Is the US Headed Towards Another Civil War? | Barbara F. Walter | TED

980,185 views ใƒป 2023-08-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Tal Hemo ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:04
I'm going to talk about a threat
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื•ื
00:06
that most people don't want to think about.
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ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•.
00:08
It's too frightening and it doesn't seem real.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ื•ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืžื™ืชื™.
00:12
That threat is civil war.
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ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
00:14
Since 1946,
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ืžืื– 1946, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-250 ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืคืจืฆื•
00:17
over 250 civil wars have broken out
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ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ.
00:20
and that number continues to increase.
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00:22
There are now almost 50 percent more civil wars than there were in 2001.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžืขื˜ 50 ืื—ื•ื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœ-2001.
00:29
I've been studying civil wars for over 30 years.
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ืื ื™ ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžืขืœ ืœ-30 ืฉื ื”.
00:32
I've interviewed members of Hamas in the West Bank,
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ืจืื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช,
00:36
ex-Sinn Fรฉin members in Northern Ireland,
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืœื ื“,
00:39
former members of the FARC in Colombia.
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ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื”.
00:41
I've stood on top of the Golan Heights and stared into Syria
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ืขืžื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ืคืกื’ืช ื”ืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื•ืฆืคื™ืชื™ ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”
00:46
at the top of the Syrian civil war.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช.
00:48
I've driven across Zimbabwe
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ื ืกืขืชื™ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื–ื™ืžื‘ื‘ื•ืื”
00:50
as the military was planning its coup against Robert Mugabe.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื ืชื›ื ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื ื’ื“ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืžื•ื’ืื‘ื”.
00:54
I've been followed and interrogated by members of Myanmar's junta.
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ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ื™ ื•ืชื—ืงืจื• ืื•ืชื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืื ืžืจ.
01:00
In 2017, I was asked to serve on a task force run by the CIA
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ื‘-2017, ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉืชื™ ืœืฉืจืช ื‘ื›ื— ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื”ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”-CIA
01:04
called the Political Instability Task Force.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ื›ื•ื— ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœืื™-ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
01:07
One of the goals of that task force was to come up with a model
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ืื—ืช ืžืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืœ
01:11
to help the US government predict
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจื”โ€œื‘ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืื™ืœื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื
01:13
what countries around the world
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01:15
were likely to experience ethnic conflict and civil war.
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ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืืชื ื™ ื•ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
01:19
It turns out that predicting civil war is possible.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
01:22
Solid data exists on where and when these conflicts are likely to break out.
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ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ืคื” ื•ืžืชื™ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืจื•ืฅ.
01:28
It's just that most people don't know that.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช.
01:32
The task force was comprised of two types of people,
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ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื›ืœืœ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
01:35
experts on civil war like myself and data analysts.
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ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ื•ืžื ืชื—ื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
01:39
The experts came up with 38 different factors
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ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžืฆืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-38 ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
01:43
that they thought could potentially lead a country towards civil war.
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ืฉื”ื ืกื‘ืจื• ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
01:47
And some of those factors seemed obvious, like whether a country was poor,
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื ืจืื• ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ืžืืœื™ื”ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื ื™ื™ื”,
01:51
had lots of income inequality
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื”,
01:53
or had a government that heavily discriminated
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ืื• ื”ืื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืคืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
01:56
against one particular group.
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01:59
It turns out that only two factors were highly predictive
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ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ืจืง ืœืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
02:03
and they weren't the ones the experts expected.
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ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœื ืฆื™ืคื• ืœื”ื.
02:07
The first was whether a country was an anocracy.
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ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืื ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
02:11
Anocracy is just a fancy term for partial democracy.
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ืื ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืžื•ื ื— ืžืฆื•ืขืฆืข ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช.
02:15
It's a government that's neither fully democratic nor fully autocratic.
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื•ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
02:19
It's something in between.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืข.
02:21
So think about Hungary today.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:23
Hungary holds elections.
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ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช.
02:25
Hungarians eagerly go out and vote.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉืงื™ืงื” ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข.
02:28
It's just that whoever wins those elections
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ืจืง ืฉืžื™ ืฉืžื ืฆื— ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
02:31
can basically do whatever they want.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืจื•ื—ื•.
