Deborah Gordon: The emergent genius of ant colonies

54,557 views ใƒป 2008-01-10

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yaniv Lubling ืžื‘ืงืจ: Avshalom Aloni
00:13
I study ants, and that's because I like to think about how organizations work.
0
13160
5000
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื ืžืœื™ื, ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื.
00:18
And in particular, how the simple parts of organizations
1
18160
6000
ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื
00:24
interact to create the behavior of the whole organization.
2
24160
4000
ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื•.
00:29
So, ant colonies are a good example of an organization like that,
3
29160
6000
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื ืžืœื™ื ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื›ื–ื”,
00:35
and there are many others. The web is one.
4
35160
2000
ื•ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช.
00:37
There are many biological systems like that --
5
37160
2000
ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• -
00:39
brains, cells, developing embryos.
6
39160
3000
ืžื•ื—ื•ืช, ืชืื™ื, ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื.
00:42
There are about 10,000 species of ants.
7
42160
3000
ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš ื› - 10,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืžืœื™ื.
00:45
They all live in colonies consisting of one or a few queens,
8
45160
5000
ื›ื•ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืœื›ื” ืื—ืช ืื• ื›ืžื”,
00:50
and then all the ants you see walking around are sterile female workers.
9
50160
5000
ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืชื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ืช.
00:55
And all ant colonies have in common that there's no central control.
10
55160
4000
ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช.
00:59
Nobody tells anybody what to do.
11
59160
2000
ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
01:01
The queen just lays the eggs. There's no management.
12
61160
4000
ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืจืง ืžื˜ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ.
01:05
No ant directs the behavior of any other ant.
13
65160
4000
ืืฃ ื ืžืœื” ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืฃ ื ืžืœื” ืื—ืจืช.
01:09
And I try to figure out how that works.
14
69160
2000
ื•ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
01:13
And I've been working for the past 20 years
15
73160
2000
ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš 20 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
01:15
on a population of seed-eating ants in southeastern Arizona.
16
75160
4000
ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ืžืœื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืช-ื–ืจืขื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื— ืืจื™ื–ื•ื ื”.
01:19
Here's my study site. This is really a picture of ants,
17
79160
2000
ื–ื”ื• ืืชืจ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ืžืœื™ื,
01:21
and the rabbit just happens to be there.
18
81160
3000
ื”ืืจื ื‘ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืžืฆื ืฉื ื‘ืžืงืจื”.
01:25
And these ants are called harvester ants because they eat seeds.
19
85160
4000
ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืงืจืื•ืช ื ืžืœื™ื ืงื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืช ื–ืจืขื™ื.
01:29
This is the nest of the mature colony, and there's the nest entrance.
20
89160
4000
ื–ื”ื• ื”ืงืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช, ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืŸ.
01:33
And they forage maybe for about 20 meters away,
21
93160
3000
ื”ืŸ ืžื—ืคืฉื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 20 ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
01:36
gather up the seeds and bring them back to the nest, and store them.
22
96160
4000
ืื•ืกืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื, ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ืงืŸ ื•ืžืื—ืกื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื.
01:40
And every year I go there and make a map of my study site.
23
100160
2000
ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืžื›ื™ื ื” ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ืืชืจ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™.
01:42
This is just a road. And it's not very big:
24
102160
3000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืง ื“ืจืš. ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš.
01:45
it's about 250 meters on one side, 400 on the other.
25
105160
3000
ื‘ืขืจืš 250 ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“, 400 ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.
01:48
And every colony has a name, which is a number,
26
108160
2000
ืœื›ืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ.
01:50
which is painted on a rock. And I go there every year
27
110160
3000
ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืจ ืขืœ ืกืœืข. ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืฉื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
01:53
and look for all the colonies that were alive the year before,
28
113160
3000
ื•ืžื—ืคืฉืช ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”,
01:56
and figure out which ones have died, and put all the new ones on the map.
29
116160
4000
ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืžื™ ืžืชื”, ื•ืฉืžื” ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื”,
02:00
And by doing this I know how old they all are.
30
120160
2000
ื•ื›ืš ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื›ื•ืœืŸ.
02:02
And because of that, I've been able to study how their behavior changes
31
122160
4000
ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื”, ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื”
02:06
as the colony gets older and larger.
32
126160
3000
ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืžืชื‘ื’ืจืช ื•ื’ื“ืœื”.
02:09
So I want to tell you about the life cycle of a colony.
33
129160
2000
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”.
02:11
Ants never make more ants; colonies make more colonies.
34
131160
4000
ื ืžืœื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื ืžืœื™ื, ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช.
02:15
And they do that by each year sending out the reproductives --
35
135160
3000
ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช -
02:18
those are the ones with wings -- on a mating flight.
36
138160
3000
ืืœื• ืขื ื”ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื - ืœื˜ื™ืกืช ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช.
02:22
So every year, on the same day -- and it's a mystery exactly how that happens --
37
142160
4000
ืื– ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื - ื•ื–ื• ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” -
02:26
each colony sends out its virgin, unmated queens with wings, and the males,
38
146160
6000
ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื•ืœื—ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืœื ืžืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื, ื•ืืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื,
02:32
and they all fly to a common place. And they mate.
39
152160
4000
ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืขืคื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ. ื•ื”ื ืžื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื™ื.
02:36
And this shows a recently virgin queen. Here's her wings.
40
156160
6000
ื›ืืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืœื›ื” ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ืขื“ ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ. ื”ื ื” ื”ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”.
02:42
And she's in the process of mating with this male,
41
162160
4000
ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
02:47
and there's another male on top waiting his turn.
42
167160
3000
ื•ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžืขืœื”, ืžืžืชื™ืŸ ืœืชื•ืจื•.
02:50
Often the queens mate more than once.
43
170160
2000
ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืžื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืขื ืื—ืช.
02:52
And after that, the males all die. That's it for them.
