Why wildfires have gotten worse -- and what we can do about it | Paul Hessburg

207,871 views ใƒป 2017-11-29

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืžืชื ืœื‘,
ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ืฉืจืคื•
ื‘ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืจืฉ ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช.
00:13
As you've probably noticed,
0
13028
1703
00:14
in recent years, a lot of western forests have burned
1
14755
3177
ืื ืืชื ื›ืžื•ื ื™ --
ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
00:17
in large and destructive wildfires.
2
17956
3612
ื•ื›ืžื“ืขืŸ ื•ืื‘ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื,
00:22
If you're like me --
3
22840
1223
ื”ื•ื“ืื’ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืชื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•
00:24
this western landscape is actually why my family and I live here.
4
24087
4512
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื’ื ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
00:29
And as a scientist and a father,
5
29558
2290
00:31
I've become deeply concerned about what we're leaving behind
6
31872
4071
ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืื•ืจื’ื•ืŸ ื ืฉืจืฃ
00:35
for our kids, and now my five grandkids.
7
35967
3409
ืจืง ื‘ืขืฉืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
ื•ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื‘ืชื™ื ื ื”ืจืกื•.
00:40
In the US, an area that's larger than the state of Oregon has burned
8
40756
4873
ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ื ืžื™ื ืฉื ืฉืจืคื• ื•ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉื ื”ืจืกื• ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžื’ืžืช ืขืœื™ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”
00:45
in just the last 10 years,
9
45653
1800
00:48
and tens of thousands of homes have been destroyed.
10
48342
3850
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
00:53
Acres burned and homes destroyed have steadily increased
11
53098
4764
ื•ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื›ืกื•ืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืžืขืœ ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 400,000 ื“ื•ื ื --
00:57
over the last three decades,
12
57886
2959
ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื” ืžืชืžื“ืช.
ืืœื” ื”ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ืžื’ื” ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช".
01:02
and individual fires that are bigger than 100,000 acres --
13
62328
5456
ืžื’ื” ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืืช ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื–ื”
01:07
they're actually on the rise.
14
67808
1628
01:09
These are what we call "megafires."
15
69460
2770
ื‘150 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
ื‘ืืงืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชื—ืžื.
01:13
Megafires are the result of the way we've managed this western landscape
16
73229
4770
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ืจืก ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข
01:18
over the last 150 years
17
78023
2616
ื‘ืขืฆื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื•.
01:20
in a steadily warming climate.
18
80663
2113
ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
01:23
Much of the destruction that we are currently seeing
19
83890
3686
ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ:
01:27
could actually have been avoided.
20
87600
1935
ืื ืœื ื ืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ืžืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืืฉ ืฉืœื ื•,
01:30
I've spent my entire career studying these western landscapes,
21
90616
3522
ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
01:34
and the science is pretty clear:
22
94162
1968
01:36
if we don't change a few of our fire-management habits,
23
96911
4018
ื—ืœืงื ืœื ื™ืฉืชืงืžื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•
ืื• ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•.
01:41
we're going to lose many more of our beloved forests.
24
101996
3381
ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืฆื™ื‘ ื›ืžื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฉ,
01:46
Some won't recover in our lifetime
25
106062
2691
ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืชื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:49
or my kids' lifetime.
26
109411
2168
01:51
It's time we confront some tough truths about wildfires,
27
111603
4379
ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
01:56
and come to understand that we need to learn to better live with them
28
116006
4107
ืœื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
ื•ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
02:01
and change how they come to our forests,
29
121162
2950
ืื– ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”?
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:04
our homes
30
124829
1413
02:07
and our communities.
31
127047
1544
ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืขืจ ื”ื–ื”?
02:09
So why is this happening?
32
129654
1830
02:11
Well, that's what I want to talk to you about today.
33
131508
2626
ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืคื”?
02:16
You see this forest?
34
136180
1628
02:20
Isn't it beautiful?
35
140536
1625
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื
ืœื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืœืœ ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ 100 ืื• 150 ืฉื ื™ื.