02:35
The second factor
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ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืื ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช
02:36
was whether citizens in these anocracies had formed political parties
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02:41
around identity rather than ideology.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
02:45
So rather than joining a party because you were liberal or conservative,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ื” ื›ื™ ืืชื ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืื• ืฉืžืจื ื™ื,
02:50
capitalist or communist,
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ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืื• ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื,
02:52
you joined a party because you were Black or white,
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ืืชื ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ืœืžืคืœื’ื” ื›ื™ ืืชื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืื• ืœื‘ื ื™ื,
02:56
Christian or Muslim,
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ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื• ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื,
02:58
Serb or Croat.
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ืกืจื‘ื™ื ืื• ืงืจื•ืื˜ื™ื™ื.
03:01
If a country had these two features,
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ืื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
03:04
the task force considered it at high risk of political violence
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ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ืœืื—ืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช
03:08
and put it on a watchlist.
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ื•ืฉื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืžืขืงื‘.
03:10
It was actually called The Watchlist
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื ืงืจืื” ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžืขืงื‘
03:13
and it was sent to the White House.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืœื—ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ.
03:17
So here I was,
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื,
03:18
sitting in a hotel conference room in suburban Virginia four times a year
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ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืจื’โ€™ื™ื ื™ื” ืืจื‘ืข ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”
03:23
with a room full of really smart people.
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ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืžืœื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื—ื›ืžื™ื.
03:26
And we talked about countries in Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia,
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ื•ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื”,
03:31
but we never, ever talked about the United States.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื•ืœื, ืืฃ ืคืขื, ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
03:35
That's because the CIA is legally not allowed
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ื–ืืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ-CIA ืืกื•ืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช
03:39
to monitor the United States or its citizens.
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ืœื ื˜ืจ ืืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื• ืืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื”.
03:42
And that's exactly the way it should be.
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ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
03:45
But I was a private citizen and I had this information
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื–ืจื— ืคืจื˜ื™ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
03:50
and I could see that both of these factors were emerging in my own country
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™,
03:54
and they were emerging at a surprisingly fast rate.
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ื•ื”ื ืฆืฆื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืคืชื™ืขื”.
03:59
The US's democracy has been downgraded three times since 2016.
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ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื”โ€œื‘ ื™ืจื“ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืื– 2016.
04:05
2016, it was downgraded because international election monitors
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2016, ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืจื“ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืคืงื—ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
04:10
had considered the 2016 election free, but not entirely fair.
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ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช 2016 ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช, ืืš ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช.
04:16
America's own intelligence agencies had found
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ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืขืฆืžื” ืžืฆืื•
04:19
that the Russians had, in fact, meddled in that election.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื• ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช.
04:23
It was downgraded again in 2019
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืจื“ื” ืฉื ื™ืช ื‘-2019
04:26
when the White House refused to comply with requests by Congress for information.
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ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืœืžื™ื“ืข.
04:32
And it was downgraded a final time
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืจื“ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”
04:34
at the end of 2020
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 2020, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืืžืค ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ืฉืœื• ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช 2020,
04:36
when President Trump refused to accept his loss in the 2020 election,
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04:41
and actively attempted to overturn the results.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
04:45
Between December of 2020 and early 2021,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2020 ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช 2021,
04:50
the United States was officially classified as an anocracy.
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ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืกื•ื•ื’ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ื›ืื ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
04:58
If the task force had been allowed to monitor and study the United States,
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ืื ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจืฉื” ืœื ื˜ืจ ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
05:04
it likely would have considered it at high risk of political instability
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืื™-ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช
05:09
and political violence in December of 2020,
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ื•ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2020,
05:13
just a few weeks before the January 6 insurrection.
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ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘-6 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ.
05:17
And it likely would have put the United States on the watchlist.
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ื•ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžืขืงื‘.
05:23
We also know who tends to start civil wars.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื™ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
05:26
And again, it's not the people most of us think.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืืœื• ืœื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
05:30
It is not the poorest people in society.
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ืืœื• ืœื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
05:33
It is not the people who are most oppressed by their government.
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ืืœื• ืœื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืชื.
05:38
The people who tend to start civil wars, especially ethnically-based civil wars,
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืืชื ื™,
05:44
are the groups that had once been politically dominant but are in decline.
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ื”ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืคืขื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืืš ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื“ืขื™ื›ื”.
05:50
If you think back to the former Yugoslavia.
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ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื•ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ื”,
05:55
Serbs had enjoyed most of the positions in government and the military
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ืกืจื‘ื™ื ื ื”ื ื• ืžืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื‘ืฆื‘ื
06:00
throughout the Cold War for decades, for decades.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
06:04
But they were the ones who stood to lose the most
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ืืš ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืืœื• ืฉืขืžื“ื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”
06:08
as Yugoslavia democratized.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
06:11
The Serbs started that war.