44
172160
3000
ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื”, ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื. ื–ื”ื• ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื.
02:55
(Laughter)
45
175160
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:57
And then the newly mated queens fly off somewhere, drop their wings,
46
177160
5000
ื•ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืคื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ืžืคื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
03:02
dig a hole and go into that hole and start laying eggs.
47
182160
4000
ื—ื•ืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ืจ, ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœืชื•ื›ื• ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื.
03:06
And they will live for 15 or 20 years, continuing to lay eggs
48
186160
5000
ื”ืŸ ืชื—ื™ื™ื ื” 15 ืื• 20 ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืชืžืฉื›ื ื” ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื
03:11
using the sperm from that original mating.
49
191160
2000
ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื–ืจืข ืžืื•ืชื” ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
03:14
So the queen goes down in there.
50
194160
2000
ืื– ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื ื›ื ืกืช ืฉื ืœืžื˜ื”.
03:16
She lays eggs, she feeds the larvae -- so an ant starts as an egg, then it's a larva.
51
196160
5000
ื”ื™ื ืžื˜ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืžืื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื–ื—ืœื™ื - ื”ื ืžืœื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ื‘ื™ืฆื”, ืื– ื”ื™ื ื–ื—ืœ.
03:21
She feeds the larvae by regurgitating from her fat reserves.
52
201160
4000
ื”ื™ื ืžืื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื–ื—ืœื™ื ืข"ื™ ื”ืขืœืืช ื’ืจื” ืžืขืชื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœื”.
03:25
Then, as soon as the ants -- the first group of ants -- emerge,
53
205160
4000
ืื–, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ืžืœื™ื - ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื - ื™ื•ืฆืืช,
03:29
they're larvae. Then they're pupae. Then they come out as adult ants.
54
209160
3000
ื”ืŸ ื–ื—ืœื™ื. ืื– ื”ืŸ ื’ืœืžื™ื. ื•ืื– ื”ืŸ ื‘ื•ืงืขื•ืช ื›ื ืžืœื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช.
03:32
They go out, they get the food, they dig the nest,
55
212160
3000
ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ืžืฉื™ื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ, ื—ื•ืคืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืŸ,
03:35
and the queen never comes out again.
56
215160
2000
ื•ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืขื•ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
03:37
So this is a one-year-old colony -- this happens to be 536.
57
217160
4000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืช ืฉื ื” - ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืžืกืคืจ 536
03:41
There's the nest entrance, there's a pencil for scale.
58
221160
2000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืืช ื”ืงืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืขืคืจื•ืŸ ืœืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
03:43
So this is the colony founded by a queen the previous summer.
59
223160
4000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื ื•ืกื“ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืœื›ื” ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืขื‘ืจ.
03:47
This is a three-year-old colony.
60
227160
2000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.
03:49
There's the nest entrance, there's a pencil for scale.
61
229160
4000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืืœ ื”ืงืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืขืคืจื•ืŸ ืœืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
03:53
They make a midden, a pile of refuse -- mostly the husks of the seeds that they eat.
62
233160
5000
ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืขืจื™ืžืช ืคืกื•ืœืช - ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื”ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืช.
03:58
This is a five-year-old colony. This is the nest entrance, here's a pencil for scale.
63
238160
5000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืช ื—ืžืฉ. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืงืŸ, ืขื ืขืคืจื•ืŸ ืœืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
04:03
This is about as big as they get, about a meter across.
64
243160
3000
ื–ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื• ื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช, ื‘ืขืจืš ืžื˜ืจ ืžืฆื“ ืœืฆื“.
04:07
And then this is how colony size and numbers of worker ants changes --
65
247160
5000
ื•ื›ืืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื™ื -
04:12
so this is about 10,000 worker ants --
66
252160
3000
ืืœื” ื‘ืขืจืš 10,000 ื ืžืœื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช -
04:15
changes as a function of colony age, in years.
67
255160
3000
ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื›ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื.
04:18
So it starts out with zero ants, just the founding queen,
68
258160
5000
ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืืคืก ื ืžืœื™ื, ืจืง ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ืช,
04:23
and it grows to a size of about 10 or 12 thousand ants when the colony is five.
69
263160
4000
ื•ื–ื” ื’ื“ืœ ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 10 ืื• 12 ืืœืฃ ื ืžืœื™ื ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืช ื—ืžืฉ.
04:27
And it stays that size until the queen dies
70
267160
3000
ื•ื–ื” ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžืœื›ื” ืžืชื”
04:30
and there's nobody to make more ants, when she's about 15 or 20 years old.
71
270160
5000
ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื ืžืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืช ื‘ืขืจืš 15 ืื• 20 ืฉื ื™ื.
04:35
And it's when they reach this stable size, in numbers of ants,
72
275160
4000
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื,
04:39
that they start to reproduce.
73
279160
2000
ื”ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
04:41
That is, to send more winged queens and males to that year's mating flight.
74
281160
6000
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ืคื•ืช ื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืกืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”.
04:47
And I know how colony size changes as a function of colony age
75
287160
5000
ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”,
04:52
because I've dug up colonies of known age and counted all the ants. (Laughter)
76
292160
5000
ื›ื™ ื—ืคืจืชื™ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ื’ื™ืœ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื•ืกืคืจืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื.
04:59
So that's not the most fun part of this research, although it's interesting.
77
299160
5000
ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื™ ื›ื™ืคื™ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
05:04
(Laughter)
78
304160
1000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:05
Really the question that I think about with these ants is what I call task allocation.
79
305160
5000
ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœื™ื” ืขื ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจืืช ื”ืงืฆืืช ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช.
05:10
That's not just how is the colony organized,
80
310160
3000
ืœื ืจืง ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช,
05:13
but how does it change what it's doing?
81
313160
2000
ืืœื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื”?
05:15
How is it that the colony manages to adjust
82
315160
4000
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื•ื•ืกืช
05:19
the numbers of workers performing each task as conditions change?
