The interspecies Internet? An idea in progress...

79,400 views ・ 2013-07-10

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:12
Diana Reiss: You may think you're looking
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through a window at a dolphin spinning playfully,
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but what you're actually looking through
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is a two-way mirror at a dolphin
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looking at itself spinning playfully.
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This is a dolphin that is self-aware.
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This dolphin has self-awareness.
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It's a young dolphin named Bayley.
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I've been very interested in understanding the nature
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of the intelligence of dolphins for the past 30 years.
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How do we explore intelligence in this animal
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that's so different from us?
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And what I've used is a very simple research tool,
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a mirror, and we've gained great information,
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reflections of these animal minds.
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Dolphins aren't the only animals, the only non-human animals,
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to show mirror self-recognition.
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We used to think this was a uniquely human ability,
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but we learned that the great apes, our closest relatives,
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also show this ability.
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Then we showed it in dolphins,
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and then later in elephants.
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We did this work in my lab with the dolphins and elephants,
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and it's been recently shown in the magpie.
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Now, it's interesting, because we've embraced
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this Darwinian view of a continuity in physical evolution,
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this physical continuity.
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But we've been much more reticent, much slower
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at recognizing this continuity in cognition,
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in emotion, in consciousness in other animals.
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Other animals are conscious.
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They're emotional. They're aware.
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There have been multitudes of studies with many species
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over the years that have given us exquisite evidence
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for thinking and consciousness in other animals,
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other animals that are quite different than we are in form.
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We are not alone.
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We are not alone in these abilities.
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And I hope, and one of my biggest dreams,
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is that, with our growing awareness
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about the consciousness of others
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and our relationship with the rest of the animal world,
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that we'll give them the respect and protection
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that they deserve.
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So that's a wish I'm throwing out here for everybody,
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and I hope I can really engage you in this idea.
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Now, I want to return to dolphins,
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because these are the animals that I feel like
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I've been working up closely and personal with
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for over 30 years.
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And these are real personalities.
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They are not persons, but they're personalities
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in every sense of the word.
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And you can't get more alien than the dolphin.
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They are very different from us in body form.
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They're radically different. They come from a radically different environment.
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In fact, we're separated by 95 million years
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of divergent evolution.
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Look at this body.
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And in every sense of making a pun here,
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these are true non-terrestrials.
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I wondered how we might interface with these animals.
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In the 1980s, I developed an underwater keyboard.
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This was a custom-made touch-screen keyboard.
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What I wanted to do was give the dolphins choice and control.
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These are big brains, highly social animals,
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and I thought, well, if we give them choice and control,
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if they can hit a symbol on this keyboard --
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and by the way, it was interfaced by fiber optic cables
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from Hewlett-Packard with an Apple II computer.
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This seems prehistoric now,
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but this was where we were with technology.
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So the dolphins could hit a key, a symbol,
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they heard a computer-generated whistle,
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and they got an object or activity.
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Now here's a little video.
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This is Delphi and Pan, and you're going to see Delphi
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hitting a key, he hears a computer-generated whistle -- (Whistle) --
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and gets a ball, so they can actually ask for things they want.
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What was remarkable is, they explored this keyboard
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on their own. There was no intervention on our part.
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They explored the keyboard. They played around with it.
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They figured out how it worked.
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And they started to quickly imitate the sounds
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they were hearing on the keyboard.
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They imitated on their own.
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Beyond that, though, they started learning
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associations between the symbols, the sounds
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and the objects.
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What we saw was self-organized learning,
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and now I'm imagining, what can we do
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with new technologies?
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How can we create interfaces, new windows into
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the minds of animals, with the technologies that exist today?
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So I was thinking about this, and then, one day,
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I got a call from Peter.
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Peter Gabriel: I make noises for a living.
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On a good day, it's music,
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and I want to talk a little bit about
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the most amazing music-making experience I ever had.
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I'm a farm boy. I grew up surrounded by animals,
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and I would look in these eyes and wonder
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what was going on there?
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So as an adult, when I started to read about
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the amazing breakthroughs with Penny Patterson and Koko,
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with Sue Savage-Rumbaugh and Kanzi, Panbanisha,
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Irene Pepperberg, Alex the parrot,
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I got all excited.
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What was amazing to me also
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was they seemed a lot more adept
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at getting a handle on our language
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than we were on getting a handle on theirs.
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I work with a lot of musicians from around the world,
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and often we don't have any common language at all,
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but we sit down behind our instruments,
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and suddenly there's a way for us to connect and emote.
