Is the US Headed Towards Another Civil War? | Barbara F. Walter | TED

833,827 views ・ 2023-08-15

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Yigue Chang κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:04
I'm going to talk about a threat
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μ œκ°€ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜λ €λŠ” 것은
λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μƒκ°ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” μœ„ν˜‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:06
that most people don't want to think about.
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00:08
It's too frightening and it doesn't seem real.
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λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜ 무섭고 ν˜„μ‹€μ μ΄μ§€ μ•Šμ€ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:12
That threat is civil war.
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κ·Έ μœ„ν˜‘μ€ λ°”λ‘œ λ‚΄μ „μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:14
Since 1946,
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1946λ…„ 이래둜
00:17
over 250 civil wars have broken out
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250건이 λ„˜λŠ” 내전이 λ°œμƒν–ˆμœΌλ©°
00:20
and that number continues to increase.
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이 μˆ«μžλŠ” 계속 μ¦κ°€ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
There are now almost 50 percent more civil wars than there were in 2001.
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ν˜„μž¬ 내전은 2001년보닀 거의 50% 더 λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
I've been studying civil wars for over 30 years.
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μ €λŠ” 30λ…„ λ„˜κ²Œ 내전을 연ꡬ해 μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:32
I've interviewed members of Hamas in the West Bank,
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μ›¨μŠ€νŠΈ λ±…ν¬μ˜ ν•˜λ§ˆμŠ€ 쑰직원,
00:36
ex-Sinn FΓ©in members in Northern Ireland,
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λΆμ•„μΌλžœλ“œμ˜ μ „ μ‹ νŽ˜μΈ 쑰직원,
00:39
former members of the FARC in Colombia.
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μ½œλ‘¬λΉ„μ•„μ˜ μ „ FARC 쑰직원을 λ§Œλ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:41
I've stood on top of the Golan Heights and stared into Syria
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κ³¨λž€ 고원 정상에 μ„œμ„œ
μ‹œλ¦¬μ•„ 내전이 ν•œμ°½μΌ λ•Œ μ‹œλ¦¬μ•„λ₯Ό κ΄€μ°°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:46
at the top of the Syrian civil war.
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00:48
I've driven across Zimbabwe
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κ΅°λΆ€κ°€ λ‘œλ²„νŠΈ 무가베에 λ°˜λŒ€ν•˜λŠ” 쿠데타λ₯Ό κ³„νšν•˜κ³  μžˆμ„ λ•Œ
00:50
as the military was planning its coup against Robert Mugabe.
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μ €λŠ” μ§λ°”λΈŒμ›¨λ₯Ό νš‘λ‹¨ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:54
I've been followed and interrogated by members of Myanmar's junta.
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λ―Έμ–€λ§ˆ ꡰ사 μ •λΆ€μ—κ²Œ 미행을 λ‹Ήν–ˆκ³  심문도 λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
In 2017, I was asked to serve on a task force run by the CIA
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2017년에 μ €λŠ” CIAκ°€ μš΄μ˜ν•˜λŠ” μ •μΉ˜ λΆˆμ•ˆμ • λŒ€μ±… νŒ€μ΄λΌλŠ”
01:04
called the Political Instability Task Force.
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νŠΉλ³„ νŒ€μ—μ„œ μΌν•˜κ² λƒλŠ” μ œμ•ˆμ„ λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
One of the goals of that task force was to come up with a model
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κ·Έ νŒ€μ˜ λͺ©ν‘œ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” λ―Έκ΅­ μ •λΆ€λ₯Ό 도와
01:11
to help the US government predict
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인쒅 κ°ˆλ“±κ³Ό 내전을 κ²ͺ을 κ°€λŠ₯성이
01:13
what countries around the world
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01:15
were likely to experience ethnic conflict and civil war.
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높은 ꡭ가듀을 μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:19
It turns out that predicting civil war is possible.
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내전을 μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•˜λŠ” 것이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ”λΌκ³ μš”.