02:29
Well, the forests that we see today
36
149877
2239
ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืืœ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืคื ื•ืจืžื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30
02:33
look nothing like the forests of 100 or 150 years ago.
37
153108
5423
ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื• ืžืืœืคื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช,
ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืจืื•ืช ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช
02:39
Thankfully, panoramic photos were taken in the 1930s
38
159318
3663
ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉื”.
02:43
from thousands of western mountaintop lookouts,
39
163005
3888
ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื โ€œื˜ืœืื™ืโ€œ.
02:46
and they show a fair approximation
40
166917
2439
ืฉื˜ื— ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืขืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื›ืช ื˜ืœืื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ืชื“ื™ืจ
02:49
of the forest that we inherited.
41
169380
1844
02:52
The best word to describe these forests of old is "patchy."
42
172441
4117
ืฉืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืคื” ืคื—ื•ืชื™ื ื•ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืœืื™ื,
ื•ื”ื™ื• ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช.
02:57
The historical forest landscape was this constantly evolving patchwork
43
177303
3998
03:01
of open and closed canopy forests of all ages,
44
181325
3759
ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื“ื™ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืžื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:05
and there was so much evidence of fire.
45
185108
3492
ื•ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืชื•ื—,
03:09
And most fires were pretty small by today's standards.
46
189759
3708
ืขื ื›ืจื™ ื“ืฉื ื•ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืคื” ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื,
ื•ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื›ืจื™ ื”ื“ืฉื
03:14
And it's important to understand that this landscape was open,
47
194070
4008
ื•ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื‘ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื
ื‘ื”ื ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•.
03:18
with meadows and open canopy forests,
48
198102
2522
03:20
and it was the grasses of the meadows
49
200648
2276
03:22
and in the grassy understories of the open forest
50
202948
3472
ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื, ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืืช ืฉืžื™ื›ืช ื”ื˜ืœืื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื–ื•:
03:26
that many of the wildfires were carried.
51
206444
2980
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”, ื”ืื ืžืงื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื ืคื•ื ื” ืฆืคื•ื ื” ืื• ื“ืจื•ืžื”
03:31
There were other forces at work, too, shaping this historical patchwork:
52
211797
4062
ืื• ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื”ืจ ืื• ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืขืžืง;
ื’ื•ื‘ื”, ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื;
03:35
for example, topography, whether a place faces north or south
53
215883
3820
ื•ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื”ืื ื”ืžืงื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœื’ ื•ื’ืฉื,
03:39
or it's on a ridge top or in a valley bottom;
54
219727
2698
ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื—ื•ื.
03:42
elevation, how far up the mountain it is;
55
222449
2845
ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ื•ืœื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื™ื—ื“
03:45
and weather, whether a place gets a lot of snow and rain,
56
225318
4596
ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื•.
03:49
sunlight and warmth.
57
229938
2048
ื•ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื™ืขืจ ื’ื“ืœ ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืืฉ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื”
03:52
These things all worked together
58
232010
3069
ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื”.
03:55
to shape the way the forest grew.
59
235103
1903
ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฆื˜ืœื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื.
03:57
And the way the forest grew shaped the way fire behaved
60
237974
5165
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื.
04:03
on the landscape.
61
243163
1348
ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืคืชื•ื— ื•ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื“ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื–ื” ืžื–ื”.
04:05
There was crosstalk between the patterns and the processes.
62
245431
5249
ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”, ื•ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•,
ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช.
04:10
You can see the new dry forest.
63
250704
1897
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืจ,
04:12
Trees were open grown and fairly far apart.
64
252625
3202
ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืœื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืงืจื™ื,
04:15
Fires were frequent here, and when they occurred,
65
255851
2445
ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืฆืžื—ื• ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช,
04:18
they weren't that severe,
66
258320
1578
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•, ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื™ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช.
