How a typeface helped launch Apollo | Douglas Thomas

60,135 views ใƒป 2019-07-20

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yael Ring ืขืจื™ื›ื”: hila scherba
00:12
In 1969 in July,
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1969,
00:15
three Americans launched into space.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื˜ืกื• ืœื—ืœืœ.
00:18
Now, they went to the surface of the moon,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื ื ื—ืชื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื—,
00:20
they famously made the great leap for mankind.
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ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช.
00:24
Buzz Aldrin, Neil Armstrong, they walked on the surface,
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ื‘ืื– ืื•ืœื“ืจื™ืŸ, ื ื™ืœ ืืžืกื˜ืจื•ื ื’, ื”ื ื”ืœื›ื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
00:27
they planted this flag.
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ื”ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
00:28
It's rightly celebrated as a moment that in America we say is a triumph.
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ื–ื”ื• ืจื’ืข ืฉื ื—ื’ื’ ื‘ืฆื“ืง ื›ืžืื•ืจืข ืฉื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ.
00:34
We think it was this amazing accomplishment.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
00:37
They didn't just leave behind this flag, though.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ืจืง ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ืืช ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
00:39
They also left behind a plaque.
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ื”ื ื’ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœื˜.
00:40
This plaque is a beautiful object,
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ื”ืฉืœื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืคืฅ ื™ืคื”,
00:42
and one that I want to talk to you a little bit about.
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ื•ื›ื–ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืงืฆืช ืขืœื™ื•.
ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืชื ืœื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื,
00:45
First, you might notice that there's two globes,
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ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:47
representing all of earth.
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00:48
And then there's this beautiful statement:
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ื™ืคื”:
"ื‘ืื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืฉื ื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช".
00:50
"We came in peace for all mankind."
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00:52
Now, at first, this is just nice poetic language,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืคื” ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืช ื ื—ืžื“ื”,
00:55
but it's also set in a typeface that's perfect for this moment.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืžื•ืฉืœื ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื–ื”.
00:59
It seems industrial, it seems engineered.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™, ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืก.
01:02
It also is the best possible name
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ืฉื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:04
you could come up with for something on the moon: Futura.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื•ืฆื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—: Futura (ืคื•ื˜ื•ืจื”).
01:08
Now, I want to talk to you about fonts,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื,
01:09
and why this typeface is perfect for this moment.
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ื•ืœืžื” ื”ื’ื•ืคืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœืžืื•ืจืข ื”ื–ื”.
01:12
But it's actually more than just ceremonial.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืชื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืงืกื™.
01:15
Now, when all of you arrived here today,
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ื›ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ื”ื’ืขืชื ืœื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื,
01:18
you actually had to think about fonts.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื‘ืขืฆื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื,
01:20
You might not realize it,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื ืืช ื–ื”,
01:21
but you're all unconscious experts on typography.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืข, ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”.
01:24
Typography is the study of how fonts inhabit our world,
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื“ืข ืฉื—ื•ืงืจ ืื™ืš ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•,
01:29
they're the visual language of the words we use.
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื.
01:34
Here's the thing that's funny about this, though.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื—ื™ืง ื›ืืŸ,
01:36
I know you're probably not like me, you're not a font nerd,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžื ื™, ืืชื ืœื ื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื,
ืื•ืœื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื ื›ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืื ืืชื ืœื, ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
01:39
maybe some of you are, but if you're not, that's alright,
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืช ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
01:41
because I might spend hours every day
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01:43
trying to pick the perfect typeface for the perfect project,
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื.
01:46
or I might spend thousands of dollars every year,
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ืื• ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืœืคื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื›ืืœื” ืขื ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื.
01:49
trying to get ones with the right features.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืขื•ืช ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื.
01:51
But all of you actually spend hours every day, evaluating fonts.
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01:54
If you don't believe me, think about how you got here.
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ืื ืืชื ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื™, ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืขืชื ื”ื ื”.
01:56
Each of you had to judge by the signs
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื
01:58
and maybe even on your phone,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืคืœืืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื,
02:00
which signals to trust and which to ignore.
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื•ืชื•ืช ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื•ืžืื™ื–ื” ืœื”ืชืขืœื.
02:03
You were evaluating fonts.