83
319160
4000
ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื?
05:23
So, things happen to an ant colony.
84
323160
2000
ืื– ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ืช ื ืžืœื™ื.
05:25
When it rains in the summer, it floods in the desert.
85
325160
3000
ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืจื“ ื’ืฉื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ, ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืฃ.
05:28
There's a lot of damage to the nest,
86
328160
2000
ื™ืฉ ื ื–ืง ืจื‘ ืœืงืŸ,
05:30
and extra ants are needed to clean up that mess.
87
330160
3000
ื•ื ืžืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื’ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
05:33
When extra food becomes available --
88
333160
2000
ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืžื™ืŸ -
05:35
and this is what everybody knows about picnics --
89
335160
2000
ื•ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ืงื ื™ืงื™ื -
05:37
then extra ants are allocated to collect the food.
90
337160
3000
ื ืžืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืžื•ืงืฆื•ืช ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ.
05:40
So, with nobody telling anybody what to do, how is it that
91
340160
3000
ืื–, ืื ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ื›ื™ืฆื“
05:43
the colony manages to adjust the numbers of workers performing each task?
92
343160
4000
ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื•ื•ืกืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื”?
05:47
And that's the process that I call task allocation.
93
347160
3000
ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื• ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจืืช ื”ืงืฆืืช ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช.
05:51
And in harvester ants, I divide the tasks
94
351160
2000
ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ืžืœื™ื ืงื•ืฆืจื•ืช, ืื ื™ ืžื—ืœืงืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช
05:53
of the ants I see just outside the nest
95
353160
2000
ืฉืœ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงืŸ
05:55
into these four categories: where an ant is foraging,
96
355160
3000
ืœืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•: ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืœื” ืžืœืงื˜ืช ืื•ื›ืœ,
05:58
when it's out along the foraging trail, searching for food or bringing food back.
97
358160
5000
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืœื™ืงื•ื˜, ืžื—ืคืฉืช ืื•ื›ืœ ืื• ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”.
06:03
The patrollers -- that's supposed to be a magnifying glass --
98
363160
3000
ื”ืกื™ื™ืจื•ืช - ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžื’ื“ืœืช -
06:06
are an interesting group that go out early in the morning
99
366160
2000
ื”ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ
06:08
before the foragers are active.
100
368160
2000
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช.
06:10
They somehow choose the direction that the foragers will go,
101
370160
3000
ื”ืŸ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ืชืœื›ื ื” ืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ.
06:13
and by coming back -- just by making it back --
102
373160
3000
ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” - ืขืฆื ื–ื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ -
06:16
they tell the foragers that it's safe to go out.
103
376160
3000
ื”ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืœืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
06:19
Then the nest maintenance workers work inside the nest,
104
379160
3000
ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืŸ,
06:22
and I wanted to say that the nests look a lot like Bill Lishman's house.
105
382160
5000
ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืืžืจ ืฉื”ืงื ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืฉืžืŸ.
06:27
That is, that there are chambers inside,
106
387160
2000
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื™ืฉ ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื,
06:29
they line the walls of the chambers with moist soil
107
389160
4000
ื”ืŸ ืžืฆืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืื“ืžื” ืœื—ื”
06:33
and it dries to a kind of an adobe-like surface in it.
108
393160
3000
ื•ื–ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื“ืžื•ื™ ื—ื™ืžืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
06:36
It also looks very similar to some of the cave dwellings
109
396160
3000
ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืžื” ืžื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช
06:39
of the Hopi people that are in that area.
110
399160
3000
ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื”ื•ืคื™ ืฉื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื™ื–ื•ืจ.
06:42
And the nest maintenance workers do that inside the nest,
111
402160
4000
ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืŸ,
06:46
and then they come out of the nest carrying bits of dry soil in their mandibles.
112
406160
3000
ื•ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงืŸ ืกื•ื—ื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืื“ืžื” ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื‘ืœืกืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
06:49
So you see the nest maintenance workers come out with a bit of sand,
113
409160
3000
ืื– ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ืคื•ืขืœืช ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ื”ืงืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืขื ืžืขื˜ ื—ื•ืœ,
06:52
put it down, turn around, and go back in.
114
412160
2000
ืžื ื™ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืชื•, ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืคื ื™ืžื”.
06:54
And finally, the midden workers put some kind of territorial chemical in the garbage.
115
414160
8000
ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืืฉืคื” ืฉืžื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ ื‘ื–ื‘ืœ.
07:02
So what you see the midden workers doing is making a pile of refuse.
116
422160
3000
ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืืฉืคื” ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืจืžื•ืช ืขืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื–ื‘ืœ.
07:05
On one day, it'll all be here, and then the next day
117
425160
2000
ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืŸ, ืœืžื—ืจืช
07:07
they'll move it over there, and then they'll move it back.
118
427160
2000
ื”ืŸ ืชื–ื–ื ื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœืฉื, ื•ืื– ื”ืŸ ืชื–ื–ื ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”.
07:09
So that's what the midden workers do.
119
429160
4000
ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืืฉืคื” ืขื•ืฉื•ืช.
07:13
And these four groups are just the ants outside the nest.
120
433160
4000
ื•ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืจืง ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงืŸ.
07:17
So that's only about 25 percent of the colony, and they're the oldest ants.
121
437160
4000
ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืขืจืš 25 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”, ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช.
07:21
So, an ant starts out somewhere near the queen.
122
441160
3000
ืื– ื”ื ืžืœื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื”.
07:24
And when we dig up nests we find they're about as deep
123
444160
3000
ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื—ื•ืคืจื™ื ืงื ื™ื ืื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื“ื•ืžื”
07:27
as the colony is wide, so about a meter deep for the big old nests.
124
447160
4000
ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”, ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืžื˜ืจ ืœืงื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
07:31
And then there's another long tunnel and a chamber, where we often find the queen,
125
451160
5000
ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืžื ื”ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื•ื—ื“ืจ, ืฉื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืžืœื›ื”,
07:36
after eight hours of hacking away at the rock with pickaxes.
