ” ν‰λ²”ν•œ μ‹œλ―Όλ“€μ΄ 법원에 갈 수 μžˆλŠ” ꢌ리λ₯Ό κ°€μ‘Œμ„ λ•Œ
09:28
when everyday citizens have the right to go to court.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 생λͺ…을 살릴 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ 직접 λͺ©κ²©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:32
Back in 2006 in India,
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2006λ…„ μΈλ„μ—μ„œ
09:34
my organization worked with patient advocates
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저희 λ‹¨μ²΄λŠ” νŠΉν—ˆ κ΄€λ ¨ μ˜Ήν˜Έμžλ“€κ³Ό μΌν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:38
to challenge, legally, unjust HIV drug patents,
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λΆ€λ‹Ήν•œ HIV μ•½λ¬Ό κ΄€λ ¨ νŠΉν—ˆκΆŒμ— λ²•μ μœΌλ‘œ λ„μ „ν•˜κΈ°μœ„ν•΄μš”.
09:42
at a time when so many people were dying,
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λ‹Ήμ‹œ λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λͺ©μˆ¨μ„ μžƒμ–΄λ‚˜κ°”λŠ”λ°
09:45
because medicines were priced out of reach.
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μ•½ 값이 μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ λΉ„μŒŒκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:48
We were able to bring down the prices of medicines
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 87%κΉŒμ§€
09:50
by up to 87 percent.
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μ•½ 값을 내릴 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:53
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
09:57
On just three drugs,
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단 μ„Έ 가지 μ•½μœΌλ‘œ
09:59
we were able to save health systems half a billion dollars.
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의료 μ œλ„μ—μ„œ μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬λ₯Ό μ ˆμ•½ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:04
Now, cases like these can save millions of lives
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이와 같은 μ‚¬λ‘€λ‘œ 수백만λͺ…μ˜ λͺ©μˆ¨μ„ 살릴 수 있으며
10:09
and billions of dollars.
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μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬ κ°€λŸ‰μ„ μ ˆμ•½ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:11
Imagine if Americans had the right to go to court, too.
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미ꡭ인듀도 법정에 갈 수 μžˆλŠ” κΆŒλ¦¬κ°€ μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
10:17
And lastly, we need stronger oversight.
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ, κ°•λ ₯ν•œ 관리감독이 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:21
We need an independent unit that can serve as a public advocate,
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λŒ€μ€‘μ„ λŒ€λ³€ν•˜κ³ 
μ •κΈ°μ μœΌλ‘œ νŠΉν—ˆμ²­μ΄ ν•˜λŠ” ν™œλ™λ“€μ„ κ°μ‹œν•˜λ©°
10:27
regularly monitoring the activities of the Patent Office
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μ˜νšŒμ— λ³΄κ³ ν• μˆ˜ μžˆλŠ” ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 독립 단체가 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:30
and reporting to Congress.
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10:33
If a unit like this had existed,
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이런 독립체가 μ‘΄μž¬ν–ˆμ—ˆλ‹€λ©΄, 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄
10:35
it would have caught, for example, the Silicon Valley company Theranos
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μ‹€λ¦¬μ½˜ 벨리의 νšŒμ‚¬ ν…ŒλΌλ…ΈμŠ€κ°€ ν˜ˆμ•‘κ²€μ‚¬λ‘œ λ§Žμ€ νŠΉν—ˆκΆŒμ„ νšλ“ν•˜κ³ 
10:40
before it got so many patents for blood testing
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90μ–΅λ‹¬λŸ¬ κ°€λŸ‰μ˜ κΈ°μ—… 평가앑을 μ–»κΈ° 이전에
10:44
and landed an evaluation of nine billion dollars,
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μž‘μ•„λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:47
when in reality,
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사싀은 발λͺ…μ΄λž„ 것도 μ „ν˜€ μ—†μ—ˆμœΌλ‹ˆ λ§μ΄μ—μš”.
10:48
there was no invention there at all.
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10:51
This kind of accountability is going to become increasingly urgent.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ±…μž„μ€ 점차적으둜 μ‹œκΈ‰ν•œ 문제둜 λŒ€λ‘λ˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:56
In the age of 23andMe,
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23andMe (μœ μ „μž 검사 ν‚€νŠΈ)의 μ‹œλŒ€μ—μ„œ 핡심 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ€
10:58
important questions are being asked
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11:01
about whether companies can patent and sell
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νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ΄ 우리의 μœ μ „ 정보와 의료 데이터λ₯Ό
11:04
our genetic information and our patient data.