04:19
while further up the mountain,
67
259922
1430
04:21
in the moist and the cold forests,
68
261376
2123
ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื ืฆืžื—ื•
04:23
trees were more densely grown and fires were less frequent,
69
263523
3238
ื•ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืืฉ -- ื›ื•ืœื ืคืขืœื• ื™ื—ื“
04:26
but when they occurred, they were quite a bit more severe.
70
266785
3318
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ืฉืžื™ื›ืช ื”ื˜ืœืื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
04:30
These different forest types, the environments that they grew in
71
270127
3643
ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื•ืฆืžื”
04:33
and fire severity -- they all worked together
72
273794
3063
ื‘ื˜ืœืื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:36
to shape this historical patchwork.
73
276881
2648
ื”ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช
ืฉืชื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื ื•ืฃ.
04:40
And there was so much power
74
280429
3384
04:43
in this patchwork.
75
283837
1503
ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขืจ ื ืฉืจืฃ,
04:45
It provided a natural mechanism
76
285904
2527
ื”ื•ื ืขื–ืจ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืืฉ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื ื•ืฃ.
04:48
to resist the spread of future fires across the landscape.
77
288455
3549
ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ื›ื”,
ื”ื˜ืœืื™ื ื”ืฉืจื•ืคื™ื ืขื–ืจื• ืœืฉืืจ ื”ื™ืขืจ,
04:53
Once a patch of forest burned,
78
293002
2146
04:55
it helped to prevent the flow of fire across the landscape.
79
295172
3275
ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืขืจ.
04:59
A way to think about it is,
80
299046
1491
05:00
the burned patches helped the rest of the forest
81
300561
4563
ื‘ื ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
ื‘ืžืฉืš 10,000 ืฉื ื”, ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื”,
05:05
to be forest.
82
305148
2028
ื•ื”ื ืฉืจืคื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” -- ื”ืจื‘ื”.
05:08
Let's add humans to the mix.
83
308677
1851
ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืืฉ ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ื›ืจื™ ื“ืฉื ื•ืœื“ืœืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
05:11
For 10,000 years, Native Americans lived on this landscape,
84
311144
3725
05:14
and they intentionally burned it -- a lot.
85
314893
3533
ื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื’ื“ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืžืจืขื”
05:19
They used fire to burn meadows and to thin certain forests
86
319284
3892
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฆื“ื•.
05:23
so they could grow more food.
87
323200
2045
ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•
05:25
They used fire to increase graze
88
325269
3005
ืฉืื ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ืกืชื™ื•,
05:28
for the deer and the elk and the bison that they hunted.
89
328298
3836
ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืฅ.
05:32
And most importantly, they figured out
90
332158
2513
ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ืช -- ืืœื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ, ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-19,
05:34
if they burned in the spring and the fall,
91
334695
2626
05:37
they could avoid the out-of-control fires of summer.
92
337345
3539
ื•ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 19, ื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ื.
05:41
European settlement -- it occurred much later, in the mid-1800s,
93
341508
4484
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื”ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ืื›ืœื• ืืช ื”ื“ืฉืื™ื
ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ื—ื’ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืงืฉืจืช ืœืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
05:46
and by the 1880s, livestock grazing was in high gear.
94
346016
4275
ื•ื–ื” ืžื ืข ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืคืขื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื“ื™ืœืœื• ืืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื
05:50
I mean, if you think about it, the cattle and the sheep ate the grasses
95
350315
3781
ื•ืฉืจืคื• ืืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืžืชื™ื.
05:54
which had been the conveyer belt for the historical fires,
96
354120
4041
ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืคืกื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ ืืฉ ื—ื–ืงื™ื,
05:58
and this prevented once-frequent fires from thinning out trees
97
358185
4094
ื•ื”ืคืจื™ืขื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืกืœื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืฉ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื”.
06:02
and burning up dead wood.
98
362303
1621
06:04
Later came roads and railroads, and they acted as potent firebreaks,
99
364634
5079
ื•ืื– ืžืฉื”ื• ืงืจื” ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื™ืจ
06:09
interrupting further the flow of fire across this landscape.