01:22
Solid data exists on where and when these conflicts are likely to break out.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ°ˆλ“±μ΄ λ°œμƒν•  κ°€λŠ₯성이 높은 μž₯μ†Œμ™€ μ‹œκΈ°μ— λŒ€ν•œ
믿을 λ§Œν•œ 데이터가 μ‘΄μž¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
It's just that most people don't know that.
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단지 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 그것을 λͺ¨λ₯Ό 뿐이죠.
01:32
The task force was comprised of two types of people,
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νŒ€μ˜ ꡬ성원은 두 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€,
01:35
experts on civil war like myself and data analysts.
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저와 같은 λ‚΄μ „ μ „λ¬Έκ°€λ“€κ³Ό 데이터 λΆ„μ„κ°€λ“€μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
01:39
The experts came up with 38 different factors
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전문가듀은 ν•œ λ‚˜λΌλ₯Ό λ‚΄μ „μœΌλ‘œ 이끌 수 μžˆμ„ 것 같은
01:43
that they thought could potentially lead a country towards civil war.
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μš”μΈλ“€ μ„œλ₯Έμ—¬λŸ 가지λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•„ λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
And some of those factors seemed obvious, like whether a country was poor,
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일뢀 μš”μΈλ“€μ€ 자λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ λ‚˜λΌκ°€ κ°€λ‚œν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ†Œλ“ λΆˆν‰λ“±μ΄ μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ ν¬κ±°λ‚˜,
01:51
had lots of income inequality
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01:53
or had a government that heavily discriminated
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νŠΉμ • 집단을 μ‹¬ν•˜κ²Œ μ°¨λ³„ν•˜λŠ” μ •λΆ€κ°€ μžˆλŠ”μ§€ 등이 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
01:56
against one particular group.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 단 두 μš”μΈλ§Œμ΄ 예츑λ ₯이 높은 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬κ³ ,
01:59
It turns out that only two factors were highly predictive
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전문가듀이 μ˜ˆμƒν–ˆλ˜ μš”μΈλ“€μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
and they weren't the ones the experts expected.
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02:07
The first was whether a country was an anocracy.
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μ²«μ§ΈλŠ” μ •λΆ€ ν˜•νƒœκ°€ β€˜μ•„λ…Έν¬λΌμ‹œβ€™μΈμ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:11
Anocracy is just a fancy term for partial democracy.
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μ•„λ…Έν¬λΌμ‹œλŠ” λΆˆμ™„μ „ν•œ 민주주의λ₯Ό κ·ΈλŸ΄λ“―ν•˜κ²Œ κΎΈλ―Ό μš©μ–΄μΌ λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:15
It's a government that's neither fully democratic nor fully autocratic.
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μ™„μ „ν•œ λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜λ„ μ•„λ‹ˆκ³  μ™„μ „ν•œ λ…μž¬μ£Όμ˜λ„ μ•„λ‹Œ μ •λΆ€μ£ .
02:19
It's something in between.
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κ·Έ 쀑간에 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
So think about Hungary today.
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  헝가리λ₯Ό 생각해 보면 ν—κ°€λ¦¬μ—λŠ” μ„ κ±°κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:23
Hungary holds elections.
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02:25
Hungarians eagerly go out and vote.
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헝가리 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ—΄μ‹¬νžˆ λ‚˜κ°€μ„œ νˆ¬ν‘œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:28
It's just that whoever wins those elections
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λ‹€λ§Œ λ¬Έμ œλŠ” μ„ κ±°μ—μ„œ μ΄κΈ°λŠ” μžλŠ”
02:31
can basically do whatever they want.
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μ›ν•˜λŠ” λŒ€λ‘œ 무엇이든 ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:35
The second factor
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두 번째 μš”μΈμ€ 이 μ•„λ…Έν¬λΌμ‹œ κ΅­κ°€μ˜ ꡭ민듀이
02:36
was whether citizens in these anocracies had formed political parties
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μ΄λ…λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” 신뢄을 μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ 정당을 ν˜•μ„±ν–ˆλŠ”μ§€μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:41
around identity rather than ideology.
