Jamil Zaki: How to escape the cynicism trap | TED

85,229 views ใƒป 2022-02-10

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Michal Ilani ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
00:04
This is it.
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ื–ื”ื• ื–ื”.
00:05
Here we all are, together at last,
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ื”ื ื” ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ, ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
00:08
to talk about optimism.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
00:10
If this isn't nice, I don't know what is.
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ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื ื—ืžื“, ืื– ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื›ืŸ.
00:13
Here's the problem: it's 2021.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”: ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื 2021.
00:16
We are living through a global plague,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื™ืคื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช,
00:18
one that revealed our worst instincts at the worst times.
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ื›ื–ื• ืฉื—ืฉืคื” ืืช ื”ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืงืฉื™ื.
00:22
We are so divided that public health has become a power struggle.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืคื•ืœื’ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžืื‘ืง ื›ื•ื—.
00:26
We pioneered a vaccine, a moon-landing level innovation,
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ื”ืžืฆืื ื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืคื•ืจืฅ ื“ืจืš, ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—,
00:30
and then kept it among wealthy countries while poor ones suffered.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืฉืืจื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ืœื•.
00:34
Against this backdrop, isn't talking about optimism,
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ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื–ื”, ื”ืื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืœ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช,
00:37
like discussing pagers or horse-drawn carriages?
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ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืžื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื™ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืขืœ ืขื’ืœื•ืช ืขื ืกื•ืกื™ื?
00:41
Isn't optimism obsolete, backwards and naive,
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ื”ืื ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืœื ืžื™ื•ืฉื ืช, ื ื—ืฉืœืช ื•ื ืื™ื‘ื™ืช,
00:44
given all we've been through?
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื ื•?
00:46
Shouldn't it be replaced
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ื”ืื ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื”
00:47
with a more up-to-date cognitive technology?
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ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ?
00:50
Well, lots of people have replaced it with cynicism:
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ืื– ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืื•ืชื” โ€“ ื‘ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช,
00:54
the notion that humanity is greedy, selfish and dishonest.
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ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืจื•ื“ืคืช ื‘ืฆืข, ืื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื•ืจืžืื™ืช.
00:59
In 1972, 45 percent of Americans thought that most people can be trusted.
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ื‘-1972, 45% ืžื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
01:04
By 2018, that had dropped to about 30 percent.
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ื‘-2018, ื–ื” ื™ืจื“ ื‘ืขืจืš ืœ-30%.
01:08
We are living through a cynicism epidemic.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื’ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
01:11
I should know --
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ืื ื™ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื“ืขืช โ€“
01:13
last year, it infected me, and I'm supposed to be immune.
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ื ื“ื‘ืงืชื™ ื‘ื–ื”, ื•ืื ื™ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืกืŸ.
01:16
I'm a psychologist and neuroscientist,
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ืื ื™ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ื•ื—ื•ืงืจ ืžื•ื—,
01:19
and my whole career, I've studied the sunny side of human nature.
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™, ื—ืงืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
01:22
My lab and I have found that giving away money
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ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืœื—ืœืง ื›ืกืฃ
01:25
activates similar parts of your brain as eating chocolate,
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ืžืคืขื™ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื›ืžื• ืื›ื™ืœืช ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“,
01:28
and that helping other people through their stress calms our own.
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ื•ืฉืขื–ืจื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืชื— ืฉืœื”ื, ืžืจื’ื™ืข ืืช ืฉืœื ื•.
01:32
Our punch line is clear:
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ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžื—ืฅ ื‘ืจื•ืจื”:
01:34
there is good in us, and it does good for us.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘.
01:38
Now, people love hearing this,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื–ื”,
01:40
but in 2020, I started to hate saying it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘-2020, ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืฉื ื•ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืืช ื–ื”.
01:42
I was building hope in others while losing my own.
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ื‘ื ื™ืชื™ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืืฆืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื™.
01:45
I was evangelizing for human kindness all day
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ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ืคืชื™ ืœืžืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘-ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
01:48
and then doomscrolling at night.
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ื•ืื– ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืฆืจื›ืชื™ ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืงื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช.
01:51
I was peddling something that I would never want to buy anymore.
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ืžื›ืจืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื.
01:54
I felt like a fraud,
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ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื›ืžื• ื ื•ื›ืœ,
01:56
or, at best, maybe a fax-machine salesman.