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ืืชื ื”ืขืจื›ืชื ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื.
02:04
Or maybe when you're just buying a new product,
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืฉืืชื ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืจ ื—ื“ืฉ,
02:07
you have to think about whether something is expensive
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืงืจ
02:09
or cheap or hard to get or easy to find.
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ืื• ื–ื•ืœ ืื• ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฉื’ื” ืื• ืงืœ ืœืžืฆื™ืื”.
02:13
And the funny thing about it is,
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ื•ื”ืžืฆื—ื™ืง ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื
02:15
this may not seem extraordinary to you,
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ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื ืจืื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื,
02:16
but the moment you see something out of place,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•,
02:19
you recognize it right away.
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ืืชื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ื™ื“.
02:20
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:23
The thing I love about typography,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”,
02:24
and why I love fonts and why I love Futura,
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช Futura,
02:27
is that, for me, what I study is everywhere.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
02:30
Every street that I walk down, every book that I pick up,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื•, ื‘ื›ืœ ืกืคืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื,
02:33
every thing that I read is filled with the thing I love.
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืžืœื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘.
02:38
Now, once you understand the history and what happens with typography,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžื” ืงืจื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”,
02:43
you actually have a history of everything before you.
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ืืชื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืœืคื ื™ื›ื.
02:46
And this is the typeface Futura.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื’ื•ืคืŸ Futura.
02:48
As previously we've discussed, this is modernism in miniature.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจื ื• ืงื•ื“ื, ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื ื‘ืงื˜ื ื”.
02:52
This is a way in which modernism infiltrated this country
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ื–ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื ื—ื“ืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช
02:55
and became perhaps the most popular, or promiscuous typeface,
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ื•ื”ืคืš ืื•ืœื™ ืœื’ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืื• ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:58
of the twentieth century.
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื.
03:00
"Less is more," right, these are the aphorisms of modernism.
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"ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ", ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื”ืกืกืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื.
03:03
And in the visual arts, the same thing happened.
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ื•ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช, ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื“ื•ืžื”.
03:05
Let's focus on the essentials, focus on the basic shapes,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™, ื ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช,
03:08
focus on geometry.
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ื ืชืžืงื“ ืขืœ ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื”.
03:09
So Futura actually holds this to its core.
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ืื– Futura ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื’ืœื ืืช ื–ื”.
03:12
You might notice that the shapes inherent in Futura
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ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืชื ืœื‘ ืฉื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘Futura
03:15
have circles, squares, triangles.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืขื’ืœื™ื, ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื™ื, ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื.
03:16
Some of the shapes are all based on circles,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืขื’ืœื™ื,
03:19
like the O, D and C,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืื•ืช O, D ื•-C,
03:20
or others have this pointed apex of the triangle.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ.
03:23
Others just look like they might have been made
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ืื—ืจื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฆื‘ื•
03:26
with a ruler or a compass.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกืจื’ืœ ืื• ืžืฆืคืŸ.
03:27
They feel geometric, they feel mathematic, precise.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืช, ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช, ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช.
03:30
In fact, this whole system carries through with the way
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ื• ืžื’ืœืžืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš
03:32
that the typeface was designed.
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ื‘ื” ื’ื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืขื•ืฆื‘.
03:34
To not look like it was made like other typefaces, to be something new.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืœื ื™ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ.
03:37
Here it is in the lightweight, the medium weight and the bold weight.
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื“ืง, ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื•ืขื‘ื”.
03:41
The whole family has different things to commend to it.
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื”.
03:44
This was a conscious break from the past,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ,
03:46
something that looked like it was made by a machine, and not by hand.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื”, ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื.
03:50
When I say not made by hand, this is what I mean.
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ.
03:52
This is what we think about maybe,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื,
03:54
when you might create something with a calligraphic brush or a pen.
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื›ื—ื•ืœ ืื• ืขื˜ ืงืœื™ื’ืจืคื™.
03:57
That there's thicks and thins.
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ืฉื™ืฉื ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืขื‘ื™ื ื•ื“ืงื™ื.
03:59
And even more traditional typefaces, say like a Garamond,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ Garamond,
04:02
holds vestiges of this old system
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื–ื•
04:04
in which you can see the A where it get little bit thinner at the top
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ื‘ื” ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืช A ื‘ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืง,
04:07
and thicker down below,
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ื•ืขื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื˜ื”,
04:09
because it's trying to look like someone had made it by hand.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื.