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02:45
So rather than joining a party because you were liberal or conservative,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ 정당에 κ°€μž…ν•œ μ΄μœ κ°€
μ§„λ³΄λ‚˜ 보수 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄κ±°λ‚˜ μžλ³Έμ£Όμ˜λ‚˜ κ³΅μ‚°μ£Όμ˜ λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
02:50
capitalist or communist,
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02:52
you joined a party because you were Black or white,
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ν‘μΈμ΄λ‚˜ λ°±μΈμ΄λΌμ„œ κ°€μž…ν•˜κ³ ,
02:56
Christian or Muslim,
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κΈ°λ…κ΅μΈμ΄κ±°λ‚˜ μ΄μŠ¬λžŒκ΅μΈμ΄λΌμ„œ, μ„Έλ₯΄λΉ„μ•„λ‚˜ ν¬λ‘œμ•„ν‹°μ•„λΌμ„œ ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
Serb or Croat.
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03:01
If a country had these two features,
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λ§Œμ•½ μ–΄λ–€ λ‚˜λΌκ°€ 이 두 가지 νŠΉμ§•μ΄ μžˆλ‹€λ©΄,
03:04
the task force considered it at high risk of political violence
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νŒ€μ€ μ •μΉ˜μ  폭λ ₯의 μœ„ν—˜μ„±μ΄ λ†’λ‹€κ³  νŒλ‹¨ν•˜κ³ 
03:08
and put it on a watchlist.
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κ°μ‹œ λͺ©λ‘μ— μ˜¬λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
It was actually called The Watchlist
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ β€˜λ” μ›ŒμΉ˜λ¦¬μŠ€νŠΈβ€™λΌκ³  뢈렸고,
03:13
and it was sent to the White House.
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백악관에 λ³΄κ³ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:17
So here I was,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” 일 년에 λ„€ λ²ˆμ”©,
03:18
sitting in a hotel conference room in suburban Virginia four times a year
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λ²„μ§€λ‹ˆμ•„ ꡐ외에 μžˆλŠ” ν˜Έν…”μ˜ νšŒμ˜μ‹€μ—
03:23
with a room full of really smart people.
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정말 λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό μ•‰κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
And we talked about countries in Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 아프리카, 쀑동, μ€‘μ•™μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ˜ λ‚˜λΌλ“€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
λ―Έκ΅­ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ” μ ˆλŒ€ 꺼내지 μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:31
but we never, ever talked about the United States.
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03:35
That's because the CIA is legally not allowed
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λ²•μ μœΌλ‘œ CIAλŠ” λ―Έκ΅­μ΄λ‚˜ λ―Έκ΅­ μ‹œλ―Όμ„
03:39
to monitor the United States or its citizens.
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κ°μ‹œν•˜λŠ” 것이 ν—ˆμš©λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:42
And that's exactly the way it should be.
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저도 그것이 λ§žλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
But I was a private citizen and I had this information
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ €λŠ” λ―Όκ°„μΈμ΄μ—ˆκ³  이 정보λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:50
and I could see that both of these factors were emerging in my own country
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제 λˆˆμ—λŠ” λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ 이 두 μš”μ†Œκ°€ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜κ³  있으며
03:54
and they were emerging at a surprisingly fast rate.
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그것도 λ†€λžκ²Œ λΉ λ₯Έ μ†λ„λ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” 것이 λ³΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:59
The US's democracy has been downgraded three times since 2016.
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미ꡭ의 λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜λŠ” 2016λ…„ 이후 μ„Έ λ²ˆμ΄λ‚˜ κ°•λ“±λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
2016년에 κ°•λ“±λœ μ‚¬μœ λŠ” ꡭ제 μ„ κ±° κ°μ‹œλ‹¨μ΄
04:05
2016, it was downgraded because international election monitors
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04:10
had considered the 2016 election free, but not entirely fair.
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2016λ…„ μ„ κ±°κ°€ μžμœ λ‘­μ§€λ§Œ μ „ν˜€ κ³΅μ •ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€κ³  ν‰κ°€ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:16
America's own intelligence agencies had found
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λ―Έκ΅­ 정보 기관듀도 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„μΈλ“€μ΄
04:19
that the Russians had, in fact, meddled in that election.
