Deborah Gordon: The emergent genius of ant colonies

54,557 views ใƒป 2008-01-10

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Seokjun Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Alf Bae
00:13
I study ants, and that's because I like to think about how organizations work.
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์ €๋Š” ์กฐ์ง์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
And in particular, how the simple parts of organizations
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ํŠนํžˆ ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ
00:24
interact to create the behavior of the whole organization.
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์ „์ฒด ์กฐ์ง์˜ ํ–‰๋™์–‘์ƒ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ถ๊ธˆ์ฆ์„ ํ’€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
So, ant colonies are a good example of an organization like that,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์กฐ์ง์ฒด์˜ ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์€ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
and there are many others. The web is one.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„๋„ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ตฌ์š”.
00:37
There are many biological systems like that --
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜
00:39
brains, cells, developing embryos.
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๋‡Œ, ์„ธํฌ, ๋ฐฐ์•„์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ์ •๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
There are about 10,000 species of ants.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š” ์•ฝ 10,000์—ฌ์ข…์— ๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
They all live in colonies consisting of one or a few queens,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ๋ช‡๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์—ฌ์™•๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์„œ์‹์ง€์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
and then all the ants you see walking around are sterile female workers.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ธธ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋ฒˆ์‹์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์•”์ปท ์ผ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
And all ant colonies have in common that there's no central control.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ์„œ์‹์ง€์—๋Š” ์ค‘์•™ ํ†ต์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
Nobody tells anybody what to do.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ญ˜ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
The queen just lays the eggs. There's no management.
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์—ฌ์™•์€ ๊ทธ์ € ์•Œ์„ ๋‚ณ์„ ๋ฟ์ด์ง€, ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์—ญํ• ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
No ant directs the behavior of any other ant.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ง€์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
And I try to figure out how that works.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
And I've been working for the past 20 years
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์ง€๋‚œ 20๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์ €๋Š” ์•„๋ฆฌ์กฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚จ๋™๋ถ€์—์„œ
01:15
on a population of seed-eating ants in southeastern Arizona.
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์”จ์•—๋จน์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
Here's my study site. This is really a picture of ants,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์˜จ ์ง€์—ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฑด ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์„ ์ฐ์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ธ๋ฐ,
01:21
and the rabbit just happens to be there.
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ํ† ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ์ฐํ˜”๋„ค์š”.
01:25
And these ants are called harvester ants because they eat seeds.
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์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ์”จ์•—์„ ๋จน๋Š” ์Šต์„ฑ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์ถ”์ˆ˜๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
This is the nest of the mature colony, and there's the nest entrance.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹ค์ž๋ž€ ์„œ์‹์ง€์ด๊ณ , ์ž…๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
And they forage maybe for about 20 meters away,
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์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ์•ฝ 20๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋„˜์–ด๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฐพ์•„ ๋‚˜์„ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
gather up the seeds and bring them back to the nest, and store them.
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์”จ์•—์„ ๋ชจ์•„ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€ ์ €์žฅํ•˜์ง€์š”.
01:40
And every year I go there and make a map of my study site.
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๋งค๋…„ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ณณ์— ์˜ฌ๋•Œ๋ฉด ์ด ๊ณณ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง€์˜ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
This is just a road. And it's not very big:
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์ด๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ธธ์ธ๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํฌ์ง„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
it's about 250 meters on one side, 400 on the other.
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ํ•œ์ชฝ 250๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ 400๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ •๋„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
And every colony has a name, which is a number,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์„œ์‹์ง€๋“ค์€ ๋Œ ์œ„์— ์ƒ‰๊น”์žˆ๋Š” ํŒฌ์œผ๋กœ ์“ด ์ˆซ์ž
01:50
which is painted on a rock. And I go there every year
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์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ €๋Š” ๋งค๋…„
01:53
and look for all the colonies that were alive the year before,
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์ง€๋‚œํ•ด๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ์กดํ•˜๋˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
and figure out which ones have died, and put all the new ones on the map.
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์ฃฝ์€ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋Š” ์ง€๋„์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
And by doing this I know how old they all are.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋“ค์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
And because of that, I've been able to study how their behavior changes
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๋•๋ถ„์— ์ €๋Š” ์ด ์„œ์‹์ง€๋“ค์ด ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
02:06
as the colony gets older and larger.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™์–‘์‹์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
So I want to tell you about the life cycle of a colony.
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์ด์ œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ์„œ์‹์ง€์˜ ์ธ์ƒ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
Ants never make more ants; colonies make more colonies.
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ์„œ์‹์ง€๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
And they do that by each year sending out the reproductives --
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋Š” ๋งค๋…„ ์ƒ์‹ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
those are the ones with wings -- on a mating flight.
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์„œ์‹์ง€์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋‚ ๊ฐœ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ์•”๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ๋น„ํ–‰์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
So every year, on the same day -- and it's a mystery exactly how that happens --
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊นจ๋ผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๋งค๋…„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ 
02:26
each colony sends out its virgin, unmated queens with wings, and the males,
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๊ฐ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋“ค์€ ์•„์ง ์ง์ด์—†๋Š” ๋‚ ๊ฐœ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ์ฒ˜๋…€์—ฌ์™•๋“ค๊ณผ ์ˆซ์บ๋ฏธ๋“ค์„ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
and they all fly to a common place. And they mate.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋‘๋“ค ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๊ณต์šฉ์ง€๋กœ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ์ง์ง“๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
02:36
And this shows a recently virgin queen. Here's her wings.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ์Œ.. ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ฒ˜๋…€์ธ ์—ฌ์™•๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ๋„ค์š”.