04:11
But Futura, in contrast,
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ืื‘ืœ Futura, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื›ืš,
04:13
is designed to look like no one had touched it at all,
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ืขื•ืฆื‘ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื ื’ืขื” ื‘ื• ื™ื“ ืื“ื,
04:15
that this was made by a machine,
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืขื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื”,
04:17
for a machine age, for an industrial age.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”, ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™.
04:19
There's actually a sleight of hand here
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื”
04:21
that Paul Renner, the designer who made this in 1927, employed.
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ืฉืคื•ืœ ืจื ืจ, ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘-1927 ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ.
04:25
If you look at the way in which
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื•
04:26
the circular shape joins with the vertical shaft,
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ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ืช ืžืชื—ื‘ืจืช ืœืฆืœืข ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ืช,
04:29
you'll notice that it tapers just every so slightly.
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ืชืจืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื“ื“ืช ืžืขื˜.
04:33
And this is one of hundreds of ways
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ื•ื–ืืช ืื—ืช ืžืžืื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื
04:34
in which this typeface was designed to look geometrically perfect,
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ื‘ื” ื’ื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืขื•ืฆื‘ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืจืื” ืžื•ืฉืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืช,
04:37
even though it's mathematically not.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช.
04:39
And this is what typeface designers do all the time
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
04:42
to make typefaces work, every day.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื‘ ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
04:44
Now, there were other designers doing this at the same time in Europe and America.
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ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืขืฉื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
04:48
These are a few other excellent examples from Europe,
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ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
04:51
trying to create something new for the new age, a new moment in time.
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ืฉืžื ืกื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ืจื’ืข ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
04:54
These are some other ones in Germany
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ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื”
ืฉื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื ืจืื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœFutura,
04:56
that in some ways look very similar to Futura,
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ื‘ื—ืœืงืŸ ื”ืžื•ืชืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
04:58
maybe with higher waist or lower waist or different proportions.
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05:01
Then why did Futura take over the world?
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ืื– ืœืžื” Futura ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื?
05:03
In this case, if you can read the titles there,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื›ืืŸ,
05:06
some of these names don't quite roll off the tongue:
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ:
05:08
Erbar, Kabel Light, Berthold-Grotesk, Elegant-Grotesk.
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Erbar, Kabel Light, Berthold-Grotesk, Elegant-Grotesk.
05:14
These aren't exactly household names, are they?
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ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืžื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
05:16
And so when you compare that to Futura,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื ืœFutura,
05:19
you realize that this was a really good choice by the marketing team.
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ืืชื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง.
05:22
What's amazing about this name --
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ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื”ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื ื”ื–ื” --
05:24
you know, what's in this name is that this is a name
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื”ื• ืฉื
05:27
that actually invokes hope and an idea about the future.
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ื•ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
05:30
And this isn't actually the word for future in German,
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ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืœืขืชื™ื“ (Future) ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช,
05:33
it wasn't a German name,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื’ืจืžื ื™,
05:34
they actually picked something
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื—ืจื• ืžืฉื”ื•
05:36
that would speak to a wider, larger audience, a universal audience.
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ืฉื™ืคื ื” ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื‘, ืงื”ืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™.
05:39
And when you compare it to what was being done in America --
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ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” --
ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”
05:42
these are the typefaces from the same period
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20,
05:44
in the United States in the 1920s,
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05:45
bold, brash, braggadocios.
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ืขื–ื™ื, ื—ืฆื•ืคื™ื, ืžืชืจื‘ืจื‘ื™ื.
ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช
05:47
You almost think of this as exactly like what the stock market looked like
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ื›ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื”ืฉืชื’ืขื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20.
05:50
when they were all going nuts in the 1920s.
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05:52
And you realize that Futura is doing something revolutionary.
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ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉFurura ืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™.
05:55
I want to step back and talk about an example of the typeface in use.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื—ืช ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื’ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื•.
06:00
So this is a magazine that we all probably know today, "Vanity Fair."
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ืื– ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฉืขืจ ืœืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื˜ื— ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื "ื•ืื ื™ื˜ื™ ืคื™ื™ืจ".
06:03
This is what it looked like in 1929, in the summer.