100
369737
3972
ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
ื‘-1910, ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื—ื•ืจืฉ ืขื ืงื™ืช.
06:13
And then something happened which caused a sudden pivot
101
373733
3860
ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ืœืชื” ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ืงื˜.
06:17
in our society.
102
377617
1421
ืงืจืื ื• ืœื” โ€œื”ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”โ€
06:19
In 1910, we had a huge wildfire.
103
379489
4073
ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืจืขื” ืžืžื–ืจื— ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืจื‘ ืžื•ื ื˜ื ื”,
06:23
It was the size of the state of Connecticut.
104
383586
2716
ื•ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ืœืชื” 12 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื ื,
06:27
We called it "the Big Burn."
105
387275
2640
06:29
It stretched from eastern Washington to western Montana,
106
389939
3949
ื”ืจืกื” ืžืกืคืจ ืขืจื™ื, ื•ื”ืจื’ื” 87 ืื™ืฉ.
06:33
and it burned, in a few days, three million acres,
107
393912
3683
ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืืฉ.
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืื•ื™ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกโ€ฒ 1,
06:37
devoured several towns, and it killed 87 people.
108
397619
4461
ื•ื–ื” ื™ืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืจืฉ
06:42
Most of them were firefighters.
109
402104
1749
ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•
06:45
Because of the Big Burn, wildfire became public enemy number one,
110
405178
3983
ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื– ืจืง ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื,
06:49
and this would shape the way that we would think about wildfire
111
409185
3421
ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฉ
06:52
in our society
112
412630
1281
06:53
for the next hundred years.
113
413935
1831
06:56
Thereafter, the Forest Service, just five years young at the time,
114
416880
3431
ื‘ื›ืœ 780 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื,
07:00
was tasked with the responsibility of putting out all wildfires
115
420335
5132
ื•ื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช
ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช.
ื”ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช,
07:05
on 193 million acres of public lands,
116
425491
3542
ื•ื”ื ืžื›ื‘ื™ื 95 ืขื“ 98 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
07:09
and they took this responsibility
117
429057
1940
07:11
very seriously.
118
431021
1163
ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
07:12
They developed this unequaled ability to put fires out,
119
432872
3950
07:16
and they put out 95 to 98 percent
120
436846
3252
ื•ืžืื•ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืœืื”, ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช
07:20
of all fires every single year in the US.
121
440122
4974
ื•ืœื ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฉ ืขืฆืžืŸ
ื”ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืขืฆื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
07:25
And from this point on, it was now fire suppression
122
445120
3402
ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ืชื—ื•ื ืงืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืžืขืจื‘,
07:29
and not wildfires
123
449387
1530
07:30
that would become a prime shaper of our forests.
124
450941
3986
ื•ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืกื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื.
ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืฉืจื“ื• ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืจืฉ.
07:35
After World War II, timber harvesting got going in the west,
125
455943
3500
07:39
and the logging removed the large and the old trees.
126
459467
3123
ื•ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืชืžืœืื•.
ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืงืœื™ืคื” ื“ืงื”, ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืืฉ ืžื™ืœืื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื,
07:42
These were survivors of centuries of wildfires.
127
462614
5281
ื•ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืฆืคื•ืคื™ื, ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื ื•ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื
07:47
And the forest filled in.
128
467919
1932
07:49
Thin-barked, fire-sensitive small trees filled in the gaps,
129
469875
4921
ืฉื”ื ื ื’ืขื• ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”.
07:54
and our forests became dense, with trees so layered and close together
130
474820
5946
ืื– ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื ื—ืกืžื• ื‘ืœื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืคืกื™ ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช,
ื”ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ืื›ืœื• ืืช ื”ื“ืฉื,
08:00
that they were touching each other.
131
480790
1982
ื•ืื– ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื, ืฉื”ืกื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
08:03
So fires were unintentionally blocked by roads and railroads,
132
483357
3918
ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืงืจื”?
ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืคืขืœื• ื™ื—ื“
08:07
the cattle and sheep ate the grass,
133
487299
2435
08:09
then along comes fire suppression and logging, removing the big trees,
134
489758
4320
ื•ื’ืจืžื• ืœื™ืขืจ ืœื”ืชืžืœื,
ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื›ื ื” โ€œื”ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ืโ€œ.
08:14
and you know what happened?
135
494102
1325
08:15
All these factors worked together
136
495451
2254
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:17
to allow the forest to fill in,
137
497729
2885
08:20
creating what I call the current epidemic of trees.
138
500638
3979
ืœื›ื• ืชื‘ื™ื ื•.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืฆื™ื ืžืžื” ืฉื”ืฉื˜ื— ื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ.
08:25
(Laughter)
139
505163
1983
ืื– ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืจืื• ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื•ื,
08:28
Go figure.
140
508678
1176
08:29
(Laughter)
141
509878
1047
08:30
More trees than the landscape can support.
142
510949
3596
ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื•ืœื˜.
ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืื™ืš ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื˜ืœืื™ื ื”ืชืžืœืื•.
08:35
So when you compare what forests looked like 100 years ago and today,
143
515506
4760
ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื --
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื™ื.
08:40
the change is actually remarkable.
144
520290
2486
ืฉื˜ื— ื˜ืœืื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืขื ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™
08:42
Notice how the patchwork has filled in.
145
522800
2410
ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
08:45
Dry south slopes --
146
525234
1548
08:46
they're now covered with trees.
147
526806
2293
ื”ืชืžืœื.
ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืฉืžื™ื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื?
08:49
A patchwork that was once sculptured by mostly small
148
529843
2979
ืื—ืจื™ 150 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
08:52
and sort of medium-sized fires
149
532846
1758
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืจื‘ื“ ืฆืคื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื™ืขืจ.
08:54
has filled in.
150
534628
1493
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“.
08:56
Do you see the blanket of trees?
151
536145
1988
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืขืฆื™ื ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
08:58
After just 150 years,
152
538679
2271
ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื ื™ ื”ืขืฆื™ื, ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืœืื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
09:00
we have a dense carpet of forest.
153
540974
2557
09:03
But there's more.
154
543555
1733
ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื–ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
09:05
Because trees are growing so close together,
155
545312
2955
ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ืฉื ืขื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื ื ืœื“ื•ื ื,
09:08
and because tree species, tree sizes and ages
156
548291
3328
ืืœื ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืš ื’ื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืจืงื™ื,
09:11
are so similar across large areas,
157
551643
3647
09:15
fires not only move easily from acre to acre,
158
555314
3027
ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืื• ืžืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
09:18
but now, so do diseases and insect outbreaks,
159
558365
4097
ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขืจ.
ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœืœื ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช,
09:23
which are killing or reducing the vitality
160
563896
3328
ืขื ืคื™ื ืžืชื™ื ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื ืคืœื• ืขืœ ืจืฆืคืช ื”ื™ืขืจ,
09:27
of really large sections of forest now.
161
567248
2797
ื”ื ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืช ื ืคืฅ.
09:30
And after a century without fire,
162
570488
2859
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš, ื”ืงื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืžื™ื
09:33
dead branches and downed trees on the forest floor,
163
573371
3579
ื•ื”ื ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื
09:36
they're at powder-keg levels.
164
576974
2027
ื•ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืงื•ืช.
ื•ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ืžืชืืจื›ืช ื‘40-80 ื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
09:39
What's more, our summers are getting hotter
165
579956
2625
09:42
and they're getting drier
166
582605
2155
09:44
and they're getting windier.
167
584784
1822
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื”, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื—ื•ื–ื™ื
09:47
And the fire season is now 40 to 80 days longer each year.