02:42
And she's in the process of mating with this male,
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์—ฌ์™•๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š” ์ด ์ˆ˜์บ๋ฏธ์™€ ์ง์ง“๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
and there's another male on top waiting his turn.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„์— ๋งค๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ์ˆ˜์บ๋ฏธ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ์ฐจ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
Often the queens mate more than once.
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์—ฌ์™•๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์ด์ƒ ์ง์ง“๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
02:52
And after that, the males all die. That's it for them.
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์ง์ง“๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๋ฉด ์ˆ˜์บ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฃฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:57
And then the newly mated queens fly off somewhere, drop their wings,
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์ง์ง“๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚œ ์—ฌ์™•์€ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋‚ ๋ผ๊ฐ€, ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋•Œ์–ด ๋‚ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
03:02
dig a hole and go into that hole and start laying eggs.
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๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ํŒŒ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์„œ ์•Œ์„ ๋‚ณ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
And they will live for 15 or 20 years, continuing to lay eggs
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์—ฌ์™•๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š” 15๋…„์—์„œ 20๋…„์„ ์‚ด๋ฉฐ ์•Œ์„ ๋‚ณ๋Š”๋ฐ,
03:11
using the sperm from that original mating.
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์ด ์•Œ๋“ค์€ ์ด ์ง์ง“๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ์ •์ž๋“ค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
So the queen goes down in there.
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์ฆ‰, ์—ฌ์™•์€ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค์™€,
03:16
She lays eggs, she feeds the larvae -- so an ant starts as an egg, then it's a larva.
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์•Œ์„ ๋‚ณ๊ณ , ์œ ์ถฉ์„ ๋จน์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š” ์•Œ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜ ๊ณง ์œ ์ถฉ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
She feeds the larvae by regurgitating from her fat reserves.
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์—ฌ์™•๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š” ์ €์žฅํ•ด๋‘” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ํ† ํ•ด๋‚ด ์œ ์ถฉ์—๊ฒŒ ๋จน์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
Then, as soon as the ants -- the first group of ants -- emerge,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ์œ ์ถฉ์œผ๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
they're larvae. Then they're pupae. Then they come out as adult ants.
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๊ทธ ํ›„ ๋ฒˆ๋ฐ๊ธฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ, ์„ฑ์ถฉ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
They go out, they get the food, they dig the nest,
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์„ฑ์ถฉ์ด ๋œ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ ์Œ์‹์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜น์€ ๋•…์„ ํŒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
and the queen never comes out again.
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์—ฌ์™•๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์ด์ œ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
So this is a one-year-old colony -- this happens to be 536.
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์ด 536๋ฒˆ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋Š” ์ง€์–ด์ง„์ง€ 1๋…„์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
There's the nest entrance, there's a pencil for scale.
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์ž…๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”, ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณด์‹œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฐํ•„์„ ๋†“์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
So this is the colony founded by a queen the previous summer.
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์ด ์„œ์‹์ง€๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ยฎ
03:47
This is a three-year-old colony.
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3๋…„๋œ ์„œ์‹์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
There's the nest entrance, there's a pencil for scale.
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์ž…๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐํ•„๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
03:53
They make a midden, a pile of refuse -- mostly the husks of the seeds that they eat.
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์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ๋”๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์Œ“์•„ ๋†“๋Š”๋ฐ์š”, ์ฃผ์‹์ธ ์”จ์•—์˜ ๊ป์งˆ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
This is a five-year-old colony. This is the nest entrance, here's a pencil for scale.
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์ด ์„œ์‹์ง€๋Š” 5๋…„์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž…๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์žˆ๊ณ , ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์—ฐํ•„๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
04:03
This is about as big as they get, about a meter across.
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์•ฝ ์ง€๋ฆ„์ด 1๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
And then this is how colony size and numbers of worker ants changes --
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์ด ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ์„œ์‹์ง€์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ผ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
so this is about 10,000 worker ants --
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์ˆ˜๋…„๊ฐ„ ์•ฝ ๋งŒ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ผ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€
04:15
changes as a function of colony age, in years.
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์„œ์‹์ง€์˜ ๋‚˜์ด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
So it starts out with zero ants, just the founding queen,
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ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์—ฌ์™•๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ 0๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ผ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด
04:23
and it grows to a size of about 10 or 12 thousand ants when the colony is five.
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5๋…„์ฏค ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋งŒ์—์„œ ๋งŒ์ด์ฒœ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
And it stays that size until the queen dies
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ์™•๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์„๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
and there's nobody to make more ants, when she's about 15 or 20 years old.
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์—ฌ์™•์ด 15~20์„ธ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด, ๋”์ด์ƒ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์ง„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
And it's when they reach this stable size, in numbers of ants,
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด,
04:39
that they start to reproduce.
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๋“œ๋””์–ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฒˆ์‹์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
That is, to send more winged queens and males to that year's mating flight.
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์ฆ‰, ๊ทธ ํ•ด ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ๋น„ํ–‰์„ ๋‚˜์„œ๋Š” ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ์—ฌ์™•๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์™€ ์ˆ˜์บ๋ฏธ๋“ค์„ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
And I know how colony size changes as a function of colony age
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์ „ ์„œ์‹์ง€์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋‚˜์ด์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
because I've dug up colonies of known age and counted all the ants. (Laughter)
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์ „ ํ•ด๋งˆ๋‹ค ์„œ์‹์ง€๋“ค์„ ํŒŒํ•ด์น˜๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ—ค์•„๋ ค์™”๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
04:59
So that's not the most fun part of this research, although it's interesting.