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ื›ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื‘1929, ื‘ืงื™ืฅ.
06:06
And in many ways, there's nothing wrong with this design.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืคืกื•ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
06:10
This is absolutely typical of the 1920s.
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20.
06:12
There's a photograph of an important person,
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืชืฆืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
06:14
in this case Franklin Roosevelt, then-governor of New York.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ืคืจื ืงืœื™ืŸ ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื– ืžื•ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง.
06:17
Everything seems centered, everything seems symmetrical.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื ืจืื” ืžืžื•ืจื›ื–, ื”ื›ืœ ื ืจืื” ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™.
ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืงืฆืช ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
06:20
There's still a little bit of ornamentation,
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืžืดื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืขื”ืด (ืกืจื˜ ืคื•ืคื•ืคืœืจื™ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20)
06:22
so this is still maybe having some vestiges of the painted lady
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06:25
and not fully modernistic.
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ื•ืœื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื.
06:26
But everything seems kid of solid.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืœ ื ืจืื” ื“ื™ ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉ.
06:28
There's even drop caps to help you get into the text.
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ื™ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜.
06:30
But this all changed very quickly and in October of 1929,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1929
06:33
a Berlin-based designer came and redesigned "Vanity Fair."
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ืžืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืขื™ืฆื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช "ื•ืื ื™ื˜ื™ ืคื™ื™ืจ".
06:36
And this is what it looks like with Futura.
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ื•ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืขื Futura.
06:39
Instead of the governor
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ
06:41
now we have a photograph of an abstract, beautiful setting,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืฆืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ืช ื ื•ืฃ ืื‘ืกื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ืช ื•ื™ืคื”,
06:44
in this case, the ocean.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
06:46
Instead of drop caps, there's nothing at all.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœื•ื.
06:48
And replaced with a centered layout is now asymmetry.
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ื•ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื-ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ืžื—ืœื™ืคื” ืืช ื–ื• ื”ืžืžื•ืจื›ื–ืช.
06:52
And it gets even more radical the further you enter the magazine.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืงืฆื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืขืžื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ.
06:55
In this case, even more dramatic asymmetry.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื-ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช.
06:57
In this case, illustrations by Pablo Picasso, moving across the page
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ืื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื‘ืœื• ืคื™ืงืืกื•, ื”ื ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื“ืฃ
07:01
and breaking the gutter of the two pages.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืคืกืง ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ืคื™ื.
07:04
And there's something even more radical.
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™.
07:06
If you look closely at the Futura, you might notice something.
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ Futura ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืžืฉื”ื•.
ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืชืจืื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
07:09
You might not pick it up at first,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ืฃ.
07:11
but there are no capital letters in the title or the captions on this page.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื›ื–ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™,
07:15
You might not think that's very radical,
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07:17
but pick up any magazine, any book or go to any website,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชื™ืงื—ื• ื›ืœ ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ืื• ืกืคืจ ืื• ืชืคืชื—ื• ื›ืœ ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
07:19
and I guarantee, you are not going to find it very easily.
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื›ื, ืœื ืชืžืฆืื• ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื›ืš.
ื–ื”ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™.
07:22
This is still a radical idea.
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07:24
And why is that radical?
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ื•ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™?
07:26
When we think about what capital letters denote,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
07:29
they denote something important,
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ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
07:31
whether it's our names, or our titles.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ื”ืฉื ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœื ื•,
07:33
Or maybe even just the name of our corporations,
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•,
07:36
or maybe our trademarks.
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ืื• ื”ืœื•ื’ื• ืฉืœื ื•.
07:37
Actually, in some ways, America's the home of capitalization.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืœื“ืช ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
07:41
We love putting capitals in everything.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
07:43
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:44
But think about how radical this would be
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื”
07:46
to introduce a magazine where you're taking away all the capital letters.
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืขืœืžื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
07:51
This has maybe had the same political force
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื–ื” ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™
07:53
that we now argue over things like pronouns in our society today.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืžื•ืช ืชื•ืืจ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”.
07:57
In the 1920s,
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20,
07:58
this is just shortly after Soviet Russia had a communist revolution.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช.
08:04
And for them, this actually represented a socialist infiltration into America.