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κ·Έ 선거에 κ°œμž…ν•œ 것을 λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:23
It was downgraded again in 2019
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2019년에 또 κ°•λ“±λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”λ°
04:26
when the White House refused to comply with requests by Congress for information.
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μ΄λ•ŒλŠ” ꡭ회의 정보 μš”μ²­μ„ 백악관이 κ±°λΆ€ν•œ λ•Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:32
And it was downgraded a final time
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ 2020년말에 또 κ°•λ“±λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:34
at the end of 2020
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04:36
when President Trump refused to accept his loss in the 2020 election,
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νŠΈλŸΌν”„ λŒ€ν†΅λ Ήμ΄ 2020λ…„ μ„ κ±°μ—μ„œ 패배λ₯Ό 받아듀이지 μ•Šκ³ 
04:41
and actively attempted to overturn the results.
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κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ’€μ§‘μœΌλ €κ³  적극적으둜 μ‹œλ„ν•œ λ•Œμ£ .
04:45
Between December of 2020 and early 2021,
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2020λ…„ 12μ›”λΆ€ν„° 2021λ…„ 초 사이에
04:50
the United States was officially classified as an anocracy.
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미ꡭ은 κ³΅μ‹μ μœΌλ‘œ μ•„λ…Έν¬λΌμ‹œλ‘œ λΆ„λ₯˜λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:58
If the task force had been allowed to monitor and study the United States,
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λ§Œμ•½ 우리 νŒ€μ΄ 미ꡭ을 κ°μ‹œν•˜κ³  쑰사할 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€λ©΄
05:04
it likely would have considered it at high risk of political instability
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μ •μΉ˜μ  λΆˆμ•ˆμ •κ³Ό μ •μΉ˜μ  폭λ ₯의 μœ„ν—˜μ΄ λ†’λ‹€κ³ 
05:09
and political violence in December of 2020,
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2020λ…„ 12월에 νŒλ‹¨ν–ˆμ„ κ°€λŠ₯성이 λ†’μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:13
just a few weeks before the January 6 insurrection.
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1μ›” 6일 폭동이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κΈ° λ°”λ‘œ λͺ‡ μ£Ό 전이죠.
05:17
And it likely would have put the United States on the watchlist.
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그리고 μ•„λ§ˆλ„ 미ꡭ을 κ°μ‹œ λͺ©λ‘μ— μ˜¬λ Έμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:23
We also know who tends to start civil wars.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 내전을 μ‰½κ²Œ μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ” λΆ€λ₯˜λ„ μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:26
And again, it's not the people most of us think.
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이듀 μ—­μ‹œ 우리 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ΄ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 그런 λΆ€λ₯˜κ°€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:30
It is not the poorest people in society.
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그듀은 μ‚¬νšŒμ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ κ°€λ‚œν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:33
It is not the people who are most oppressed by their government.
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정뢀에 μ˜ν•΄ κ°€μž₯ μ–΅μ••λ°›λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ„ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:38
The people who tend to start civil wars, especially ethnically-based civil wars,
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내전을 μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λŠ” κ²½ν–₯이 μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€,
특히 λ―Όμ‘± 차이 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 내전을 μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
05:44
are the groups that had once been politically dominant but are in decline.
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ν•œλ•Œ μ •μΉ˜μ μœΌλ‘œ μš°μ„Έν•˜λ‹€κ°€ μ‡ ν‡΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μ§‘λ‹¨μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:50
If you think back to the former Yugoslavia.
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μ˜› μœ κ³ μŠ¬λΌλΉ„μ•„λ₯Ό 생각해 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
05:55
Serbs had enjoyed most of the positions in government and the military
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μ„Έλ₯΄λΉ„μ•„ 인듀은 냉전이 λ²Œμ–΄μ§€λŠ” μˆ˜μ‹­ λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ
06:00
throughout the Cold War for decades, for decades.