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ืื•, ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื›ืŸ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืคืงืก.
01:59
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:01
But here's the thing.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื”ื ื” ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”.
02:03
You might think that cynicism is a system upgrade
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื“ืจื•ื’
02:06
that allows us to see who we really are.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช.
02:08
It's not.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื.
02:10
It traps us in a version of the world we don't want to live in,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื•ื›ื“ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”,
02:13
and one we don't have to.
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ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”.
02:16
One of my favorite studies of all time occurred in southeastern Brazil.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื— ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ.
02:20
Two fishing villages there are separated by just 30 miles.
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ืฉืชื™ ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ืฉื, ืžืจื•ื—ืงื•ืช ืจืง 50 ืงโ€œืž ื–ื• ืžื–ื•.
02:24
One sits by the ocean,
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ืื—ืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
02:26
where fishing requires large boats and heavy equipment.
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ืฉื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื•ื’, ืฆืจื™ืš ืกื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื›ื‘ื“.
02:29
To make a living there, fishermen must work together.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืคืจื ืก ืฉื, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
02:33
The other sits by a lake,
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ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ืขืœ ื’ื“ืช ืื’ื,
02:34
where fishermen strike out alone on small boats
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ืฉื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ ื•ื‘ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช
02:36
and compete with one another.
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ื•ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”.
02:39
Years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
02:40
researchers tested how people in each of these villages
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืงื• ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื”
02:43
responded to a set of social experiments.
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ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื• ืœืกื“ืจืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื.
02:46
Ocean fishermen trusted strangers and cooperated with their neighbors.
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ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื ืชื ื• ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืชืคื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื.
02:50
Lake fishermen competed and mistrusted instead.
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ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืื’ื, ืœืขื•ืžืชื, ื”ืชื—ืจื• ื•ื—ืฉื“ื•.
02:53
But here's the crazy part.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ.
02:55
These folks didn't start out any different from each other,
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื”ื—ื‘ืจโ€™ื” ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืžืืœื”,
02:58
but the longer fishermen worked on the lake,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืื’ื,
03:00
the more they competed.
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ื›ืš ื”ื ื”ืชื—ืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:02
The longer they worked on the ocean, the less they did.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก, ื›ืš ื”ื ื”ืชื—ืจื• ืคื—ื•ืช.
03:06
Some families, schools and companies are like ocean villages.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื›ืžื• ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
03:10
People trust, because they know others will earn it.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืืžื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื–ื”.
03:13
Some are like lake towns --
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื” ืฉื”ื ื›ืžื• ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืื’ืžื™ื -
03:14
people look out for themselves, because no one else will.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื, ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”.
03:18
Our social worlds shape us, like clay,
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ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืžืขืฆื‘ ืื•ืชื ื•, ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ืžืจ,
03:20
into hopeful or cynical versions of ourselves.
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ืœื’ืจืกื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ืื• ืฆื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•.
03:23
And right now,
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
03:24
many of us are living in a lake town of historic proportion.
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจืช ืื’ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืžื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื.
03:28
Inequality has soared, injustice is all around,
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ืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜, ืื™ ืฆื“ืง ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
03:31
self-interest might as well be pumped into the water supply.
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ื ื“ืžื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจืžืช ืœื ื• ืœืžื™ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื”.
03:34
These forces raise cynicism,
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ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืืœื” ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช,
03:37
and so do times of disaster.
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ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืกื•ืŸ.
03:40
After the last 18 months,
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ืื—ืจื™ 18 ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
03:41
there's a real chance we could tip into a sort of cynical permafrost.
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ ืฉื ื™ืงืœืข ืœืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ืง ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
03:46
Now,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
03:48
I'm going to guess there may be some proud cynics in the audience today,
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ืื ื™ ืื ื—ืฉ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืฆื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ื ื’ืื™ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:52
and you might be thinking, "Good.
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ื•ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•, โ€œื™ื•ืคื™.
03:54
More people should turn to the dark side.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืืคืœ.
03:57
Optimism might feel nice --
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ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ --
03:59
so would calling tiramisu a health food,
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ื’ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื˜ื™ืจืžื™ืกื• ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
04:01
but we don't get to go around believing whatever we like."