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจื, ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื™ืฆื’ ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœืชื•ืš ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
08:08
All lowercase letters meant that this was an egalitarian,
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืืงื˜ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
08:12
complete lowering of everything into one equal playing field.
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ื”ื ืžื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœ ืœืฉื“ื” ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื—ื“ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™.
08:16
Now this is still kind of a radical idea.
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ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™.
08:18
Think about how often you do capitalize something
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืืชื ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•
08:21
to have more power or prestige to it.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ื— ืื• ื™ื•ืงืจื”.
08:22
So for them to do this was a way in which Futura was using this idea.
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ืื– ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” Futura ืžื’ืœื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
08:27
Now, other designers were doing other things with Futura.
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ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืฉื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื Futura.
08:30
Others brought other ideas of modernism with it,
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื,
08:32
whether it was interesting new illustration styles,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
08:35
or interesting new collage types of illustration.
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ืื• ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ืœืื–' ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘.
08:37
Or even just new book covers,
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
08:40
whether they were from Europe.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื ื‘ืื• ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
08:42
But here's the funny thing.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื—ื™ืง ื›ืืŸ.
08:44
In the 1920s, if you wanted to use a new typeface,
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20, ืื ืจืฆื™ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืคืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ,
08:46
you couldn't just go download it onto your computer.
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœืš.
08:48
You actually had to have pieces of lead.
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ื”ื™ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ.
08:51
So for Americans who wanted to adopt this
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ืื– ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืจืฆื• ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื–ื”
08:53
and make it part of their own system,
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ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
08:55
something they could use in everyday typography,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช,
08:58
whether in ads or anything else,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ,
08:59
they actually had to have metal type.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืชื›ืช.
09:01
So being good American capitalists, what did we do?
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ืื– ื›ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืžื” ืขืฉื™ื ื•?
09:04
We made all sorts of copies.
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ื”ื›ื ื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื.
09:05
Ones that had nothing to do with the name Futura,
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ื›ืืœื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืฉื•ื ืงืฉืจ ืœืฉื Futura,
09:08
but looked identical to it,
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื•,
09:10
whether it was Spartan or Tempo.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” Spartan ืื• Tempo.
09:11
And in fact, by the time that World War II started,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืขื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
09:14
American corporations were actually trying to boycott Nazi goods.
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ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื ืืฆื™ื™ื.
09:17
But they said, "Go ahead and use our copies.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ืชืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
09:20
Use 20th Century, use Spartan, use Vogue, use Tempo.
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ืชืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘20th Century, ื‘-Spartan, ืชืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘-Vogue, ื‘-Tempo.
09:23
These are identical to Futura."
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ืืœื” ื›ื•ืœื ื–ื”ื™ื ืœFutura".
09:25
And in fact, for most people, they didn't even learn the new names,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื˜ืจื—ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
09:28
they just still called it all Futura.
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืงืจืื• ืœื›ื•ืœื Futura.
09:30
So America took this typeface in,
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ืื– ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืื™ืžืฆื” ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
09:32
conquered it and made it its own.
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ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉืœื”.
09:34
So by the time World War II finishes,
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ืื– ืขื“ ืœืกื•ืฃ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
09:37
Americans are using this on everything,
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ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื• ืœื”ื›ืœ,
09:39
whether it be catalogs, or atlases,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ื‘ืื˜ืœืกื™ื,
09:42
or encyclopedias or charts and graphs,
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ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื•ืช, ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ืื• ื’ืจืคื™ื,
09:45
or calendars, or even political material.
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ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื” ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืคืจืกื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื.
09:49
And even the logo for a new expansion football team.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืœื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื—ื“ืฉื”.
09:53
And in fact, it was used even on some of the most important advertising
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื’ื•ืคืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20.
09:56
of the 20th century.
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09:57
So it's in this context
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ืื– ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช
ื›ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคืŸ
09:59
that when the US government was picking a typeface
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืœืžืคื•ืช ื•ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
10:01
to use after World War II for new maps and new projects,
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ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘Futura.
10:04
they picked Futura.
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ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”, ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ืช,
10:05
It wasn't an astounding choice, it wasn't a radical choice,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื–ื” ืฉื•ื ืงืฉืจ ืœืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื.