168
587163
5493
ืฉืฉื˜ื— ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ืžืื– ืฉื ืช 2000
ื™ื›ืคื™ืœ ืื• ื™ืฉืœืฉ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•
09:53
Because of this, climatologists are predicting
169
593168
2500
ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
09:55
that the area burned since 2000
170
595692
3220
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ื–ื”.
09:58
will double or triple
171
598936
2785
ืฉื ื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื ื•
10:01
in the next three decades.
172
601745
1904
ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-60 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื ื‘ื ื™ื
10:05
And we're building houses in the middle of this.
173
605015
3374
ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืœืื’ืŸ ื”ื ืคื™ืฅ ื•ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
10:08
Two recently published studies tell us
174
608413
2109
10:10
that more than 60 percent of all new housing starts are being built
175
610546
4537
ืื– ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืจื™ืคื”,
ื—ืœืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืฉืŸ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช.
10:15
in this flammable and dangerous mess.
176
615107
2618
10:19
So when we do get a fire,
177
619145
1842
ืื™ืš ืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
10:21
large areas can literally go up in smoke.
178
621722
4050
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ื™ืขืจ
ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”?
ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื™.
10:28
How do you feel now
179
628363
1585
10:31
about the forest image
180
631580
1691
ืื– ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ื›ืช ื”ื˜ืœืื™ื.
10:34
that I first showed you?
181
634070
1679
10:35
It scares the heck out of me.
182
635773
1949
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช
10:39
So what do we do?
183
639729
1390
ืœืžืขืจื›ืช.
10:42
We need to restore the power of the patchwork.
184
642010
3510
ื›ื›ื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช.
10:45
We need to put the right kind of fire
185
645544
3149
10:48
back into the system again.
186
648717
1902
ื•ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืžื ื”ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื
10:50
It's how we can resize the severity of many of our future fires.
187
650643
6162
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
ื‘ื ื ืจืื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ืœื™ื.
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื™ื–ื•ืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืœืœ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืขืฆื™ื
10:57
And the silver lining is that we have tools
188
657277
2469
10:59
and we have know-how to do this.
189
659770
2474
ื•ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื“ืœื™ืงื” ืžืชื™ื.
11:02
Let's look at some of the tools.
190
662268
2139
ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ื›ืืœื”
11:04
We can use prescribed burning to intentionally thin out trees
191
664431
4767
ื•ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ืขืฉื”?
11:09
and burn up dead fuels.
192
669222
1826
ื–ื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉืจื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื ื•ืฃ
11:11
We do this to systematically reduce them and keep them reduced.
193
671740
4089
ืฉื™ื—ืกืžื• ืืช ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช.
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื“ื™ืœื•ืœ ืžื›ืื ื™ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”
11:16
And what is that going to do?
194
676785
1382
11:18
It's going to create already-burned patches on the landscape
195
678191
2874
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืžืชืื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
ื•ืœืชืคื•ืก ืงืฆืช ืขืจืš ืžืกื—ืจื™
11:21
that will resist the flow of future fires.
196
681089
2872
ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
11:24
We can combine mechanical thinning with some of these treatments
197
684389
3312
ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื.
11:27
where it's appropriate to do so,
198
687725
1691
ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื–ื•ืžื” ืžืคื™ืงื”
11:29
and capture some commercial value
199
689440
1774
11:31
and perhaps underwrite some of these treatments,
200
691238
2931
ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืฉืŸ ืžืฉืจื™ืคืช ื—ื•ืจืฉ.
11:34
especially around urban areas.
201
694193
2549
ื‘ืคืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“.
11:36
And the best news of all is that prescribed burning produces
202
696766
3231
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”:
ืขืฉืŸ ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื–ื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืจื’ืข ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืชื—ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ
11:40
so much less smoke than wildfires do.
203
700021
3656
11:43
It's not even close.
204
703701
1349
ื›ืžืคื’ืข ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื•.
11:45
But there's a hitch:
205
705074
1227
ืื‘ืœ ืขืฉืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืจืฉ?
11:46
prescribed burning smoke is currently regulated under air quality rules
206
706962
4989
ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืœื‘ืŸ.