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정뢀와 κ΅°λŒ€μ—μ„œ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 자리λ₯Ό μ°¨μ§€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:04
But they were the ones who stood to lose the most
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그듀은 μœ κ³ μŠ¬λΌλΉ„μ•„κ°€ λ―Όμ£Όν™”λ˜λ©΄μ„œ
06:08
as Yugoslavia democratized.
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μžƒμ„ 것이 κ°€μž₯ λ§Žμ•˜λ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:11
The Serbs started that war.
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μ „μŸμ„ μ‹œμž‘ν•œ 집단은 μ„Έλ₯΄λΉ„μ•„ μΈλ“€μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:14
Iraq's Sunnis similarly enjoyed most of the key positions
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이라크의 μˆ˜λ‹ˆνŒŒλ„ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ 사담 후세인 μ •κΆŒ ν•˜μ—μ„œ
06:20
in the military and in government under Saddam Hussein.
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ꡰ뢀와 μ •κΆŒμ˜ μ£Όμš” 직책을 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ μ°¨μ§€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:24
But when the United States toppled Saddam Hussein,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 미ꡭ이 사담 후세인을 λ¬΄λ„ˆλœ¨λ Έμ„ λ•Œ,
미ꡭ은 μˆ˜λ‹ˆνŒŒλ“€λ„ κ³΅μ§μ—μ„œ μ«“μ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:28
they also threw the Sunnis out of their positions.
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06:32
It was the Sunnis who started that war.
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λ‚˜μ€‘μ— μ „μŸμ„ μΌμœΌν‚¨ 것은 μˆ˜λ‹ˆνŒŒμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:36
In the United States, the rise of militias
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λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ 폭λ ₯ ν–‰μœ„μ˜ μ¦κ°€λŠ”
06:40
has been driven primarily by white men
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백인 남성듀이 μ£Όλ„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:44
who see America's identity changing in ways
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미ꡭ의 정체성 λ³€ν™”κ°€
κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ‚¬νšŒμ  μ§€μœ„λ₯Ό μœ„ν˜‘ν•œλ‹€κ³  λ³΄λŠ” 이듀이죠.
06:49
that directly threatens their status.
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06:52
They were the ones who marched on the capital on January 6.
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그듀이 1μ›” 6일에 μˆ˜λ„λ‘œ λ‚œμž…ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:02
So why is this happening now?
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그럼 이런 일이 μ™œ μ§€κΈˆ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
ν˜„μž¬ 인ꡬ λ³€ν™”κ°€ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ³  있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:05
It's happening now because of demographic change.
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07:08
The United States is in the midst of a major transition
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미ꡭ은 λŒ€κ·œλͺ¨ μ „ν™˜ μ€‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λŒ€λ‹€μˆ˜ 인ꡬ가 백인인 λ‚˜λΌμ—μ„œ
07:13
from a country whose population is majority white
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07:16
to a country whose population will be majority non-white.
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λŒ€λ‹€μˆ˜ 인ꡬ가 비백인인 λ‚˜λΌλ‘œ μ „ν™˜ 쀑이죠.
미ꡭ은 이것을 κ²ͺλŠ” 첫 번째 λ‚˜λΌκ°€ λ˜κ² μ§€λ§Œ,
07:22
The United States will be the first country to go through this,
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07:25
but others are going to follow.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‚˜λΌλ“€λ„ λ’€λ₯Ό λ”°λ₯Ό κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:27
Canada is likely to be next,
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μΊλ‚˜λ‹€κ°€ λ‹€μŒμ΄ 될 κ°€λŠ₯성이 λ†’κ³ ,
07:29
followed by New Zealand and then the UK,
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λ‰΄μ§ˆλžœλ“œμ™€ 영ꡭ,
07:32
and eventually all the English-speaking countries of the world.
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그리고 κ²°κ΅­ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  μ˜μ–΄κΆŒ ꡭ가듀이 λ’€λ₯Ό μž‡κ² μ£ .
07:37
This is likely to be especially true
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κΈ°ν›„ λ³€ν™”λ‘œ 인해 κ°€λ‚œν•œ λ‚˜λΌλ“€μ—μ„œ
07:40
if climate change causes citizens from the global South
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λΆ€μž λ‚˜λΌλ“€λ‘œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 점점 μ΄λ™ν•˜κ²Œ λœλ‹€λ©΄
07:43
to increasingly move north.