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์žฌ๋ฏธ๊ธด ํ•ด๋„, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์ผ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:05
Really the question that I think about with these ants is what I call task allocation.
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ •๋ง ๊ถ๊ธˆํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์†Œ์œ„ "์ž‘์—… ํ• ๋‹น" ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
That's not just how is the colony organized,
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์ด๊ฑด ๋‹จ์ง€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„œ์‹์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š๋ƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
05:13
but how does it change what it's doing?
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ผ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
How is it that the colony manages to adjust
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์„œ์‹์ง€์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ผ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ
05:19
the numbers of workers performing each task as conditions change?
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์ƒํ™ฉ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
05:23
So, things happen to an ant colony.
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์ž ์ด์ œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„œ์‹์ง€์— ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
When it rains in the summer, it floods in the desert.
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์—ฌ๋ฆ„์— ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์— ํ™์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
There's a lot of damage to the nest,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ด๋“ค ๋ณด๊ธˆ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ํฌ๋‚˜ํฐ ์†์ƒ์„ ์ž…๊ฒŒ๋˜๊ณ 
05:30
and extra ants are needed to clean up that mess.
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๋ณด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ข€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:33
When extra food becomes available --
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์Œ์‹์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉด,
05:35
and this is what everybody knows about picnics --
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ํ”ํžˆ๋“ค ์†Œํ’์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ,
05:37
then extra ants are allocated to collect the food.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ๋จน์ž‡๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Ÿฌ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:40
So, with nobody telling anybody what to do, how is it that
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋ญ˜ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹Œ๋ฐ,
05:43
the colony manages to adjust the numbers of workers performing each task?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ผ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์˜ ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ €์ ˆ๋กœ ์กฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
05:47
And that's the process that I call task allocation.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ œ๊ฐ€ "์ž‘์—… ํ• ๋‹น"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
And in harvester ants, I divide the tasks
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์„œ์‹์ง€ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ™•๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์„
05:53
of the ants I see just outside the nest
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋กœ
05:55
into these four categories: where an ant is foraging,
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๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์‹๋Ÿ‰๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
when it's out along the foraging trail, searching for food or bringing food back.
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์Œ์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Ÿฌ ์™ธ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์„ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ ,
06:03
The patrollers -- that's supposed to be a magnifying glass --
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋‹๋ณด๊ธฐ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ์ฐฐ๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
are an interesting group that go out early in the morning
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์‹๋Ÿ‰์ง•๋ฐœ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์ธ ์ด๋ฅธ ์•„์นจ์— ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜์„œ๋Š”
06:08
before the foragers are active.
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๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ์•„์ฃผ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:10
They somehow choose the direction that the foragers will go,
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์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ์‹๋Ÿ‰๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐˆ ๊ณณ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ์ธ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ,
06:13
and by coming back -- just by making it back --
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋˜๋Œ์•„ ์˜ค๋ฉด, ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋„
06:16
they tell the foragers that it's safe to go out.
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์‹๋Ÿ‰๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์—๊ฒŒ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ „ํ•ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
Then the nest maintenance workers work inside the nest,
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์ •๋น„๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์ง‘ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
and I wanted to say that the nests look a lot like Bill Lishman's house.
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์ „ ์ด๋“ค ์„œ์‹์ง€๊ฐ€ Bill Lishman์˜ ์ง‘ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
That is, that there are chambers inside,
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์ฆ‰, ์•ˆ์ชฝ์— ๋ฐฉ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๊ณ ,
06:29
they line the walls of the chambers with moist soil
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๋ฐฉ๋ฒฝ์„ ์ด‰์ด‰ํ•œ ํ™์œผ๋กœ ํ† ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์Œ“์•„ ๋ฒฝ์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ 
06:33
and it dries to a kind of an adobe-like surface in it.
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์ˆ˜๋ถ„์„ ๋ง๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ํ™๋ฒฝ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:36
It also looks very similar to some of the cave dwellings
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์ด ์ง€์—ญ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ˜ธํ”ผ์กฑ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋™๊ตด ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€์™€
06:39
of the Hopi people that are in that area.
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์•„์ฃผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:42
And the nest maintenance workers do that inside the nest,
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์„œ์‹์ง€ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋น„๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์ง‘ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ ,
06:46
and then they come out of the nest carrying bits of dry soil in their mandibles.
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๋งˆ๋ฅธ ํ™์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๋ฌผ์–ด ์ง‘ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
So you see the nest maintenance workers come out with a bit of sand,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ์ด ์ •๋น„๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๋ฌผ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์™€์„œ
06:52
put it down, turn around, and go back in.
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๋‚ด๋ ค๋†“๊ณ  ๋’ค๋Œ์•„ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์…จ์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
And finally, the midden workers put some kind of territorial chemical in the garbage.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š” ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐํ†ต์— ์–ด๋–ค ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
So what you see the midden workers doing is making a pile of refuse.
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์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ์ผํ• ๋•Œ๋Š” ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๋”๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์Œ“๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
On one day, it'll all be here, and then the next day
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์ด๋‚ ์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚ ์—๋Š” ์ €๊ธฐ ์ €์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ
07:07
they'll move it over there, and then they'll move it back.