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νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό λ°›κ³  νŒŒλŠλƒλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λŒ€ν™”μ— 적극적으둜 μ°Έμ—¬ν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:08
We need to be part of those conversations
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11:10
before it's too late.
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λ„ˆλ¬΄ 늦기 μ „μ—μš”.
11:12
Our information is being used to create the new therapies.
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우리의 μ •λ³΄λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 데 μ‚¬μš©λ˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:17
And when that moment of diagnosis comes for me and my family,
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그리고 μ €λ‚˜ μ €μ˜ 가쑱이, λ˜λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄λ‚˜ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ μ£Όμœ„μ— μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
11:21
or for you and yours,
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진단을 λ°›λŠ” μˆœκ°„μ΄ 였면
11:23
are we going to have to crowdfund to save the lives of those we love?
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μ‚¬λž‘ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ„ 살리기 μœ„ν•΄ ν¬λΌμš°λ“œνŽ€λ”©μ— μ˜μ‘΄ν• κ±΄κ°€μš”?
11:28
That's not the world I want to live in.
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그런 세상에 μ‚΄κ³  싢지 μ•Šμ•„μš”.
11:31
It's not the world I want for my two-year-old son.
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그건 저희 2μ‚΄λ°°κΈ° μ•„λ“€μ—κ²Œ λ¬Όλ €μ£Όκ³  싢은 세상이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:36
My dad is growing older now,
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μ €μ˜ μ•„λ²„μ§€λŠ” λ‚˜μ΄κ°€ λ“œμ…¨μ§€λ§Œ
11:40
and he is still as quietly brilliant and morally directed as ever.
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μ—¬μ „νžˆ μΉ¨μ°©ν•˜λ©΄μ„œλ„ 총기가 λ„˜μΉ˜λ©°, λ„λ•μ μœΌλ‘œ μ˜¬λ°”λ₯΄μ‹­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:45
Sometimes people ask us whether things get heated between us:
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λ•Œλ•Œλ‘œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 우리 사이에 λ“€λ“λŠ” λ…ΌμŸμ΄ μžˆμ§„ μ•Šμ€μ§€ λ¬Όμ–΄λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:49
the patent-holding scientist
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νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό λ³΄μœ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ³Όν•™μžμ™€
11:51
and his patent-reforming lawyer daughter.
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νŠΉν—ˆλ²• κ°œμ„ μ„ μœ„ν•΄ λ…Έλ ₯ν•˜λŠ” λ³€ν˜Έμ‚¬ λ”Έ 사이에 말이죠.
11:55
It's such a profound misunderstanding of what's at stake,
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이건 뭐가 달린 일인지에 λŒ€ν•œ μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μ˜€ν•΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 이건 κ³Όν•™μžλ“€κ³Ό ν™œλ™κ°€λ“€ κ°„μ˜,
12:00
because this is not about scientists versus activists,
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λ˜λŠ” 발λͺ…κ³Ό 보호 κ°„μ˜ λŒ€κ²°κ΅¬λ„κ°€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:04
or invention versus protection.
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12:06
This is about people,
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μ‚¬λžŒμ— κ΄€ν•œ 것이며,
12:08
our quest to invent and our right to live.
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발λͺ…을 μœ„ν•œ 우리의 탐ꡬ와 μƒμ‘΄μ˜ κΆŒλ¦¬μ— κ΄€ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:12
My dad and I understand that our ingenuity and our dignity
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저희 아버지와 μ €λŠ” 우리의 독창성과 쑴엄성이
12:16
go hand in hand.
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μ„œλ‘œ μ—°κ΄€λœλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:19
We are on the same side.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 같은 νŽΈμ΄μ—μš”.
12:21
It is time to reimagine a patent system
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μ§€κΈˆμ€ κ·Έ 사싀을 λ°˜μ˜ν•˜λŠ”
12:25
that reflects that knowing.
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νŠΉν—ˆ μ œλ„λ₯Ό κ°œμ„ ν•  λ•Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:27
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:28
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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