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μ΄λŠ” 더 ν™•μ‹€νžˆ 일어날 μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 λ‚˜λΌλ“€μ€ 미ꡭ이 이 인ꡬ학적 변화에
07:47
These countries are going to be looking to the United States
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07:50
to see how we manage this demographic shift.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λŒ€μ²˜ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ 보고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
미ꡭ인듀은 이 μ „ν™˜μœΌλ‘œ 뢄열될 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:55
Americans can allow this transition to tear us apart.
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08:00
Or we could use it to come together
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν•¨κ»˜ λͺ¨μ—¬ 이 기회λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ
08:03
to show the world how to manage this change
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이 변화에 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λŒ€μ²˜ν•΄μ„œ
μ§„μ •ν•œ λ‹€λ―Όμ‘±, 닀쒅ꡐ 민주주의 체제λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ”μ§€
08:08
and in the process create a truly multiethnic, multi-religious democracy.
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세계에 보여쀄 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:15
So how do you do this?
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그러렀면 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•΄μ•Ό ν• κΉŒμš”?
08:17
The first thing we have to do
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  첫 번째 일은
08:19
is address the two big risk factors of civil war.
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λ‚΄μ „μ˜ 두 가지 큰 μœ„ν—˜ μš”μ†Œλ₯Ό μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:23
Anocracy and identity politics.
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μ•„λ…Έν¬λΌμ‹œμ™€ 정체성 μ •μΉ˜.
08:27
To address anocracy, we have to improve the rule of law.
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μ•„λ…Έν¬λΌμ‹œλ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•˜λ €λ©΄ λ²•μΉ˜λ₯Ό κ°œμ„ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:31
We have to ensure equal access to every citizen to the vote.
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λͺ¨λ“  κ΅­λ―Όλ“€μ˜ λ™λ“±ν•œ νˆ¬ν‘œλ₯Ό 보μž₯ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λΆ€μ •λΆ€νŒ¨λ₯Ό 쀄이고 μ •λΆ€μ˜ μ§ˆμ„ λ†’μ—¬μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:37
We have to reduce corruption
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08:38
and we have to improve the quality of government services.
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08:42
But reforming a government takes time.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ •λΆ€λ₯Ό κ°œν˜ν•˜λŠ” λ°λŠ” μ‹œκ°„μ΄ κ±Έλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:44
Those are not easy things to do and it often seems impossible.
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쉽지도 μ•ŠμœΌλ©° λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•΄ 보일 λ•Œλ„ λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:48
That's exactly where the United States is today,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  미ꡭ은 λ°”λ‘œ 이 단계에 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€,
08:52
almost paralyzed.
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거의 λ§ˆλΉ„λœ μƒνƒœμ£ .
08:54
This is where business can come in.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ 기업듀이 κ°œμž…ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:58
Thirty years ago,
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30λ…„ μ „,
08:59
most of us thought that South Africa was barreling towards civil war.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 남아프리카가 내전을 ν–₯ν•΄ μ§ˆμ£Όν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:04
Black South Africans were increasingly protesting
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남아프리카 흑인듀은 백인 μ•„νŒŒλ₯΄νŠΈν—€μ΄νŠΈ μ •κΆŒμ˜
09:08
the brutality of the white apartheid regime,
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μž”ν˜Ήμ„±μ— 점점 더 μ €ν•­ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆκ³ ,
09:11
and the government responded with more brutality.
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μ •λΆ€λŠ” 더 μž”ν˜Ήν•˜κ²Œ λŒ€μ‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:15
But then something happened.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έλ•Œ μ–΄λ–€ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:17
The business community stepped in and demanded real democracy.
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기업듀이 κ°œμž…ν•΄μ„œ μ§„μ •ν•œ 민주주의λ₯Ό μš”κ΅¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:24
They did this because they had been suffering
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기업듀이 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ‚˜μ„  μ΄μœ λŠ”
09:27
under years of crushing economic sanctions
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그듀은 μˆ˜λ…„κ°„ μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 경제 제재λ₯Ό λ°›μ•„μ„œ
09:31
and eventually they had to choose between apartheid and profits,
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κ²°κ΅­ μ•„νŒŒλ₯΄νŠΈν—€μ΄νŠΈμ™€ 수읡 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό 선택해야 λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
09:35
and they chose profits.