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์Œ“์•„ ๋†“๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋”๋‹ˆ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ณณ์—๋‹ค ์Œ“์•„๋†“๊ณ ๋Š” ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
So that's what the midden workers do.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฒญ์†Œ๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
07:13
And these four groups are just the ants outside the nest.
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์ด 4๊ฐœ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ด ๋‘ฅ์ง€๋ฐ”๊นฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
So that's only about 25 percent of the colony, and they're the oldest ants.
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์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ 25ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋งŒ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
So, an ant starts out somewhere near the queen.
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š” ์—ฌ์™•๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
And when we dig up nests we find they're about as deep
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒŒํ•ด์ณ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์„œ์‹์ง€์˜ ๋„“์ด ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ๊นŠ์ด๊ฐ€
07:27
as the colony is wide, so about a meter deep for the big old nests.
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๊นŠ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋Š” 1๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ •๋„๋‚˜ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
And then there's another long tunnel and a chamber, where we often find the queen,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธด ํ„ฐ๋„ ๋์— ์—ฌ์™•๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
after eight hours of hacking away at the rock with pickaxes.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค ์—ฌ๋Ÿ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋‚˜ ์†๋„๋ผ๋กœ ๋Œ์„ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:40
I don't think that chamber has evolved because of me and my backhoe
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์ „ ์ด ๋น„๋ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์ด ํ˜ธ๋ฏธ์™€ ์†๋„๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋“  ์ €์™€ ์ €ํฌ ํ•™์ƒํŒ€์›๋“ค
07:44
and my crew of students with pickaxes,
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
but instead because when there's flooding,
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ํ™์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€
07:48
occasionally the colony has to go down deep.
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์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ํŒŒ๋‚ด๋ ค ๊ฐˆ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
So there's this whole network of chambers.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋“ค์˜ ์ „์ฒด๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:53
The queen's in there somewhere; she just lays eggs.
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์—ฌ์™•๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์•Œ๋งŒ ๋‚ณ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
There's the larvae, and they consume most of the food.
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์œ ์ถฉ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ์„ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
And this is true of most ants --
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜
08:01
that the ants you see walking around don't do much eating.
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๋‚˜๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน์„ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:03
They bring it back and feed it to the larvae.
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๋จน์ž‡๊ฐ์„ ๋“ค๊ณ ์™€์„œ ์œ ์ถฉ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋จน์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ .
08:05
When the foragers come in with food, they just drop it into the upper chamber,
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์‹๋Ÿ‰๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ณ ์™€ ๊ทธ์ € ์œ„์ชฝ ๋ฐฉ์— ๋˜์ ธ๋†“์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
and other ants come up from below, get the food,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ์œ„์ธต์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์™€ ๋จน์ž‡๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€
08:13
bring it back, husk the seeds, and pile them up.
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๊ป์งˆ์„ ๋ฒ—๊ฒจ ์ €์žฅ์„ ํ•ด๋†“์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
There are nest maintenance workers working throughout the nest.
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์ •๋น„๋‹ด๋‹น ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์ง‘์˜ ๊ตฌ์„๊ตฌ์„์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:19
And curiously, and interestingly, it looks as though at any time
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์‹ ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ธ์ œ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
08:24
about half the ants in the colony are just doing nothing.
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์„œ์‹์ง€์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๋„๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
So, despite what it says in the Bible,
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์„ฑ๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋Š” "๊ฒŒ์œผ๋ฅธ ์ž์—ฌ, ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ผ"
08:29
about, you know, "Look to the ant, thou sluggard,"
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๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
08:33
in fact, you could think of those ants as reserves.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ์˜ˆ๋น„์—ญ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
That is to say, if something happened -- and I've never seen anything like this happen,
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์ฆ‰, ๋งŒ์ผ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, 20๋…„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์งง์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์—๋Š”
08:39
but I've only been looking for 20 years --
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์ €๋„ ์•„์ง ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
08:41
if something happened, they might all come out if they were needed.
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์–ด์จ‹๋“  ๋ฌด์Šจ์ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋™์›๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
But in fact, mostly they're just hanging around in there.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ œ ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ์ € ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
And I think it's a very interesting question --
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ถ๊ธˆ์ฆ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
what is there about the way the colony is organized
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์˜ˆ๋น„์ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”
08:52
that might give some function to a reserve of ants who are doing nothing?
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„œ์‹์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
08:59
And they sort of stand as a buffer in between
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์„œ์‹์ง€ ์•ˆ์ชฝ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์™€, ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ์‚ฌ์ด์—
09:03
the ants working deep inside the nest and the ants working outside.
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์˜ˆ๋น„ ์™„์ถฉ์ง€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
And if you mark ants that are working outside, and dig up a colony,
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๋ฐ”๊นฅ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋†“๊ณ  ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒŒํ•ด์ณ๋ณด๋ฉด,
09:10
you never see them deep down.
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์„œ์‹์ง€ ๊นŠ์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์„ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
So what's happening is that the ants work inside the nest when they're younger.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ์–ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๋‘ฅ์ง€ ์•ˆ์ชฝ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ .
09:17
They somehow get into this reserve.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ๋“  ์˜ˆ๋น„์—ญ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
And then eventually they get recruited to join this exterior workforce.
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์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋„ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋” ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
And once they belong to the ants that work outside, they never go back down.