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ื”ืกืจื‘ื™ื ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื”ื™ื.
06:14
Iraq's Sunnis similarly enjoyed most of the key positions
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ื”ืกื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื ื”ื ื• ื’ื ื”ื ืžืจื•ื‘ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืคืชื—
06:20
in the military and in government under Saddam Hussein.
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ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชื—ืช ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ.
06:24
But when the United States toppled Saddam Hussein,
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ืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืœื” ืืช ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ,
06:28
they also threw the Sunnis out of their positions.
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ื”ื ื’ื ื–ืจืงื• ืืช ื”ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
06:32
It was the Sunnis who started that war.
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ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืกื•ื ื™ื ืฉืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื”ื™ื.
06:36
In the United States, the rise of militias
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช
06:40
has been driven primarily by white men
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ืžื•ื ืขืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื
06:44
who see America's identity changing in ways
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ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืฉืชื ื”
06:49
that directly threatens their status.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืžืื™ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœื”ื.
06:52
They were the ones who marched on the capital on January 6.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืืœื• ืฉืฆืขื“ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘-6 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ.
07:02
So why is this happening now?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?
07:05
It's happening now because of demographic change.
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™.
07:08
The United States is in the midst of a major transition
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ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
07:13
from a country whose population is majority white
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ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืชื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื
07:16
to a country whose population will be majority non-white.
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ืœื-ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
07:22
The United States will be the first country to go through this,
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ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื”,
07:25
but others are going to follow.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”.
07:27
Canada is likely to be next,
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ืงื ื“ื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื”,
07:29
followed by New Zealand and then the UK,
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ืื—ืจื™ื” ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
07:32
and eventually all the English-speaking countries of the world.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
07:37
This is likely to be especially true
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ื–ื” ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
07:40
if climate change causes citizens from the global South
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžื”ื“ืจื•ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆืคื•ื ื”.
07:43
to increasingly move north.
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07:47
These countries are going to be looking to the United States
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืขืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
07:50
to see how we manage this demographic shift.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ื–ื”.
07:55
Americans can allow this transition to tear us apart.
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ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืœืงืจื•ืข ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื’ื–ืจื™ื.
08:00
Or we could use it to come together
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ืื• ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื—ื“
08:03
to show the world how to manage this change
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ื•ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”
08:08
and in the process create a truly multiethnic, multi-religious democracy.
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืจื‘-ืืชื ื™ืช, ืจื‘-ื“ืชื™ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
08:15
So how do you do this?
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ืื– ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช?
08:17
The first thing we have to do
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช
08:19
is address the two big risk factors of civil war.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
08:23
Anocracy and identity politics.
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ืื ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช.
08:27
To address anocracy, we have to improve the rule of law.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืื ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง.
08:31
We have to ensure equal access to every citizen to the vote.
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืœ ืื–ืจื— ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช.
08:37
We have to reduce corruption
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช
08:38
and we have to improve the quality of government services.
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ื•ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.
08:42
But reforming a government takes time.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื•ืงื—ืช ื–ืžืŸ.
08:44
Those are not easy things to do and it often seems impossible.
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ืœื ืงืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
08:48
That's exactly where the United States is today,
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ื–ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื•ื,
08:52
almost paralyzed.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืฉื•ืชืงืช.
08:54
This is where business can come in.
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ื›ืืŸ ืขืกืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ.
08:58
Thirty years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ 30 ืฉื ื”,
08:59
most of us thought that South Africa was barreling towards civil war.
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื” ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
09:04
Black South Africans were increasingly protesting
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ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืžื—ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:08
the brutality of the white apartheid regime,
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ืขืœ ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืืคืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ,
09:11
and the government responded with more brutality.
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ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช.
09:15
But then something happened.
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ืืš ืื– ืžืฉื”ื• ืงืจื”.
09:17
The business community stepped in and demanded real democracy.
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ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื” ื•ื“ืจืฉื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
09:24
They did this because they had been suffering
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ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ื›ื™ ื”ื ืกื‘ืœื•
09:27
under years of crushing economic sanctions
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ืชื—ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื ืงืกืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช
09:31
and eventually they had to choose between apartheid and profits,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืคืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“ ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื,
09:35
and they chose profits.
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื.