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžืชื—ืฉืง ืœื ื•.โ€
04:05
George Bernard Shaw tells us
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ื’โ€˜ื•ืจื’โ€™ ื‘ืจื ืจื“ ืฉื• ืืžืจ
04:06
that the power of accurate observation is commonly called "cynicism"
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ื ืงืจืืช ืœืจื•ื‘ โ€œืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืชโ€
04:10
by those who haven't got it.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื›ื–ื•.
04:12
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:14
107 years later,
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107 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:15
the cartoon philosopher Lisa Simpson
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ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ืจืช ืœื™ืกื” ืกื™ืžืคืกื•ืŸ
04:18
taught us that as intelligence goes up, happiness goes down.
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ืœื™ืžื“ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื”, ื›ื›ื” ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื•ืฉืจ.
04:22
Maybe hope does, too.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
04:24
Maybe cynicism is the price of being right.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื.
04:28
Most people think so.
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ื›ื›ื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
04:30
70 percent think cynics are smarter than noncynics;
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70% ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืฆื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœื-ืฆื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ื;
04:33
85 percent think they would make better lie detectors.
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85% ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืงืจื™ื.
04:36
Most people are wrong.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื.
04:38
It turns out that cynics tend to perform less well than noncynics
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืฆื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืœื-ืฆื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ื
04:42
on cognitive tests.
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ื‘ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.
04:43
They earn less money,
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ื”ื ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ,
04:44
and they lose more often in negotiations.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ.
04:47
They're not even good at spotting bad guys.
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ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืจืขื™ื.
04:50
In one study,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“,
04:51
researchers conducted mock job interviews,
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ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืขืจื›ื• ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื,
04:53
asking half the candidates to lie and half to tell the truth.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืœืฉืงืจ ื•ืžื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืืžืช.
04:57
Cynics and noncynics watched videos of these interviews
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ืฆื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ื ื•ืœื-ืฆื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ื ืฆืคื• ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช
05:00
and guessed who was lying.
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ื•ื ื™ื—ืฉื• ืžื™ ืžืฉืงืจ.
05:01
And cynics did way worse.
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช.
05:04
More generally, they assume liars are everywhere
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืฆื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืฉืงืจื ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื
05:06
so can't pick real ones out of a crowd.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืงืจื ื™ื ื”ืืžืชื™ื™ื.
05:10
So cynicism might not be as smart as you think it is,
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื›ืžื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
05:13
but it's still powerful,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžืชื™ืช,
05:15
because our stories about each other become self-fulfilling.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื’ืฉื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื.
05:19
Cynics are more likely to refuse intimacy and cooperation.
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ืฆื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจื™ื ืœืกืจื‘ ืœืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
05:23
They hurt others to avoid being hurt.
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ื”ื ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข.
05:26
They tend to spy on their colleagues and suspect their friends,
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ื”ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืจื’ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื™ื,
05:29
and other people, unsurprisingly, react badly --
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœื ื‘ืžืคืชื™ืข, ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ โ€“
05:33
sometimes, acting selfishly in response.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”.
05:37
In other words, by mistreating others,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืžืชื ื›ืœื™ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื,
05:39
cynics create the exact conditions they fear.
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ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืžื”ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื.
05:42
They tell a story full of villains and end up living in it.
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ื”ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืžืœื ื‘ื ื•ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•.
05:47
I call this the cynicism trap,
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ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื–ื” ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช,
05:49
and my lab explores ways that people fall into it.
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ื•ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืœื›ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”.
05:53
In one study, we asked people how happiness works.
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“, ืฉืืœื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืคื•ืขืœ.
05:56
Some thought that it's a zero-sum game,
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ื—ืœืง ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื–ื”ื• ืžืฉื—ืง ืกื›ื•ื-ืืคืก,
05:59
meaning that as one person's happiness goes up,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื•ืฉืจื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื’ื“ืœ,
06:01
another person's must go down.
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ื›ืš ืื•ืฉืจื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืจื“ืช.
06:03
Now they're wrong.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื.
06:04
It turns out that when we act generously towards others,
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืฉืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช,
06:07
that tends to increase our happiness.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
06:09
But cynics acted on their illusion.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฆื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื• ืœืคื™ ื”ืืฉืœื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
06:12
When given chances to help strangers, they were less likely to do so.
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ื›ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื–ืจื™ื, ื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื ื˜ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
06:15
They ended up less happy as well.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื ื’ื ื”ื™ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื.