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ž‘์—…๊ตฐ์— ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด, ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์„œ์‹์ง€ ์•ˆ์ชฝ ๊นŠ์€ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
Now ants -- most ants, including these, don't see very well.
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์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์ข…์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์ข…๋“ค ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์‹œ๋ ฅ์ด ์•ฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
They have eyes, they can distinguish between light and dark,
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๋ˆˆ์€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ์ € ๋น›๊ณผ ์–ด๋‘ ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•  ์ •๋„์ด๊ณ ,
09:34
but they mostly work by smell.
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๋ณดํ†ต์€ ํ›„๊ฐ์— ์˜์กดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
So just to reinforce that what you might have thought
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜์„œ ์—ฌ์™•๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ์‹์ด
09:40
about ant queens isn't true --
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
you know, even if the queen did have the intelligence
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์—ฌ์™•๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ „ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
09:45
to send chemical messages through this whole network of chambers
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ํ™”ํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์„œ์‹์ง€ ์ „์ฒด๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•  ์ง€๋Šฅ์ด
09:49
to tell the ants outside what to do,
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์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„,
09:51
there is no way that such messages could make it in time to see
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์„œ์‹์ง€ ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
09:55
the shifts in the allocation of workers that we actually see outside the nest.
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์ผ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž‘์—… ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
So that's one way that we know the queen isn't directing the behavior of the colony.
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์ฆ‰ ์—ฌ์™•๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ง€์‹œ๋„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:05
So when I first set out to work on task allocation,
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ž‘์—…๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์„๋•Œ
10:08
my first question was, "What's the relationship
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๋˜์ง„ ์˜๋ฌธ์ ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:11
between the ants doing different tasks?
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๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ?
10:14
Does it matter to the foragers what the nest maintenance workers are doing?
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์š”์ƒˆ์ž‘์—…๊ตฐ์ด ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ง•๋ฐœ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
10:17
Does it matter to the midden workers what the patrollers are doing?"
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์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ์ฒญ์†Œ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ˆœ์ฐฐ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
10:20
And I was working in the context of a view of ant colonies in which each ant
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์ €๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ์„œ์‹์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ „์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:26
was somehow dedicated to its task from birth
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์ฆ‰, ๊ฐ์ž ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๊ฐ ์ž‘์—…์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ 
10:29
and sort of performed independently of the others,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
10:32
knowing its place on the assembly line.
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์ž์‹ ์ด ์ผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ณณ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:34
And instead I wanted to ask, "How are the different task groups interdependent?"
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์ €๋Š” ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค "์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ„๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž‘์—…๊ตฐ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ์ƒํ˜ธ์˜์กด์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?" ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฌป๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:38
So I did experiments where I changed one thing.
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์ €๋Š” ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹คํ—˜๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:40
So for example, I created more work for the nest maintenance workers
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ •๋น„๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
by putting out a pile of toothpicks near the nest entrance,
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์ •๋น„๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ํ™œ๋™์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฅธ ์•„์นจ
10:48
early in the morning when the nest maintenance workers are first active.
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์ด์‘ค์‹œ๊ฐœ ๋”๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์š”์ƒˆ์ž…๊ตฌ์— ๋˜์ ธ ๋†“์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
This is what it looks like about 20 minutes later.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด 20๋ถ„ ๋’ค์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:54
Here it is about 40 minutes later.
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40๋ถ„ ๋’ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:56
And the nest maintenance workers just take all the toothpicks
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์ด ์ •๋น„๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ์ € ์ด์‘ค์‹œ๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ์ „๋ถ€ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
10:58
to the outer edge of the nest mound and leave them there.
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์š”์ƒˆ์˜ ์–ธ๋• ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์ชฝ์— ๋†“์•„ ๋‘์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
And what I wanted to know was, "OK,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
11:04
here's a situation where extra nest maintenance workers were recruited --
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"๊ทธ๋ž˜, ์œ ์ง€๋ณด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋” ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ,
11:07
is this going to have any effect on the workers performing other tasks?"
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์ž‘์—…๊ตฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ฌด์Šจ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ๊นŒ?"
11:11
Then we repeated all those experiments with the ants marked.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์—๊ฒŒ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:15
So here's some blue nest maintenance workers.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ์น ํ•ด์ง„ ์ •๋น„๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
And lately we've gotten more sophisticated
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์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์ ธ์„œ
11:20
and we have this three-color system.
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3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ‰๊น”์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:22
And we can mark them individually so we know which ant is which.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์น ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:25
We started out with model airplane paint
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์ฒ˜์Œ์—” ๋ชจํ˜•๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ ํŽ˜์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€
11:27
and then we found these wonderful little Japanese markers,
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์ด ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ผ์ œ๋งˆ์ปค๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
11:29
and they work really well.
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๋•๋ถ„์— ์ •๋ง ์ผ์ด ํŽธํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:31
And so just to summarize the result,
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด,
11:33
well it turns out that yes, the different tasks are interdependent.
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์˜ˆ, ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค ์ž‘์—…์ด ์ƒํ˜ธ์˜์กด์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
So, if I change the numbers performing one task,
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์–ด๋–ค ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด,
11:39
it changes the numbers performing another.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:41
So for example, if I make a mess
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์ฆ‰, ์ •๋น„๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ์น˜์›Œ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”
11:43
that the nest maintenance workers have to clean up,
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์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋†“์œผ๋ฉด,
11:45
then I see fewer ants out foraging.