10:08
it didn't have anything to do with communism.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื’ื•ืคืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืคื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:10
But in this case, it was used on some of the most important maps,
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ืื– ื”ืžืคื” ื”ื–ื•, ืžืคืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘-1962,
10:13
so this one, an air force map in 1962,
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ืื• ื”ืžืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื•ื™ืื˜ื ื ื‘-1966.
10:15
or used for the maps in Vietnam in '66.
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10:18
And so it wasn't a surprise
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืชืขื”
10:20
that when astronauts first started the Mercury program,
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ื›ืฉื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืจืงื•ืจื™,
10:23
such as John Glenn orbiting the earth,
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ื›ืฉื’'ื•ืŸ ื’ืœืŸ ื”ืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
10:25
that charts and maps that he was using were in Futura.
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ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ื™ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘-Futura.
10:27
And in fact, by the time Mercury morphed into Apollo,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืฉืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืจืงื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื—ืœืคื” ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืืคื•ืœื•,
10:31
it started getting used more and more for more things.
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ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืคืŸ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
10:34
So in this case for a safety plan,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช.
10:37
or even starting to get used on instrument panels,
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืคืื ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื,
10:39
or navigational aids.
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ืื• ื‘ืขื–ืจื™ ื”ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜.
10:41
Or even on diagrams to show how the whole system worked.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืจืื• ืื™ืš ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื•ืœื” ืคื•ืขืœืช.
10:44
But here's the amazing thing,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื”ื™ื.
10:45
it didn't just get used for papers that they handed out to people.
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ืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื’ื•ืคืŸ ืจืง ืœื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ืœืงื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื’ื•ืคืŸ ื’ื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืžืžืฉืง,
10:49
It started to get used for an interface,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืขื–ืจื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื
10:51
for an entire system that helped the astronauts
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœืชืคืขืœ ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ.
10:53
know how to use the machine.
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10:54
NASA wasn't just one big corporation making everything.
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ื ืืกื ืื™ื ื• ืชืื’ื™ื“ ืื—ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ื›ืœ.
10:58
There was hundreds of contractors --
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืžืื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœื ื™ ืžืฉื ื” --
11:00
Boeing, IBM, McDonnell Douglas --
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ื‘ื•ืื™ื ื’, IBM, ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœ ื“ื’ืœืืก --
11:03
all making different machines.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
11:04
Now imagine if astronauts had to use different typefaces and different systems
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
11:08
for each component they had in the space shuttles.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ื ื ืขื–ืจื• ื‘ื—ืœืœื™ืช.
11:11
This would have been impossible to navigate
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜
11:13
and there would have been a cognitive overload
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขื•ืžืก ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™
ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื•ื— ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”.
11:15
every time they had to open up a new system.
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11:17
So in this case, Futura being used on the interface
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ืื– ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” , Futura ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื›ืžืžืฉืง
11:20
helped them navigate complexity and make it more clear.
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ืฉืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื.
11:24
And it wasn't just used on buttons, it was used on labels,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืจืง ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืชื’ื™ื•ืช,
11:27
and it was used on their food rations,
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ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
11:29
and it was used on their tool kits.
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ื•ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
11:31
It was used on knobs and levers to tell them what to do.
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืจื• ืœื”ื ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
11:35
In fact, maybe even some of the places
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืžืฆื‘ื™ื
11:37
where they needed to have things that were complex be more simple to them,
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ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื ื–ืงืงื• ืœืคื™ืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื,
11:40
instructions were printed entirely in Futura,
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ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ืคืกื• ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื‘Futura,
11:43
so that they could know what to do with that one moment.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืฆื‘.
ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืจืืฉ,
11:46
They didn't have to remember everything in their head,
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11:48
they could have it out there in the world to see and refer to.
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ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืคืก ื•ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช.
11:51
In this case, Futura helped make that system,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, Futura ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ืืช,
11:53
which was already a very difficult and complex system,
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ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช,
11:57
a little less complex.
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ืœืงืฆืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช.
11:59
In fact, the very first or last thing an astronaut might have seen
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืื”
12:02
when they were entering or exiting the spacecraft
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื ืก ืื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช
12:04
would have been in Futura.
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ื”ื™ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘Futura.
12:05
One of my favorite examples of how Futura worked in this way
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ืื—ืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ ืœืื™ืš futura ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืš
12:09
is actually this camera.
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ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžืฆืœืžื” ื”ื–ืืช.