126
456160
4000
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืกืœืข ืขื ืžื›ื•ืฉื™ื.
07:40
I don't think that chamber has evolved because of me and my backhoe
127
460160
4000
ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ื’ืœืœื™ ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžื—ืคืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™
07:44
and my crew of students with pickaxes,
128
464160
2000
ื•ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืขื ื”ืžื›ื•ืฉื™ื,
07:46
but instead because when there's flooding,
129
466160
2000
ืืœื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื˜ืคื•ืŸ,
07:48
occasionally the colony has to go down deep.
130
468160
3000
ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื ืืœืฆืช ืœืจื“ืช ืœืขื•ืžืง,
07:51
So there's this whole network of chambers.
131
471160
2000
ืื– ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื•.
07:53
The queen's in there somewhere; she just lays eggs.
132
473160
3000
ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ืฉื ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื, ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืžื˜ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื.
07:56
There's the larvae, and they consume most of the food.
133
476160
3000
ืืœื” ื”ื–ื—ืœื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ืืช ืจื‘ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ.
07:59
And this is true of most ants --
134
479160
2000
ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ืืฆืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื -
08:01
that the ants you see walking around don't do much eating.
135
481160
2000
ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™.
08:03
They bring it back and feed it to the larvae.
136
483160
2000
ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื•ืžืื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืื™ืชื• ืืช ื”ื–ื—ืœื™ื.
08:05
When the foragers come in with food, they just drop it into the upper chamber,
137
485160
5000
ื›ืฉื”ืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืขื ืื•ื›ืœ, ื”ืŸ ืจืง ื–ื•ืจืงื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ,
08:10
and other ants come up from below, get the food,
138
490160
3000
ื•ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืœืžื˜ื”, ืœื•ืงื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ,
08:13
bring it back, husk the seeds, and pile them up.
139
493160
3000
ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”, ืžืงืœืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื•ืขื•ืจืžื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืœืขืจื™ืžื”.
08:16
There are nest maintenance workers working throughout the nest.
140
496160
3000
ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืŸ.
08:19
And curiously, and interestingly, it looks as though at any time
141
499160
5000
ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืกืงืจืŸ ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ
08:24
about half the ants in the colony are just doing nothing.
142
504160
3000
ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ืœื•ื.
08:27
So, despite what it says in the Bible,
143
507160
2000
ืื–, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื "ืš,
08:29
about, you know, "Look to the ant, thou sluggard,"
144
509160
4000
ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœ "ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื ืžืœื” ืขืฆืœ",
08:33
in fact, you could think of those ants as reserves.
145
513160
3000
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื›ืขืœ ืขืชื•ื“ื•ืช.
08:36
That is to say, if something happened -- and I've never seen anything like this happen,
146
516160
3000
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืงื•ืจื” - ื•ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”,
08:39
but I've only been looking for 20 years --
147
519160
2000
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ืช ืจืง 20 ืฉื ื™ื -
08:41
if something happened, they might all come out if they were needed.
148
521160
4000
ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืงื•ืจื”, ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืื ื”ืŸ ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ื ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช.
08:45
But in fact, mostly they're just hanging around in there.
149
525160
2000
ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืฉื.
08:47
And I think it's a very interesting question --
150
527160
2000
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช -
08:49
what is there about the way the colony is organized
151
529160
3000
ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช
08:52
that might give some function to a reserve of ants who are doing nothing?
152
532160
7000
ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืชืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœืขืชื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื ืžืœื™ื ืฉืœื ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ?
08:59
And they sort of stand as a buffer in between
153
539160
4000
ื”ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื‘ื™ืŸ
09:03
the ants working deep inside the nest and the ants working outside.
154
543160
3000
ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืŸ ื•ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
09:06
And if you mark ants that are working outside, and dig up a colony,
155
546160
4000
ืื ืชืกืžื ื• ื ืžืœื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื•ืชื—ืคืจื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”,
09:10
you never see them deep down.
156
550160
2000
ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืชืจืื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืขืžื•ืง ืœืžื˜ื”.
09:12
So what's happening is that the ants work inside the nest when they're younger.
157
552160
5000
ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืŸ ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช.
09:17
They somehow get into this reserve.
158
557160
2000
ื”ืŸ ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœืขืชื•ื“ื”.
09:19
And then eventually they get recruited to join this exterior workforce.
159
559160
4000
ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืŸ ืžื’ื•ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
09:23
And once they belong to the ants that work outside, they never go back down.
160
563160
4000
ื•ืžื”ืจื’ืข ื‘ื• ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื ืžืœื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื”ืŸ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชื—ื–ื•ืจื ื” ืœืžื˜ื”.
09:28
Now ants -- most ants, including these, don't see very well.
161
568160
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืžืœื™ื - ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืœื•, ืœื ืจื•ืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ื›ืš.
09:31
They have eyes, they can distinguish between light and dark,
162
571160
3000
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ ื•ื—ื•ืฉืš,
09:34
but they mostly work by smell.
163
574160
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืจื™ื—.
09:36
So just to reinforce that what you might have thought
164
576160
4000
ืื– ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื
09:40
about ant queens isn't true --
165
580160
2000
ืขืœ ื ืžืœื™ื ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ -
09:42
you know, even if the queen did have the intelligence
166
582160
3000
ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืœืžืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื”
09:45
to send chemical messages through this whole network of chambers
167
585160
4000
ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžืกืจื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœื›ืœ ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื•
09:49
to tell the ants outside what to do,
168
589160
2000
ื•ืœืืžืจ ืœื ืžืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
09:51
there is no way that such messages could make it in time to see
169
591160
4000
ืžืกืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืฉื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
09:55
the shifts in the allocation of workers that we actually see outside the nest.
170
595160
5000
ื•ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงืŸ.