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์‹๋Ÿ‰๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:47
And this was true for all the pair-wise combinations of tasks.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณตํ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์˜ ํ• ๋‹น๋ฐฉ์‹ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:50
And the second result, which was surprising to a lot of people,
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋†€๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š”
11:55
was that ants actually switch tasks.
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋˜ ์ง์—…์„ ๋ฐ”๊พผ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
The same ant doesn't do the same task over and over its whole life.
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๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ํ‰์ƒ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:01
So for example, if I put out extra food, everybody else --
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋จน์ž‡๊ฐ์„ ๋” ๋˜์ ธ๋†“์œผ๋ฉด, ์ฒญ์†Œ๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ๊ฐ™์€
12:04
the midden workers stop doing midden work and go get the food,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋„ ํ•˜๋˜ ์ผ์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ  ์‹๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:06
they become foragers.
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์ฆ‰, ์‹๋Ÿ‰๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:08
The nest maintenance workers become foragers.
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์ •๋น„๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋„ ์‹๋Ÿ‰๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
The patrollers become foragers.
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์ •์ฐฐ๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋„ ์‹๋Ÿ‰๋‹ด๋‹น์ด ๋˜์ฃ .
12:12
But not every transition is possible. And this shows how it works.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž‘์—…๊ตํ™˜์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฑธ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ์•„์‹ค๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
12:16
Like I just said, if there is more food to collect, the patrollers, the midden workers,
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๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ์˜์—ญ๋‚ด์— ๋จน์ž‡๊ฐ์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์•„์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด, ์ •์ฐฐ๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ, ์ฒญ์†Œ๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ,
12:20
the nest maintenance workers will all change to forage.
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์ •๋น„๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ์ด ์„ธ์ข…๋ฅ˜ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Ÿฌ ๋‚˜๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:22
If there's more patrolling to do --
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ •์ฐฐ์ด ๋” ํ•„์š”ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋ ๋•Œ๋ฉด์š”?
12:24
so I created a disturbance, so extra patrollers were needed --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฐฐ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋” ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋„๋ก, ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์†Œ๋™์„ ์—ฐ์ถœํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:28
the nest maintenance workers will switch to patrol.
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์ •๋น„๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ์ •์ฐฐ์— ๋‚˜์„ฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
But if more nest maintenance work is needed --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ •๋น„๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ๋” ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋„๋ก
12:33
for example, if I put out a bunch of toothpicks --
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์ฆ‰, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์‘ค์‹œ๊ฒŒ ๋”๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋˜์ ธ ๋†“๋Š” ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
12:35
then nobody will ever switch back to nest maintenance,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์„œ์‹์ง€ ์ •๋น„ ์ž„๋ฌด๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:38
they have to get nest maintenance workers from inside the nest.
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์„œ์‹์ง€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์ •๋น„๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
12:41
So foraging acts as a sink, and the ants inside the nest act as a source.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์‹๋Ÿ‰๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋กœ ํก์ˆ˜๋˜๊ณ , ์„œ์‹์ง€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ •๋น„๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:48
And finally, it looks like each ant is deciding
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—๋Š”, ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ๋งค ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋งˆ๋‹ค
12:50
moment to moment whether to be active or not.
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์„ ํ• ์ง€ ๋ง์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
So, for example, when there's extra nest maintenance work to do,
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์ฆ‰, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์„œ์‹์ง€์˜ ๋ณด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ์ ˆ์‹คํ•ด ์งˆ ๋•Œ๋ผ ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
12:57
it's not that the foragers switch over. I know that they don't do that.
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์‹๋Ÿ‰๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ์ผ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ง„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฑด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ํ™•์‹คํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:01
But the foragers somehow decide not to come out.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‹๋Ÿ‰๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ์™ ์ง€ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
And here was the most intriguing result: the task allocation.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ "์ž‘์—…ํ• ๋‹น" ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:07
This process changes with colony age, and it changes like this.
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์„œ์‹์ง€์˜ ๋‚˜์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ข€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:11
When I do these experiments with older colonies --
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์ œ๊ฐ€ 5๋…„ ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์„œ์‹์ง€์—์„œ
13:14
so ones that are five years or older --
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์‹คํ—˜ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š”
13:16
they're much more consistent from one time to another
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ์ข€ ๋” ์ž์‹ ์ด ์›๋ž˜ ํ•˜๋˜ ์ผ์„ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
13:19
and much more homeostatic. The worse things get,
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์„ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋‚˜์œ ์ƒํ™ฉ,
13:21
the more I hassle them, the more they act like undisturbed colonies.
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๋”์šฑ ๋” ํž˜๋“  ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋”๋ผ๋„, ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋™์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:24
Whereas the young, small colonies --
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด 2์ฒœ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„, 2๋…„์ฏค ๋œ
13:26
the two-year-old colonies of just 2,000 ants -- are much more variable.
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์ Š๊ณ , ์ž‘์€ ์„œ์‹์ง€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ข€ ๋” ์ž์ฃผ ํ•˜๋˜ ์ผ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:30
And the amazing thing about this is that an ant lives only a year.
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ ์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ 1๋…„๋ฐ–์— ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:35
It could be this year, or this year.
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๊ธฐ๊ปํ•ด์•ผ ์˜ฌํ•ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด ์ •๋„ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:37
So, the ants in the older colony that seem to be more stable
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์„œ์‹์ง€์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ๋” ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„,
13:41
are not any older than the ants in the younger colony.