12:10
This is a Hasselblad that was made by the Swedish company.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฆืœืžืช Husselblad ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ืช.
12:14
It's a perfectly good camera, some of you might have used one,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฆืœืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื—ืœืงื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื ื‘ืžืฆืœืžื” ื›ื–ื•,
12:17
it's prized by photographers as a really great camera.
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ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืฆืœืžื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ื›ืžืฆืœืžื” ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
12:21
And you might notice, if you know anything about cameras,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘, ืื ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช,
12:24
that there's some modifications made to it.
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ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืžืฆืœืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื.
12:26
In this case, there are stickers placed all over the film canisters,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ืžื•ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื›ืœื™ ืกืจื˜ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื,
12:29
or other parts of the camera here.
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ืื• ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืœืžื”, ื›ืžื• ื›ืืŸ.
12:32
What this enabled NASA to do,
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืืกื ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
12:34
was make something really great out of the astronauts.
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ื–ื” ืœืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื.
12:37
They're not photographers, they're not experts in art.
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืœืžื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื, ืื• ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช.
12:40
But they could ensure that they would know how to use this camera
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฆืœืžื” ื”ื–ืืช
12:43
because of the labels placed there in Futura.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื’ื•ืคืŸ Futura.
12:45
So in this case,
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ืื– ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”,
12:47
Futura acquired and made sure that they had legitimacy
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Futura ืื™ืžืฆื” ื•ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื”ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื”
12:51
with the things they were using.
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ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื•.
12:52
In this case to not take off the film before it would expose.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืกืจื˜ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื”.
12:55
Which, in this case, we would have never had
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ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื
12:57
some of the amazing photos we had without this label.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืœืœื ื”ืžื“ื‘ืงื” ื”ื–ื•.
13:00
When we see something as decorative as this, a ceremonial patch,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”, ืžื“ื‘ืงื” ื˜ืงืกื™ืช,
13:06
or something like this plaque on the moon,
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ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืœื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—,
13:08
we realize that Futura was more than just something ceremonial,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉFutura ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืฉื”ื• ื˜ืงืกื™.
13:11
something more than something that had just been picked for its design.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœื•.
13:16
In fact, Futura had authority,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœFutura ื”ื™ืชื” ืกืžื›ื•ืช,
13:18
had legitimacy and had power because of this choice.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื•ื›ื•ื— ืฉื ื‘ืขื• ืžื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื•.
13:21
There's one other thing I want to talk about in closing.
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืœืงืจืืช ืกื™ื•ื.
13:24
And that is that Futura tells a story.
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉFutura ืžืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
13:28
And this is what I love about typefaces, is that all of them tell stories.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
13:32
And in this case, this typeface tells a very powerful story
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื’ื•ืคืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ ืžืื•ื“
13:35
about assimilation, about something being taken into America
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ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืžืขื”, ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื•ืžืฅ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”
13:38
and being made part of its culture.
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ื•ื”ืคืš ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
13:40
And that's one of the best and worst things America does,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืืžืจื™ืงื” ืขื•ืฉื”,
13:43
is we take things into our culture and we spit them out back again
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืื– ืžืงื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ืฉื•ื‘
13:46
and claim them our own.
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ื•ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฉืœื ื•.
13:48
And in this case, Futura mirrors exactly what happened with the technology
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, Futura ืžืฉืงืคืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืขื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
13:51
undergirding the whole system.
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ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
13:53
Futura was a German typeface, taken in, made into an American commodity.
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Futura ื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ืคืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืฉืื•ืžืฅ ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืžื•ืฆืจ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.
13:57
And so were the technologies:
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ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช:
13:59
the rockets, the scientists all came from Germany as well.
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ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื, ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืื• ื’ื ื”ื ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
14:02
So in some ways, this German typeface on an American plaque
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ืื– ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื”ื’ื•ืคืŸ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉืœื˜ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
14:05
perfectly mirrors what happened with the technology.
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ืžืฉืงืฃ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืขื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
14:07
And in this case,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”,
14:09
when you think about this story, you realize that typography on the moon
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—
14:14
represents legitimacy, represents authority,
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ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื”, ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืกืžื›ื•ืช,
14:17
and this gave them, the astronauts, the power to get to the moon.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื, ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื, ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืจื—.
14:21
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
14:22
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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