09:37
And when they went to the government and said, "We will no longer support you,"
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ื”ืœื›ื• ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืืžืจื•, โ€œืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื ืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื›ื ืขื•ื“โ€œ,
09:42
the apartheid regime knew it could not survive
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ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืคืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“ ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืฉืจื•ื“
09:45
and reform happened quickly.
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ื•ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
09:49
The business community can also help address identity politics
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ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื’ื ืขื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช
09:53
by investing in those communities that have been left behind
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืžืื—ื•ืจ
09:57
by globalization and by free-trade agreements like NAFTA.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืกื—ืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื›ืžื• NAFTA.
10:01
In the United States,
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
10:02
it was the working class that disproportionately suffered.
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ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืกื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™.
10:07
Those are the communities that are the most angry
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ืืœื• ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื›ืขื•ืกื•ืช
10:10
and the most resentful today.
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ื•ื ื•ื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื˜ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
10:14
Businesses can invest in better health care,
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ืขืกืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:16
better education and a higher minimum wage
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ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:21
so that they create a group of people
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื ืฉื™ื
10:24
who are hopeful about the future
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ืžืœืืช ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืขืชื™ื“
10:27
and less vulnerable to the calls by extremists to burn the system down.
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ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืœืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
10:37
But there's perhaps an easier solution, at least in the short term.
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ืืš ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ.
10:42
At least in the short term.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ.
10:45
And that is to regulate social media,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
10:48
especially the algorithms that push out the most incendiary and divisive material.
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ื‘ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ืžืคืœื’.
10:57
I'm not saying that we should censor free speech.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆื ื–ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™.
11:00
Let people put whatever they want on social media,
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ืชื ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืžื” ืฉื‘ื ืœื”ื ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
11:04
but do not allow the algorithms
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ืืš ืืœ ืชืืคืฉืจื• ืœืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื
11:08
to amplify the messages by bullies and hatemongers
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ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืกื™ืชื™ื
11:13
and conspiracy theorists and enemies of democracy.
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ื•ืžืืžื™ื ื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื” ื•ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
11:17
If we take away their bullhorn, their influence will decline.
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ืื ืชืงื—ื• ืžื”ื ืืช ื”ืžื’ืืคื•ืŸ, ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืชืคื—ืช.
11:24
I've interviewed a lot of people who have lived through a civil war
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ืจืื™ื™ื ืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื
11:28
and they all say the same thing.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืืžืจื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
11:30
"I didn't see it coming."
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โ€œืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข.โ€
11:32
"I didn't see it coming."
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โ€œืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข.โ€
11:35
Berina Kovac was a young mother
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ื‘ืจื™ื ื” ืงื•ื‘ืืฅโ€ฒ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื ืฆืขื™ืจื”
11:37
living in Sarajevo at the beginning of the Bosnian civil war.
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืกืจื™ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื ื™ื”.
11:42
She told me that in the months and weeks leading up to that war,
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ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืœื™ ืฉื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื–ื•,
11:47
life seemed normal.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืจืื• ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื.
11:48
She went to work.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
11:50
She took weekend holidays with her husband.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืื” ืœื ื•ืคืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืขื ื‘ืขืœื”.
11:53
They went to the weddings of their friends.
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ื”ื ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื.
11:57
But then one night in March of 1992,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1992,
11:59
when she was at home with her newborn son,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื” ืขื ื‘ื ื” ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื ื•ืœื“,
12:02
the lights suddenly went out.
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ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ืœืคืชืข ื›ื‘ื•.
12:05
And then she said,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”,
12:07
you started to hear machine guns.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืจื™.
12:11
It doesn't have to be this way.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื›ื”.
12:13
We know an enormous amount about why these terrible wars start.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืœืžื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืื™ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช.
12:19
We know that the people intent on violence have a playbook.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื˜ื”.
12:23
We know what that playbook is.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
12:26
But there's no reason why we,
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ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื•,
12:29
the democracy-loving people of this world,
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”,
12:32
can't create our own playbook to prevent civil war.
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืฉืœื ื• ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
12:37
But to do that,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
12:39
we have to be brave enough to fight for real democracy,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืฆื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช,
12:44
strong democracy,
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ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื—ื–ืงื”,
12:46
because only by fighting for democracy
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ื›ื™ ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”,
12:49
can we ensure that we will truly get peace.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื ืงื‘ืœ ืฉืœื•ื.
12:53
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
12:54
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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