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์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์„œ์‹์ง€์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:44
It's not due to the experience of older, wiser ants.
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๊ฒฝํ—˜์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์ด ๋งŽ์€ ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
13:47
Instead, something about the organization
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๋Œ€์‹ , ์กฐ์ง๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด
13:49
must be changing as the colony gets older.
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์„œ์‹์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋Š™์–ด๊ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„๋ช… ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:52
And the obvious thing that's changing is its size.
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ์ ์€ ์„œ์‹์ง€์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:55
So since I've had this result, I've spent a lot of time trying to figure out
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ์ €๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง€์—ญ์ ์ด๊ณ , ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ํ›„๊ฐ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ,
14:01
what kinds of decision rules -- very simple, local, probably olfactory, chemical
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ํ™”ํ•™์ ์ธ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ฒ•์น™์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:07
rules could an ant could be using, since no ant can assess the global situation --
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋ฒ•์น™์„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋„ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”
14:12
that would have the outcome that I see,
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์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์Šต์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ด์ƒ, ์ €๋Š”
14:15
these predictable dynamics, in who does what task.
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฒ•์น™์ด ์„œ์‹์ง€์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
14:18
And it would change as the colony gets larger.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:21
And what I've found out is that ants are using a network of antennal contact.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋”๋“ฌ์ด ์ ‘์ด‰ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:28
So anybody who's ever looked at ants has seen them touch antennae.
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋”๋“ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹  ์ ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:31
They smell with their antennae.
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋”๋“ฌ์ด๋กœ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋งก์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:33
When one ant touches another, it's smelling it,
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๋”๋“ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:35
and it can tell, for example, whether the other ant is a nest mate
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์„œ์‹์ง€๋งŒ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠน์œ ์˜ ํ›„๊ฐ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ˆ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ
14:39
because ants cover themselves and each other, through grooming,
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์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋ฃจ๋งŒ์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
14:43
with a layer of grease, which carries a colony-specific odor.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์„œ์‹์ง€์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:47
And what we're learning is that an ant uses the pattern of its antennal contacts,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ• ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์™€ ๋งŒ๋‚˜
14:52
the rate at which it meets ants of other tasks, in deciding what to do.
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์ผ์ •ํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์œผ๋กœ ๋”๋“ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:57
And so what the message is, is not any message
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ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
15:00
that they transmit from one ant to another, but the pattern.
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ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:04
The pattern itself is the message.
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ํŒจํ„ด ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
15:06
And I'll tell you a little bit more about that.
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์ข€ ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด
15:08
But first you might be wondering:
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์šฐ์„  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด
15:10
how is it that an ant can tell, for example, I'm a forager.
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"๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹๋Ÿ‰๋‹ด๋‹น์ด๋‹ค." "๋‚œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹๋Ÿ‰๋‹ด๋‹น๋“ค์„ ๋” ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ."
15:15
I expect to meet another forager every so often.
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์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ง์„ ์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ด ํ•˜์‹ค๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:17
But if instead I start to meet a higher number of nest maintenance workers,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ •๋น„๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
15:21
I'm less likely to forage.
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์‹๋Ÿ‰๊ฐ€์ง€๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๊ฒ ์ง€"โ„ข
15:23
So it has to know the difference between
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š” ์‹๋Ÿ‰๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์™€ ์ •๋น„๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์˜
15:25
a forager and a nest maintenance worker.
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์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:27
And we've learned that, in this species --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ข…์—์„œ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:30
and I suspect in others as well --
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…์—์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
15:33
these hydrocarbons, this layer of grease on the outside of ants,
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์„œ์‹์ง€ ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฌผ์ธ ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์ธต์€
15:37
is different as ants perform different tasks.
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:40
And we've done experiments that show that
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:42
that's because the longer an ant stays outside,
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ก,
15:44
the more these simple hydrocarbons on its surface change,
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์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์ธต ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
15:48
and so they come to smell different by doing different tasks.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:51
And they can use that task-specific odor in cuticular hydrocarbons --
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์ฆ‰ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์ธต์— ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ž‘์—… ํŠน์œ ์˜ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„์งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:55
they can use that in their brief antennal contacts to somehow
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์„œ๋กœ์˜ ๋”๋“ฌ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ์‹๊ฐ„์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ,
15:59
keep track of the rate at which they're meeting ants of certain tasks.
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚  ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:03
And we've just recently demonstrated this
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์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:06
by putting extract of hydrocarbons on little glass beads,
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์ž‘์€ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์Šฌ์— ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ณ 
16:10
and dropping the beads gently down into the nest entrance at the right rate.
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์ด ๊ตฌ์Šฌ๋“ค์„ ์Šฌ๋ฉฐ์‹œ ์„œ์‹์ง€ ์ž…๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตด๋ ค ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:14
And it turns out that ants will respond to the right rate of contact
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ์ด ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฌป์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์Šฌ๊ณผ
16:18
with a glass bead with hydrocarbon extract on it,
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์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์†๋„์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:21
as they would to contact with real ants.
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์‹ค์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์™€ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
16:26
So I want now to show you a bit of film --
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ์งง์€ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:33
and this will start out, first of all, showing you the nest entrance.
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ด ๋™์˜์ƒ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€ ์ž…๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:38
So the idea is that ants are coming in and out of the nest entrance.
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์„œ์‹์ง€ ์ž…๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถœ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์‹ค๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:41
They've gone out to do different tasks, and the rate at which they meet
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๊ฐ์ž์˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ
16:46
as they come in and out of the nest entrance determines, or influences,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
16:50
each ant's decision about whether to go out, and which task to perform.