06:18
By hoarding well-being,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืื’ืจื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืœืขืฆืžื,
06:19
they lost out on one of its key ingredients --
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ื”ื ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื• ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื• ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ -
06:22
other people.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
06:23
In other work,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ืจ,
06:25
we asked Republicans and Democrats
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ืฉืืœื ื• ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ื ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื
06:26
what it would mean to empathize with the other side.
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžืคืชื™ื™ื ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.
06:30
Some people saw politics as a war,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ืžืœื—ืžื”,
06:32
and thought empathy would be as useful as bringing cotton candy to a gunfight.
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืืžืคืชื™ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ื›ืžื• ืฆืžืจ ื’ืคืŸ ืžืชื•ืง ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ืจื™ื•ืช.
06:37
These folks didn't want to cooperate with the other side,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื” ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™,
06:39
or even to know them at all.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
06:42
In one study,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“,
06:43
we measured college students' cynicism about empathy
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ืžื“ื“ื ื• ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืžืคืชื™ื”
06:45
and asked about the friends they made on campus.
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ื•ืฉืืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืจื›ืฉื• ื‘ืงืžืคื•ืก.
06:48
Here, each dot is a person,
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ื›ืืŸ, ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืื“ื,
06:50
coded blue to red based on ideology,
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ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืขื“ ืื“ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
06:52
and each line is a friendship.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืงื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
06:54
Now, this was a pretty liberal campus,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืžืคื•ืก ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™,
06:57
but nonetheless, noncynics managed to find ideologically diverse friends.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื”ืœื-ืฆื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
07:02
Cynics stuck to their own kind.
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ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ื ื ืฆืžื“ื• ืืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ื ื.
07:05
Now that's, of course, their right.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืชื.
07:07
But most of us wish our country was less divided,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืœื’ืช,
07:09
and empathy is critical to moving us towards that goal.
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ื•ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžื˜ืจื”.
07:13
By giving up on it, cynics lose that chance.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”, ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ื ืžื—ืžื™ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช.
07:18
Our studies and many others
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื,
07:20
give us a clear picture of the cynicism trap.
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ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
07:23
When we decide everyone's out for themselves,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืจืง ืœืžืขืŸ ืขืฆืžื,
07:25
we stop seeing their kindness.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืชื.
07:27
When we think the world is zero-sum,
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ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืกื›ื•ื-ืืคืก,
07:29
everyone becomes a potential enemy.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืื•ื™ื‘ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™.
07:32
These views spread across us, too.
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ื”ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื’ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•.
07:35
Parents pass on their suspicions to their kids.
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ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื“ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื.
07:37
Politicians act in bad faith
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ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืžื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืืžื•ืŸ
07:39
and damage voters' faith in each other.
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ื•ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”.
07:41
Media companies trade in judgment and outrage.
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืกื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื–ืขื.
07:45
Our cynicism is their product,
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ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœื”ื,
07:48
and it is a growth industry.
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฆื•ืžื—ืช.
07:51
So no, cynicism doesn't help us see reality more clearly,
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ืื– ืœื, ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ,
07:55
but it does change reality,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
07:57
poisoning our relationships, our lives and our culture.
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ืžืจืขื™ืœื” ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
08:01
It is not a system upgrade,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ืจืกื”,
08:03
it's mental malware.
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ื–ื• ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื–ื“ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช.
08:06
But we don't have to accept it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื–ื”.
08:08
We can take control of our stories.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
08:10
To escape the cynicism trap, we have to.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื—ืœืฅ ืžืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
08:13
My lab tries to help.
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ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ.
08:15
In one study,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“,
08:16
we taught people that happiness is not a zero-sum game,
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ืœื™ืžื“ื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืฉื—ืง ืกื›ื•ื-ืืคืก,
08:19
and that helping others helps us, too.
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ื•ืฉืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจื™ื, ืขื•ื–ืจ ื’ื ืœื ื•.
08:22
These folks, compared to those in a cynical condition,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื”, ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื ื™,
08:25
donated more to charity afterwards,
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ืชืจืžื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื“ืงื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:27
and they ended up happier as well.
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ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:30
In other work, we changed how people thought about empathy in politics.
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ืจ, ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”.
08:34
Some people were randomly chosen to read a cynical essay.
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ื‘ื—ืจื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงืจื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืงืจืื• ืžืืžืจ ืฆื™ื ื™.