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μˆ˜μ΅μ„ μ„ νƒν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:37
And when they went to the government and said, "We will no longer support you,"
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그듀이 더 이상 μ •λΆ€λ₯Ό μ§€μ§€ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ² λ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ,
09:42
the apartheid regime knew it could not survive
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μ•„νŒŒλ₯΄νŠΈν—€μ΄νŠΈ μ •κΆŒμ€ μœ μ§€λ  수 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 것을 κΉ¨λ‹¬μ•˜κ³ 
09:45
and reform happened quickly.
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개혁이 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:49
The business community can also help address identity politics
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λ˜ν•œ, 기업듀은 NAFTA와 같은 자유 무역 ν˜‘μ •μ΄λ‚˜
09:53
by investing in those communities that have been left behind
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μ„Έκ³„ν™”λ‘œ 인해 뒀쳐진 μ‚¬νšŒμ— νˆ¬μžν•˜μ—¬
09:57
by globalization and by free-trade agreements like NAFTA.
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정체성 μ •μΉ˜λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•˜λŠ” 데도 도움이 될 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:01
In the United States,
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λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ 특히 고톡받은 λΆ€λ₯˜λŠ” λ…Έλ™μž κ³„μΈ΅μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:02
it was the working class that disproportionately suffered.
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10:07
Those are the communities that are the most angry
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그듀이 μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  κ°€μž₯ 뢈만이 많고
κ°€μž₯ λΆ„κ°œν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” λΆ€λ₯˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:10
and the most resentful today.
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10:14
Businesses can invest in better health care,
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기업듀은 더 λ‚˜μ€ μ˜λ£Œμ— νˆ¬μžν•˜κ³ 
10:16
better education and a higher minimum wage
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더 λ‚˜μ€ ꡐ윑과 더 높은 μ΅œμ € μž„κΈˆμ— νˆ¬μžν•˜μ—¬
10:21
so that they create a group of people
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미래λ₯Ό 희망적으둜 보며
μ‚¬νšŒλ₯Ό λΆˆνƒœμš°λΌλŠ” κ·Ήλ‹¨μ£Όμ˜μžλ“€μ˜ μš”κ΅¬μ—
10:24
who are hopeful about the future
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10:27
and less vulnerable to the calls by extremists to burn the system down.
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덜 νœ˜λ‘˜λ¦¬λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:37
But there's perhaps an easier solution, at least in the short term.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 적어도 λ‹¨κΈ°μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ”, 더 μ‰¬μš΄ 해결책이 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:42
At least in the short term.
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적어도 λ‹¨κΈ°μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ”μš”.
10:45
And that is to regulate social media,
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λ°”λ‘œ μ†Œμ…œ λ―Έλ””μ–΄λ₯Ό κ·œμ œν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:48
especially the algorithms that push out the most incendiary and divisive material.
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특히 μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ„ κ·œμ œν•΄μ„œ
선동적이고 뢄열을 μ‘°μž₯ν•˜λŠ” λ‚΄μš©λ“€μ„ 내보내지 λͺ»ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
10:57
I'm not saying that we should censor free speech.
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μ–Έλ‘ μ˜ 자유λ₯Ό κ²€μ—΄ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 말이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:00
Let people put whatever they want on social media,
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μ›ν•˜λŠ” 것은 무엇이든 μ†Œμ…œ 미디어에 μ˜¬λ¦¬λ„λ‘ ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ,
11:04
but do not allow the algorithms
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남을 κ΄΄λ‘­νžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€, 증였λ₯Ό μΌμ‚ΌλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€,
11:08
to amplify the messages by bullies and hatemongers
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음λͺ¨λ‘ μžλ“€κ³Ό 민주주의λ₯Ό ν•΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ λ“€μ˜ λ©”μ‹œμ§€λ₯Ό
11:13
and conspiracy theorists and enemies of democracy.