10:00
So that's one way that we know the queen isn't directing the behavior of the colony.
171
600160
4000
ืื– ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืœืคื™ื” ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืžืœื›ื” ืœื ืžื ื”ืœืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”.
10:05
So when I first set out to work on task allocation,
172
605160
3000
ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืงืฆืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช
10:08
my first question was, "What's the relationship
173
608160
3000
ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื”, "ืžื”ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื
10:11
between the ants doing different tasks?
174
611160
3000
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช?
10:14
Does it matter to the foragers what the nest maintenance workers are doing?
175
614160
3000
ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืœืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช ืžื” ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ื”ืงืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช?
10:17
Does it matter to the midden workers what the patrollers are doing?"
176
617160
3000
ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืœืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืืฉืคื” ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช?"
10:20
And I was working in the context of a view of ant colonies in which each ant
177
620160
6000
ื•ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืกื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื ืžืœื™ื ืœืคื™ื” ื›ืœ ื ืžืœื”
10:26
was somehow dedicated to its task from birth
178
626160
3000
ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื” ืžืœื™ื“ื”
10:29
and sort of performed independently of the others,
179
629160
3000
ื•ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™ ืžื”ืฉืืจ,
10:32
knowing its place on the assembly line.
180
632160
2000
ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื”ื• ืžืงื•ืžื” ื‘ืงื• ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ.
10:34
And instead I wanted to ask, "How are the different task groups interdependent?"
181
634160
4000
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ, "ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื•?"
10:38
So I did experiments where I changed one thing.
182
638160
2000
ืื– ืขืจื›ืชื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื™ืชื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“.
10:40
So for example, I created more work for the nest maintenance workers
183
640160
4000
ืœืžืฉืœ, ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ื”ืงืŸ
10:44
by putting out a pile of toothpicks near the nest entrance,
184
644160
4000
ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื—ืชื™ ืขืจื™ืžืช ืงื™ืกืžื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืงืŸ,
10:48
early in the morning when the nest maintenance workers are first active.
185
648160
4000
ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ื”ืงืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
10:52
This is what it looks like about 20 minutes later.
186
652160
2000
ื›ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื” 20 ื“ืงื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:54
Here it is about 40 minutes later.
187
654160
2000
ื”ื ื” ื–ื” ืœืื—ืจ 40 ื“ืงื•ืช.
10:56
And the nest maintenance workers just take all the toothpicks
188
656160
2000
ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ื”ืงืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื•ืงื—ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงื™ืกืžื™ื
10:58
to the outer edge of the nest mound and leave them there.
189
658160
3000
ืœืงืฆื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืชืœื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืงืŸ ื•ืžืฉืื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืฉื.
11:01
And what I wanted to know was, "OK,
190
661160
3000
ืžื” ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื”, "ืื•ืงื™ื™,
11:04
here's a situation where extra nest maintenance workers were recruited --
191
664160
3000
ื”ื ื” ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื ืžืœื•ืช ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ืงืŸ ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื’ื•ื™ื™ืกื• -
11:07
is this going to have any effect on the workers performing other tasks?"
192
667160
4000
ื”ืื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช?"
11:11
Then we repeated all those experiments with the ants marked.
193
671160
4000
ืื– ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื ื ืžืœื™ื ืžืกื•ืžื ื•ืช.
11:15
So here's some blue nest maintenance workers.
194
675160
3000
ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ืงืŸ ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช.
11:18
And lately we've gotten more sophisticated
195
678160
2000
ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืคื›ื ื• ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:20
and we have this three-color system.
196
680160
2000
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฆื‘ืขื™ื.
11:22
And we can mark them individually so we know which ant is which.
197
682160
3000
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืžืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื˜ื ื™ ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืžื™ ื–ื• ืžื™.
11:25
We started out with model airplane paint
198
685160
2000
ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืขื ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื
11:27
and then we found these wonderful little Japanese markers,
199
687160
2000
ื•ืื– ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ื˜ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืคืœืื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
11:29
and they work really well.
200
689160
2000
ื•ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘.
11:31
And so just to summarize the result,
201
691160
2000
ื•ืื ื ืกื›ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”,
11:33
well it turns out that yes, the different tasks are interdependent.
202
693160
3000
ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืื›ืŸ ื›ืŸ, ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื•.
11:36
So, if I change the numbers performing one task,
203
696160
3000
ืื– ืื ืื ื™ ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืื—ืช,
11:39
it changes the numbers performing another.
204
699160
2000
ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืื—ืจืช.
11:41
So for example, if I make a mess
205
701160
2000
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืื ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืืœืื’ืŸ
11:43
that the nest maintenance workers have to clean up,
206
703160
2000
ืฉืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ื”ืงืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื ืงื•ืช,
11:45
then I see fewer ants out foraging.
207
705160
2000
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื ืžืœื™ื ืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
11:47
And this was true for all the pair-wise combinations of tasks.
208
707160
3000
ื•ื–ื” ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช.
11:50
And the second result, which was surprising to a lot of people,
209
710160
5000
ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉื”ืคืชื™ืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื,
11:55
was that ants actually switch tasks.
210
715160
2000
ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช.
11:57
The same ant doesn't do the same task over and over its whole life.
211
717160
4000
ื ืžืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืœื ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”.
12:01
So for example, if I put out extra food, everybody else --
212
721160
3000
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืื ืื ื™ ืฉืžื” ืื•ื›ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช -
12:04
the midden workers stop doing midden work and go get the food,
213
724160
2000
ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืืฉืคื” ืžืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืืฉืคื” ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ,
12:06
they become foragers.
214
726160
2000
ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช.
12:08
The nest maintenance workers become foragers.
215
728160
2000
ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ื”ืงืŸ ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช.
12:10
The patrollers become foragers.
216
730160
2000
ื”ืกื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช.
12:12
But not every transition is possible. And this shows how it works.