08:38
It began, and I'm paraphrasing,
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ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ื›ื”, ื–ื” ืœื ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง,
08:40
"You might think empathy is a weakness
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โ€œืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืืžืคืชื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืฉื”
08:42
that will make you lose every argument,
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ืฉืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—,
08:44
and you'd be right."
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ื•ืืชื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื.โ€
08:45
Afterwards, we asked these folks to write a note about gun control
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ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจโ€™ื” ื”ืืœื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืคืชืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื ืฉืง
08:49
to someone they disagreed with,
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ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืชื•,
08:51
and they sniped at each other.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื• ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™.
08:53
Hereโ€™s a voice actor reading what one Democrat wrote to a Republican.
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ื”ื ื” ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืงื•ืœ ืฉืงื•ืจื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืื—ื“ ืœืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™.
08:57
Recording: โ€œItโ€™s hard not to state this bluntly.
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ื”ืงืœื˜ื”: โ€œืงืฉื” ืœื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื•ื˜ื”.
08:59
You should be in favor of stricter gun laws
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ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ ื ืฉืง ืงืคื“ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:02
because you should care about the lives of other people
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ื›ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืš
09:05
more than your outdated feelings of machismo."
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืืฆโ€™ื• ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœืš.โ€
09:09
Jamil Zaki: And hereโ€™s a Republican writing to a Democrat.
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ื’โ€™ืžื™ืœ ื–ืงื™: ื•ื”ื ื” ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ ืฉื›ื•ืชื‘ ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™.
09:12
Recording: "People need to know
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ื”ืงืœื˜ื”: โ€œืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช
09:13
they're able to have the freedom to bear arms
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœืฉืืช ื ืฉืง
09:15
in order to protect themselves.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื.
09:17
You democrats don't get to take that away from us."
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ืœื›ื ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืžืื™ืชื ื•โ€
09:19
JZ: Basically, we recreated Twitter, by accident.
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ื’โ€™ืžื™ืœ ื–ืงื™: ื‘ืขืฆื, ืฉื—ื–ืจื ื• ืืช ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ, ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช.
09:22
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:23
Other people read a different essay.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืงืจืื• ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ืจ.
09:26
It began,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืš,
09:27
"You might think empathy is a weakness that will make you lose every argument,
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โ€œืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืืžืคืชื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ืฉืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—,
09:31
and you'd be wrong."
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ืื– ืืชื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื.โ€
09:32
... and went on to describe empathy as a strength in politics.
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ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื›ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”.
09:35
Again, we asked these folks to write to an opponent about gun control,
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื™ืจื™ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื—ื•ืงื™ ื ืฉืง,
09:38
but this time, things changed.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ื•.
09:40
Hereโ€™s a Democrat.
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ื”ื ื” ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™.
09:42
Recording: "There are some common-sense regulations
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ื”ืงืœื˜ื”: โ€œื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื” ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜
09:45
that we should implement to keep people safe.
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ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ.
09:47
We all want what is best for the country,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”,
09:49
and there are things we can meet in the middle on
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืฉืจ
09:51
to tackle the issue of gun violence."
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื ืฉืงโ€.
09:54
JZ: And a Republican.
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ื’โ€™ืžื™ืœ ื–ืงื™: ื•ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™.
09:55
Recording: "Horrible crimes can be committed using guns ...
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ื”ืงืœื˜ื”: โ€œืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืฉืขื™ื ื ื•ืจืื™ื™ื ืขื ืืงื“ื—ื™ื...
09:58
everything from school shootings
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ืžืžืงืจื™ ื™ืจื™ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ
10:00
to murders because of racism and white supremacy.
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ืขื“ ืจืฆื— ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช ืื• ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื”.
10:03
It's very understandable that you think it makes sense
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ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™
10:05
to make gun laws more strict.
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ืœื”ื“ืง ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื ืฉืง.
10:07
We're all reasonable people,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื,
10:09
and we just want what's best for our loved ones."
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื™ืงื™ืจื ื•โ€.
10:12
JZ: To us, this was wild.
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ื’โ€™ืžื™ืœ ื–ืงื™: ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ.
10:14
Remember,
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ื–ื›ืจื•, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื•ื”ืื’ื,
10:15
just like ocean and lake fishermen,
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10:17
these people did not start out any different,
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
10:19
but just reading one essay turned some of them into new optimists
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ืื‘ืœ ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ืคื›ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ืœืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
10:23
and others into new cynics.