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μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ΄ μ¦ν­ν•˜λŠ” 것은 ν—ˆμš©ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:17
If we take away their bullhorn, their influence will decline.
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ν™•μ„±κΈ°λ₯Ό λΉΌμ•—λŠ”λ‹€λ©΄, κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 영ν–₯λ ₯은 쀄어듀 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:24
I've interviewed a lot of people who have lived through a civil war
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내전을 κ²ͺμ–΄λ³Έ μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ λ§Œλ‚¬λŠ”λ°
11:28
and they all say the same thing.
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λͺ¨λ‘ 같은 말을 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:30
"I didn't see it coming."
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β€œμ΄λŸ° 일이 μžˆμ„μ§€ μ „ν˜€ λͺ°λžμ–΄μš”, μ „ν˜€ μƒμƒν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.”
11:32
"I didn't see it coming."
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11:35
Berina Kovac was a young mother
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μ Šμ€ μ—„λ§ˆμΈ λ² λ¦¬λ‚˜ 코박은
11:37
living in Sarajevo at the beginning of the Bosnian civil war.
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λ³΄μŠ€λ‹ˆμ•„ λ‚΄μ „ μ΄ˆκΈ°μ— μ‚¬λΌμ˜ˆλ³΄μ— μ‚΄κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:42
She told me that in the months and weeks leading up to that war,
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” μ „μŸμ΄ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κΈ° μ „μ˜ λͺ‡ 달과 λͺ‡ μ£Ό λ™μ•ˆ
삢이 μ •μƒμ²˜λŸΌ 느껴쑌고 μΆœκ·Όλ„ ν–ˆλ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:47
life seemed normal.
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11:48
She went to work.
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11:50
She took weekend holidays with her husband.
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λ‚¨νŽΈκ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ 주말 νœ΄κ°€λ„ 보내고,
11:53
They went to the weddings of their friends.
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μΉœκ΅¬λ“€μ˜ κ²°ν˜Όμ‹μ—λ„ κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:57
But then one night in March of 1992,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹€κ°€ 1992λ…„ 3μ›” μ–΄λŠ λ‚  λ°€,
11:59
when she was at home with her newborn son,
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κ·Έλ…€κ°€ κ°“λ‚œ μ•„λ“€κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ 집에 μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°
12:02
the lights suddenly went out.
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κ°‘μžκΈ° 뢈이 κΊΌμ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:05
And then she said,
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그러고 λ‚˜μ„œ,
12:07
you started to hear machine guns.
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기관총 μ†Œλ¦¬κ°€ 듀리기 μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆλ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:11
It doesn't have to be this way.
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이런 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:13
We know an enormous amount about why these terrible wars start.
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이런 λ”μ°ν•œ μ „μŸμ΄ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 이유λ₯Ό μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ•„μ£Ό 잘 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:19
We know that the people intent on violence have a playbook.
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폭λ ₯을 μ˜λ„ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ „μˆ μ΄ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ³ 
12:23
We know what that playbook is.
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κ·Έ μ „μˆ μ΄ 무엇인지도 μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:26
But there's no reason why we,
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내전을 막기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œ
12:29
the democracy-loving people of this world,
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민주주의λ₯Ό μ‚¬λž‘ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μΈ μš°λ¦¬κ°€
12:32
can't create our own playbook to prevent civil war.
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λŒ€μ‘ μ „μˆ μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ§€ λͺ»ν•  μ΄μœ λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:37
But to do that,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그러기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ§„μ •ν•œ 민주주의λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μ‹Έμš°κ³ 
12:39
we have to be brave enough to fight for real democracy,
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κ°•λ ₯ν•œ 민주주의λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μ‹ΈμšΈ μš©κΈ°κ°€ μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:44
strong democracy,
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12:46
because only by fighting for democracy
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 민주주의λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μ‹Έμ›Œμ•Όλ§Œ
12:49
can we ensure that we will truly get peace.
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λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ 평화λ₯Ό 얻을 수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:53
Thank you.
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12:54
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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