217
732160
4000
ืืš ืœื ื›ืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืืคืฉืจื™. ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
12:16
Like I just said, if there is more food to collect, the patrollers, the midden workers,
218
736160
4000
ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ืื ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืกื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืืฉืคื”,
12:20
the nest maintenance workers will all change to forage.
219
740160
2000
ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ื”ืงืŸ, ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืชื”ืคื•ื›ื ื” ืœืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช.
12:22
If there's more patrolling to do --
220
742160
2000
ืื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ื•ืจ -
12:24
so I created a disturbance, so extra patrollers were needed --
221
744160
4000
ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ื”ืคืจืขื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ื™ืจื•ืช -
12:28
the nest maintenance workers will switch to patrol.
222
748160
2000
ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ื”ืงืŸ ืชืชื—ืœืคื ื” ืœืกื™ื•ืจ.
12:30
But if more nest maintenance work is needed --
223
750160
3000
ืืš ืื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ื”ืงืŸ -
12:33
for example, if I put out a bunch of toothpicks --
224
753160
2000
ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—ื” ื›ืžื” ืงื™ืกืžื™ื -
12:35
then nobody will ever switch back to nest maintenance,
225
755160
3000
ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืœื ืชืชื—ืœืฃ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ืงืŸ,
12:38
they have to get nest maintenance workers from inside the nest.
226
758160
3000
ื”ืŸ ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ืงืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงืŸ.
12:41
So foraging acts as a sink, and the ants inside the nest act as a source.
227
761160
6000
ืื– ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืขื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื›ืžืงื•ืจ.
12:48
And finally, it looks like each ant is deciding
228
768160
2000
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ื ืžืœื” ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื”
12:50
moment to moment whether to be active or not.
229
770160
3000
ืžืจื’ืข ืœืจื’ืข ื”ืื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื” ืื• ืœื.
12:53
So, for example, when there's extra nest maintenance work to do,
230
773160
4000
ืื– ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ืงืŸ ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
12:57
it's not that the foragers switch over. I know that they don't do that.
231
777160
4000
ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื”ืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช ืžื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช. ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
13:01
But the foragers somehow decide not to come out.
232
781160
2000
ื”ืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืœื ืœืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
13:03
And here was the most intriguing result: the task allocation.
233
783160
4000
ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช: ื”ืงืฆืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช.
13:07
This process changes with colony age, and it changes like this.
234
787160
4000
ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ืขื ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ืš.
13:11
When I do these experiments with older colonies --
235
791160
3000
ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืจื›ืช ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืขื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ -
13:14
so ones that are five years or older --
236
794160
2000
ื›ืืœื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ืžืฉ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ -
13:16
they're much more consistent from one time to another
237
796160
3000
ื”ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื.
13:19
and much more homeostatic. The worse things get,
238
799160
2000
ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ืžืื•ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
13:21
the more I hassle them, the more they act like undisturbed colonies.
239
801160
3000
ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื” ืื•ืชืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ื”ืŸ ืžืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ืคืจืขื•ืช.
13:24
Whereas the young, small colonies --
240
804160
2000
ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช -
13:26
the two-year-old colonies of just 2,000 ants -- are much more variable.
241
806160
4000
ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ 2,000 ื ืžืœื™ื - ืฉื ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:30
And the amazing thing about this is that an ant lives only a year.
242
810160
5000
ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื”ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืžืœื” ื—ื™ื” ืจืง ืฉื ื”.
13:35
It could be this year, or this year.
243
815160
2000
ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืื• ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื”ื™ื.
13:37
So, the ants in the older colony that seem to be more stable
244
817160
4000
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ืฉื ืจืื™ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:41
are not any older than the ants in the younger colony.
245
821160
3000
ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ืžื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื”.
13:44
It's not due to the experience of older, wiser ants.
246
824160
3000
ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:47
Instead, something about the organization
247
827160
2000
ืืœื, ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ
13:49
must be changing as the colony gets older.
248
829160
3000
ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืžืชื‘ื’ืจืช.
13:52
And the obvious thing that's changing is its size.
249
832160
3000
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื”.
13:55
So since I've had this result, I've spent a lot of time trying to figure out
250
835160
6000
ืžืื– ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื–ื•, ืื ื™ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
14:01
what kinds of decision rules -- very simple, local, probably olfactory, chemical
251
841160
6000
ืืœื• ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช - ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื›ื ืจืื” ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื—, ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
14:07
rules could an ant could be using, since no ant can assess the global situation --
252
847160
5000
ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืžืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ, ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืืฃ ื ืžืœื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ -
14:12
that would have the outcome that I see,
253
852160
3000
ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืื”.
14:15
these predictable dynamics, in who does what task.
254
855160
3000
ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ืžื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื”ืืœื”, ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืื™ื–ื• ืžืฉื™ืžื”.
14:18
And it would change as the colony gets larger.
255
858160
3000
ื•ื–ื” ื™ืฉืชื ื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืชื’ื“ืœ.
14:21
And what I've found out is that ants are using a network of antennal contact.
256
861160
7000
ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ืข ืฉืœ ืžื—ื•ืฉื™ื.
14:28
So anybody who's ever looked at ants has seen them touch antennae.
257
868160
3000
ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื ืžืœื™ื ืจืื” ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื—ื›ื›ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฉื™ื.
14:31
They smell with their antennae.
258
871160
2000
ื”ืŸ ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
14:33
When one ant touches another, it's smelling it,
259
873160
2000
ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืžืœื” ืื—ืช ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืื—ืจืช, ื”ื™ื ืžืจื™ื—ื” ืื•ืชื”.
14:35
and it can tell, for example, whether the other ant is a nest mate
260
875160
4000
ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืื ื”ื ืžืœื” ื”ืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ืงืŸ.
14:39
because ants cover themselves and each other, through grooming,
261
879160
4000
ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืžืœื™ื ืžื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ื—,
14:43
with a layer of grease, which carries a colony-specific odor.