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ื•ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืฆื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
10:25
This shaped how they acted, and their effect on other people.
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ื–ื” ืขื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
10:29
We sent all of these notes
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ืฉืœื—ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืชืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”
10:30
to people who really disagreed with the writer about gun control,
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขื ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ื ืฉืง,
10:33
and found that notes written by new optimists
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ื•ืคืชืงื™ื ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
10:35
were more persuasive than those written by new cynics,
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื›ื ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœื” ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
10:39
more likely to make other people change their mind.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
10:42
In other words,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช,
10:43
we taught these people that empathy was useful,
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ืœื™ืžื“ื ื• ืื•ืชื ืฉืืžืคืชื™ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื”,
10:45
they used it, and it became useful.
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืขื–ืจื” ืœื”ื.
10:48
This is what I want you to remember and what I want you to know:
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื–ื›ืจื• ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื“ืขื•:
10:52
that if cynical stories can become self-fulfilling,
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ืื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื,
10:54
our work shows that hopeful ones can as well.
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืจืื” ืฉืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื.
10:59
Now, cynicism is not the only root of our problems,
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ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
11:02
and optimism alone will not fix them.
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ื•ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ื” ืœื ืชืชืงืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ.
11:04
But it's hard to change a broken system
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ืื‘ืœ ืงืฉื” ืœืชืงืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืงื•ืœืงืœืช
11:06
if you think it's a mirror reflecting our broken nature.
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ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืจืื”, ืฉืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืžืงื•ืœืงืœ ืฉืœื ื•.
11:10
If people are selfish to our core,
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ืื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื,
11:12
then toxic laws and practices are here to stay.
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ืื– ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืจืขื™ืœื™ื, ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ.
11:15
But we can all choose to tell a different story.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ.
11:18
We can be skeptical --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืกืคืง -
11:19
demanding evidence before we believe in people --
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ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื --
11:21
but hopeful, knowing they can change for the better.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืงื•ื•ืช, ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
11:25
We can notice their kindness even when the media doesnโ€™t
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘-ืœื‘, ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื” ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”
11:27
and envision systems built on that kindness.
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ื•ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื˜ื•ื‘-ืœื‘.
11:30
We can find other people in our neighborhoods,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
11:33
unions and faith communities who want the same thing.
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ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ.
11:36
We can use our collective optimism
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื–ื ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™
11:38
to build pockets of solidarity and mutual aid,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœื™ื“ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื–ืจื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช,
11:41
miniature ocean villages that can grow over time.
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ื›ืคืจื™ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฆืžื•ื— ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
11:45
Now, this is the part of the talk
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื”ืงื˜ืข ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื”
11:47
where I'm supposed to tell you how I cured my own cynicism.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืืžื•ืจ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ืจื™ืคืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
11:50
But the truth is, I still struggle.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืื‘ืง.
11:53
Depending on the day or the hour,
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ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื• ื‘ืฉืขื”,
11:55
I promise, I can be as cynical as anyone here.
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื ื™ ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื›ืืŸ.
11:59
But I see cynicism for what it is --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื โ€“
12:01
a psychological quicksand
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ื—ื•ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
12:03
that will pull me in deeper, the more I move through it.
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ืฉื™ืžืฉื•ืš ืื•ืชื™ ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื›ืœ ืืชืงื“ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.
12:07
So I fight to believe in people,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื ืœื—ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื,
12:09
not because it feels good,
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ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื• ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
12:11
but because stories matter,
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ืืœื ื›ื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื,
12:13
and we're telling ours all the time, together.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
12:16
We all get stuck in quicksand --
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ืชืงืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ ืœืคืขืžื™ื.
12:18
sometimes, that's OK.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
12:20
But the next time you manage to pull yourself out,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืชืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื—ืœืฅ ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื,
12:22
and find some faith in humanity,
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืงืฆืช ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
12:24
try to remember to reach back and grab someone else who's stuck,
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ื ืกื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื•ืœืฉืœื•ืฃ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืชืงื•ืข,
12:27
until more of us can make it to solid ground.
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ืขื“ ืฉืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงืจืงืข ืžื•ืฆืงื”.
12:30
Because optimism is not a relic of the past.
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ื›ื™ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ื ื—ืœืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
12:33
It's one key to building a better future by letting us see it more clearly.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืคืชื— ืื—ื“ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:38
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
12:39
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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