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:54
This is taken through a fiber optics microscope. It's down inside the nest.
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๊ด‘์„ฌ์œ  ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐ์€ ์˜์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ์‹์ง€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋„ค์š”.
16:58
In the beginning you see the ants
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์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ์ € ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์ด ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ
17:00
just kind of engaging with the fiber optics microscope.
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๋‹ฌ๋ ค๋“œ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต๋งŒ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:02
But the idea is that the ants are in there,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•ด๋‹ต์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
17:06
and each ant is experiencing a certain flow of ants past it --
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์™€ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๋Š”
17:11
a stream of contacts with other ants.
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:14
And the pattern of these interactions determines
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ์ง€
17:17
whether the ant comes back out, and what it does when it comes back out.
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์•„๋‹์ง€๋ฅผ ๋˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‚˜์™€ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ผ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:22
You can also see this in the ants just outside the nest entrance like these.
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๋˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:29
Each ant, then, as it comes back in, is contacting other ants.
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๊ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:33
And the ants that are waiting just inside the nest entrance
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๋‹ค์Œ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•  ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
17:36
to decide whether to go out on their next trip,
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์„œ์‹์ง€ ์ž…๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด
17:39
are contacting the ants coming in.
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๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:41
So, what's interesting about this system is that it's messy.
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์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์žฌ๋ฐŒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์–ด์ง€๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
17:45
It's variable. It's noisy. And, in particular, in two ways.
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๋ณ€ํ™”๋„ ๋งŽ์„ ๋ฟ๋”๋Ÿฌ ์žก์Œ๋„ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ ์—์„œ์š”.
17:50
The first is that the experience of the ant -- of each ant -- can't be very predictable.
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์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:55
Because the rate at which ants come back depends on
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์€ ์„œ์‹์ง€ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์—์„œ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ
17:58
all the little things that happen to an ant as it goes out and does its task outside.
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ์†Œํ•œ ์ผ๋“ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:03
And the second thing is that an ant's ability to assess this pattern
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ด ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ถ„๋ช… ์•„์ฃผ ์กฐ์•…ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๋ฉฐ,
18:08
must be very crude because no ant can do any sophisticated counting.
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์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋„ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:15
So, we do a lot of simulation and modeling, and also experimental work,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ๋ชจํ˜•ํ™”, ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
18:19
to try to figure out how those two kinds of noise combine to,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•จ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ
18:25
in the aggregate, produce the predictable behavior of ant colonies.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:31
Again, I don't want to say that this kind of haphazard pattern of interactions
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด, ์ €๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์šฐ์—ฐํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
18:36
produces a factory that works with the precision and efficiency of clockwork.
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๊ทœ์น™์ ์ธ ํšจ์œจ๊ณผ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:43
In fact, if you watch ants at all, you end up trying to help them
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ณผ์ˆ˜๋ก, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์„ ๋•๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ง™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:46
because they never seem to be doing anything
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
18:48
exactly the way that you think that they ought to be doing it.
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:51
So it's not really that out of these haphazard contacts, perfection arises.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์šฐ์—ฐํ•œ ์ ‘์ด‰ ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•จ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๊ธด ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
18:58
But it works pretty well.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š” ๊ฝค ์ž˜ ํ•ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:00
Ants have been around for several hundred million years.
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์–ต๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ์œ„์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:03
They cover the earth, except for Antarctica.
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๊ทน์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:06
Something that they're doing is clearly successful enough
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๋ถ„๋ช… ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ
19:10
that this pattern of haphazard contacts, in the aggregate,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์šฐ์—ฐํ•œ ์ ‘์ด‰๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ
19:13
produces something that allows ants to make a lot more ants.
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ฒˆ์‹ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
19:17
And one of the things that we're studying is how natural selection
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž์—ฐ ์„ ํƒ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ
19:20
might be acting now to shape this use of interaction patterns --
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์†์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
19:27
this network of interaction patterns --
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์„œ์‹์ง€์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€
19:29
to perhaps increase the foraging efficiency of ant colonies.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:34
So the one thing, though, that I want you to remember about this
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์–ด์จ‹๋“  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜์„œ ์ด์— ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด ์ฃผ์…จ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”,
19:37
is that these patterns of interactions
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํŒจํ„ด๋“ค์ด
19:40
are something that you'd expect to be closely connected to colony size.
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์„œ์‹์ง€์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:45
The simplest idea is that when an ant is in a small colony --
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”, ์ž‘์€ ์„œ์‹์ง€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค๊ณผ
19:50
and an ant in a large colony can use the same rule,
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ํฐ ์„œ์‹์ง€์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฒ•์น™์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:54
like "I expect to meet another forager every three seconds."
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"๋‚œ ๋งค3์ดˆ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹๋Ÿ‰๋‹ด๋‹น๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ง€" ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
19:58
But in a small colony, it's likely to meet fewer foragers,
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์ž‘์€ ์„œ์‹์ง€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ข€ ๋” ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:01
just because there are fewer other foragers there to meet.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:05
So this is the kind of rule that, as the colony develops and gets older and larger,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์„œ์‹์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋” ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ž˜๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ,
20:11
will produce different behavior in an old colony and a small young one.
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์„œ์‹์ง€์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฒ•์น™์ด ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์–‘์‹์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:16
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:18
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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