262
883160
4000
ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืฉื ื•ืฉื ื ื™ื—ื•ื— ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ื”.
14:47
And what we're learning is that an ant uses the pattern of its antennal contacts,
263
887160
5000
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืœื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”,
14:52
the rate at which it meets ants of other tasks, in deciding what to do.
264
892160
5000
ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ืคื•ื’ืฉืช ื ืžืœื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
14:57
And so what the message is, is not any message
265
897160
3000
ืื– ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื•ื, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืกืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•
15:00
that they transmit from one ant to another, but the pattern.
266
900160
4000
ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื ืžืœื” ืื—ืช ืœืจืขื•ืชื”, ืืœื ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช.
15:04
The pattern itself is the message.
267
904160
2000
ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืกืจ.
15:06
And I'll tell you a little bit more about that.
268
906160
2000
ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš.
15:08
But first you might be wondering:
269
908160
2000
ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื, ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ื”ื™ื,
15:10
how is it that an ant can tell, for example, I'm a forager.
270
910160
5000
ืื™ืš ื ืžืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื“ืขืช, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื - ืื ื™ ืžืœืงื˜ืช.
15:15
I expect to meet another forager every so often.
271
915160
2000
ืื ื™ ืžืฆืคื” ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืœืงื˜ืช ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช.
15:17
But if instead I start to meet a higher number of nest maintenance workers,
272
917160
4000
ืื‘ืœ ืื ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ืงืŸ,
15:21
I'm less likely to forage.
273
921160
2000
ืคื—ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืืฆื ืœืœืงื˜.
15:23
So it has to know the difference between
274
923160
2000
ืื– ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ
15:25
a forager and a nest maintenance worker.
275
925160
2000
ืžืœืงื˜ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœืช ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ืงืŸ.
15:27
And we've learned that, in this species --
276
927160
3000
ื•ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื‘ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” -
15:30
and I suspect in others as well --
277
930160
3000
ื•ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื’ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื -
15:33
these hydrocarbons, this layer of grease on the outside of ants,
278
933160
4000
ื”ืคื—ืžื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื,
15:37
is different as ants perform different tasks.
279
937160
3000
ืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืœื” ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
15:40
And we've done experiments that show that
280
940160
2000
ืขืจื›ื ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืจืื™ื
15:42
that's because the longer an ant stays outside,
281
942160
2000
ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื ืžืœื” ื ืฉืืจืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
15:44
the more these simple hydrocarbons on its surface change,
282
944160
4000
ื›ืš ื”ืคื—ืžื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ื”ื ืžืœื” ืžืฉืชื ื™ื,
15:48
and so they come to smell different by doing different tasks.
283
948160
3000
ื•ื›ืš ื”ืŸ ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
15:51
And they can use that task-specific odor in cuticular hydrocarbons --
284
951160
4000
ื•ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ื™ื—ื•ื— ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืคื—ืžื™ืžื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ -
15:55
they can use that in their brief antennal contacts to somehow
285
955160
4000
ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ืžื’ืข ื”ื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™
15:59
keep track of the rate at which they're meeting ants of certain tasks.
286
959160
4000
ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืฉื•ืช ื ืžืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
16:03
And we've just recently demonstrated this
287
963160
3000
ืจืง ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื“ื’ืžื ื• ื–ืืช
16:06
by putting extract of hydrocarbons on little glass beads,
288
966160
4000
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ืœืคืช ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืคื—ืžื™ืžื ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื
16:10
and dropping the beads gently down into the nest entrance at the right rate.
289
970160
4000
ื•ื”ืฉืžื˜ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืงืŸ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
16:14
And it turns out that ants will respond to the right rate of contact
290
974160
4000
ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืงืฆื‘ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ืข
16:18
with a glass bead with hydrocarbon extract on it,
291
978160
3000
ืขื ื—ืจื•ื– ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืขื ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืคื—ืžื™ืžืŸ ืขืœื™ื•,
16:21
as they would to contact with real ants.
292
981160
3000
ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื’ืข ืขื ื ืžืœื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช.
16:26
So I want now to show you a bit of film --
293
986160
3000
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืงื˜ืข ืžืกืจื˜ -
16:33
and this will start out, first of all, showing you the nest entrance.
294
993160
5000
ื•ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ื‘ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืงืŸ.
16:38
So the idea is that ants are coming in and out of the nest entrance.
295
998160
3000
ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืงืŸ.
16:41
They've gone out to do different tasks, and the rate at which they meet
296
1001160
5000
ื”ืŸ ื™ืฆืื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ืŸ ื ืคื’ืฉื•ืช
16:46
as they come in and out of the nest entrance determines, or influences,
297
1006160
4000
ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืงืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืข, ืื• ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ
16:50
each ant's decision about whether to go out, and which task to perform.
298
1010160
4000
ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื ืžืœื” ื”ืื ืœืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ื•ืื™ื–ื• ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœื‘ืฆืข.
16:54
This is taken through a fiber optics microscope. It's down inside the nest.
299
1014160
4000
ื–ื” ืฆื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืกื™ื‘ ืื•ืคื˜ื™, ื•ื–ื” ืœืžื˜ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืŸ.
16:58
In the beginning you see the ants
300
1018160
2000
ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืจืง ืืช ื”ื ืžืœื™ื
17:00
just kind of engaging with the fiber optics microscope.
301
1020160
2000
ืกืชื ืžืชืขืกืงื•ืช ืขื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ื”ืกื™ื‘ ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™.
17:02
But the idea is that the ants are in there,
302
1022160
4000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืคื ื™ื,
17:06
and each ant is experiencing a certain flow of ants past it --
303
1026160
5000
ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื—ื•ื•ื” ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื ืžืœื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื” -
17:11
a stream of contacts with other ants.
304
1031160
3000
ื–ืจื ืฉืœ ืžื’ืขื™ื ืขื ื ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช.