11:51
as an avoidable nuisance.
207
711975
1935
ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™, ืœื? (ืฆื•ื—ืง)
11:54
But wildfire smoke?
208
714557
1681
ืื– ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”?
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื™ื–ื•ืžื•ืช,
11:56
It simply gets a pass.
209
716262
2042
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืขืฉืŸ ื‘ืงื™ืฆื™ื
12:00
Makes sense, doesn't it? (Laughs)
210
720153
2565
12:02
So you know what happens?
211
722742
1275
ืžืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช.
ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
12:04
We do far too little prescribed burning,
212
724041
3247
12:07
and we continually eat smoke in the summers
213
727312
3811
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื™ืฉื ื ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžื ื•ื”ืœื•ืช.
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช,
12:11
from megafires.
214
731147
1401
12:12
We all need to work together to get this changed.
215
732572
3665
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื—ืœืงืŸ
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ื”ืžืชื™ื.
12:16
And finally, there's managed wildfires.
216
736711
1961
12:18
Instead of putting all the fires out,
217
738696
2627
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืขื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื ื•ืฃ
12:21
we need to put some of them back to work
218
741903
2529
ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื
12:24
thinning forests and reducing dead fuels.
219
744456
2991
ื›ืš ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœืฉืงื ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ืฉืžื™ื›ืช ื”ื˜ืœืื™ื.
12:28
We can herd them around the landscape
220
748005
2667
12:30
when it's appropriate to do so
221
750696
1913
ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื ืœืคืขื ื—,
12:32
to help restore the power of the patchwork.
222
752633
3903
ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื™ื,
12:38
And as you've probably figured out by now,
223
758623
3739
ืื‘ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื•ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชื”.
12:42
this is actually a social problem.
224
762386
2206
12:44
It's got ecological and climate explanations,
225
764616
2983
ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืœื›ืœื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืขื˜ื”.
ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื–ื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžื ื•ื”ืœื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ืจื‘ื”.
12:47
but it's a social problem, and it will take us humans to solve it.
226
767623
4696
ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื™ื™ืขืœืžื• ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืคืœื
12:53
Public support for these tools is poor.
227
773026
2432
12:55
Prescribed burning and managed wildfires are not well-supported.
228
775482
3682
ื•ืฉื™ืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ืขืฉืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืง ื™ื—ื“ ืืชืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
12:59
We actually all simply want fires to magically go away
229
779188
4648
ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืฉืŸ.
13:04
and take that pesky smoke with them, don't we?
230
784455
3215
ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
13:09
But there is no future without lots of fire and lots of smoke.
231
789122
5028
ืขื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื ืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
13:14
That option is actually not on the table.
232
794174
2579
ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื™ื™ื,
13:19
Until we, the owners of public lands, make it our high priority
233
799038
5181
ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ืžืชืžืฉื›ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืขื ืง.
ืื– ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื ื•.
13:24
to do something about the current situation,
234
804243
2713
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
13:28
we're going to experience continued losses to megafires.
235
808002
3621
13:31
So it's up to us.
236
811647
1517
ื•ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
13:33
We can spread this message to our lawmakers,
237
813569
2719
13:36
folks who can help us manage our fires
238
816312
3439
ืื ื ื™ื›ืฉืœ,
13:40
and our forests.
239
820265
1872
ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื—ืง
ื›ืฉื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื›ื ื™ืฉืจืคื• ื›ืœื™ืœ?
13:45
If we're unsuccessful,
240
825680
1822
ืœื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืœื›ืช
13:49
where will you go to play
241
829190
2006
ืœื ืฉื•ื ืขืžื•ืง
13:52
when your favorite places are burned black?
242
832140
2662
ื•ืœืื˜?
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:57
Where will you go
243
837096
1434
13:59
to breathe deep
244
839298
1464
14:02
and slow?
245
842052
1323
14:04
Thank you.
246
844080
1174
14:05
(Applause)
247
845278
4011
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7