17:14
And the pattern of these interactions determines
305
1034160
3000
ื•ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืงื•ื‘ืข
17:17
whether the ant comes back out, and what it does when it comes back out.
306
1037160
5000
ื”ืื ื”ื ืžืœื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
17:22
You can also see this in the ants just outside the nest entrance like these.
307
1042160
7000
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื’ื ื‘ื ืžืœื™ื ืฉืžืžืฉ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืงืŸ ื›ืžื• ืืœื•.
17:29
Each ant, then, as it comes back in, is contacting other ants.
308
1049160
4000
ื›ืœ ื ืžืœื”, ืื ื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืคื ื™ืžื”, ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช.
17:33
And the ants that are waiting just inside the nest entrance
309
1053160
3000
ื•ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืฉืžืžืชื™ื ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืงืŸ
17:36
to decide whether to go out on their next trip,
310
1056160
3000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ืื ืœืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืžืกืข ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
17:39
are contacting the ants coming in.
311
1059160
2000
ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ื ืžืœื™ื ืฉื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื”.
17:41
So, what's interesting about this system is that it's messy.
312
1061160
4000
ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืœื’ื ืช.
17:45
It's variable. It's noisy. And, in particular, in two ways.
313
1065160
5000
ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื”. ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืขืฉืช, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
17:50
The first is that the experience of the ant -- of each ant -- can't be very predictable.
314
1070160
5000
ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืžืœื” - ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื ืžืœื” - ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืฆืคื•ื™ื”.
17:55
Because the rate at which ants come back depends on
315
1075160
3000
ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืงืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™
17:58
all the little things that happen to an ant as it goes out and does its task outside.
316
1078160
5000
ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืžืœื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ืืช ืžืฉื™ืžืชื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
18:03
And the second thing is that an ant's ability to assess this pattern
317
1083160
5000
ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืžืœื” ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช
18:08
must be very crude because no ant can do any sophisticated counting.
318
1088160
6000
ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื’ืกื”, ื›ื™ ืืฃ ื ืžืœื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกืคื™ืจื” ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช.
18:15
So, we do a lot of simulation and modeling, and also experimental work,
319
1095160
4000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ืช,
18:19
to try to figure out how those two kinds of noise combine to,
320
1099160
6000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืจืขืฉ ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื
18:25
in the aggregate, produce the predictable behavior of ant colonies.
321
1105160
4000
ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืžืœื™ื.
18:31
Again, I don't want to say that this kind of haphazard pattern of interactions
322
1111160
5000
ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืืžืจ ืฉืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืžืงืจื™ืช ื›ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช
18:36
produces a factory that works with the precision and efficiency of clockwork.
323
1116160
7000
ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืคืขืœ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื•ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืขื•ืŸ.
18:43
In fact, if you watch ants at all, you end up trying to help them
324
1123160
3000
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืืชื” ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื ืžืœื™ื, ืืชื” ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ืžื ืกื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืŸ,
18:46
because they never seem to be doing anything
325
1126160
2000
ื›ื™ ื ืจืื” ืฉืืฃ ืคืขื ื”ืŸ ืœื ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ
18:48
exactly the way that you think that they ought to be doing it.
326
1128160
3000
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.
18:51
So it's not really that out of these haphazard contacts, perfection arises.
327
1131160
7000
ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ืฉืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื’ืขื™ื ื”ืืงืจืื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฆื•ืžื—ืช ืžื•ืฉืœืžื•ืช.
18:58
But it works pretty well.
328
1138160
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
19:00
Ants have been around for several hundred million years.
329
1140160
3000
ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
19:03
They cover the earth, except for Antarctica.
330
1143160
3000
ื”ืŸ ืžื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”.
19:06
Something that they're doing is clearly successful enough
331
1146160
4000
ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืžืกืคื™ืง
19:10
that this pattern of haphazard contacts, in the aggregate,
332
1150160
3000
ื›ืš ืฉืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื’ืขื™ื ื”ืืงืจืื™ืช ื”ื–ื•, ื‘ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ,
19:13
produces something that allows ants to make a lot more ants.
333
1153160
4000
ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืžืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื ืžืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
19:17
And one of the things that we're studying is how natural selection
334
1157160
3000
ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช
19:20
might be acting now to shape this use of interaction patterns --
335
1160160
7000
ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” -
19:27
this network of interaction patterns --
336
1167160
2000
ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” -
19:29
to perhaps increase the foraging efficiency of ant colonies.
337
1169160
5000
ื›ื“ื™ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื ืžืœื™ื.
19:34
So the one thing, though, that I want you to remember about this
338
1174160
3000
ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื”
19:37
is that these patterns of interactions
339
1177160
3000
ื”ื•ื ืฉืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืืœื”
19:40
are something that you'd expect to be closely connected to colony size.
340
1180160
5000
ื”ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืง ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”.
19:45
The simplest idea is that when an ant is in a small colony --
341
1185160
5000
ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืฉื ืžืœื” ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืงื˜ื ื” -
19:50
and an ant in a large colony can use the same rule,
342
1190160
4000
ื•ื ืžืœื” ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืง,
19:54
like "I expect to meet another forager every three seconds."
343
1194160
4000
ืœืžืฉืœ "ืื ื™ ืžืฆืคื” ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืžืœืงื˜ืช ืื—ืจืช ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช".
19:58
But in a small colony, it's likely to meet fewer foragers,
344
1198160
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช,
20:01
just because there are fewer other foragers there to meet.
345
1201160
4000
ืจืง ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ.
20:05
So this is the kind of rule that, as the colony develops and gets older and larger,
346
1205160
6000
ืื– ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
20:11
will produce different behavior in an old colony and a small young one.
347
1211160
5000
ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืฆืขื™ืจื”.
20:16
Thank you.
348
1216160
2000
ืชื•ื“ื”.
20:18
(Applause)
349
1218160
2000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7