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So I started cold-calling, and eventually got through
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to Sue Savage-Rumbaugh,
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and she invited me down.
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I went down, and the bonobos
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had had access to percussion instruments,
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musical toys, but never before to a keyboard.
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At first they did what infants do,
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just bashed it with their fists,
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and then I asked, through Sue,
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if Panbanisha could try with one finger only.
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Sue Savage-Rumbaugh: Can you play a grooming song?
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I want to hear a grooming song.
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Play a real quiet grooming song.
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PG: So groom was the subject of the piece.
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(Music)
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So I'm just behind, jamming,
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yeah, this is what we started with.
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Sue's encouraging her to continue a little more.
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(Music)
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She discovers a note she likes,
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finds the octave.
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She'd never sat at a keyboard before.
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Nice triplets.
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SSR: You did good. That was very good.
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PG: She hit good.
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(Applause)
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So that night, we began to dream,
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and we thought, perhaps the most amazing tool
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that man's created is the Internet,
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and what would happen if we could somehow
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find new interfaces,
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visual-audio interfaces that would allow
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these remarkable sentient beings
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that we share the planet with access?
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And Sue Savage-Rumbaugh got excited about that,
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called her friend Steve Woodruff,
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and we began hustling all sorts of people
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whose work related or was inspiring,
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which led us to Diana,
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and led us to Neil.
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Neil Gershenfeld: Thanks, Peter. PG: Thank you.
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(Applause)
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NG: So Peter approached me.
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I lost it when I saw that clip.
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He approached me with a vision of doing these things
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not for people, for animals.
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And then I was struck in the history of the Internet.
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This is what the Internet looked like when it was born
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and you can call that the Internet
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of middle-aged white men,
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mostly middle-aged white men.
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Vint Cerf: (Laughs)
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(Laughter)
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NG: Speaking as one.
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Then, when I first came to TED,
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which was where I met Peter, I showed this.
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This is a $1 web server,
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and at the time that was radical.
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And the possibility of making a web server for a dollar
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grew into what became known as the Internet of Things,
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which is literally an industry now with tremendous implications
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for health care, energy efficiency.
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And we were happy with ourselves.
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And then when Peter showed me that,
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I realized we had missed something,
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which is the rest of the planet.
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So we started up this interspecies Internet project.
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Now we started talking with TED
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about how you bring dolphins and great apes and elephants
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to TED, and we realized that wouldn't work.
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So we're going to bring you to them.
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So if we could switch to the audio from this computer,
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we've been video conferencing with cognitive animals,
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and we're going to have each of them
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just briefly introduce them.
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And so if we could also have this up, great.
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So the first site we're going to meet
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is Cameron Park Zoo in Waco, with orangutans.
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In the daytime they live outside. It's nighttime there now.
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So can you please go ahead?
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Terri Cox: Hi, I'm Terri Cox
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with the Cameron Park Zoo in Waco, Texas,
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and with me I have KeraJaan and Mei,
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two of our Bornean orangutans.
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During the day, they have a beautiful, large outdoor habitat,
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and at night, they come into this habitat,
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into their night quarters,
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where they can have a climate-controlled
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and secure environment to sleep in.
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We participate in the Apps for Apes program
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Orangutan Outreach, and we use iPads
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to help stimulate and enrich the animals,
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and also help raise awareness
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for these critically endangered animals.
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And they share 97 percent of our DNA
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and are incredibly intelligent,
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so it's so exciting to think of all the opportunities
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that we have via technology and the Internet
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to really enrich their lives and open up their world.
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We're really excited about the possibility
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of an interspecies Internet,
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and K.J. has been enjoying the conference very much.
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NG: That's great. When we were rehearsing last night,
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he had fun watching the elephants.
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Next user group are the dolphins at the National Aquarium.
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Please go ahead.
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Allison Ginsburg: Good evening.
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Well, my name is Allison Ginsburg,
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and we're live in Baltimore at the National Aquarium.
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Joining me are three of our eight Atlantic bottlenose dolphins:
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20-year-old Chesapeake, who was our first dolphin born here,
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her four-year-old daughter Bayley,
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and her half sister, 11-year-old Maya.
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Now, here at the National Aquarium
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we are committed to excellence in animal care,
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to research, and to conservation.
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The dolphins are pretty intrigued as to what's going on here tonight.
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They're not really used to having cameras here
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at 8 o'clock at night.
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In addition, we are very committed to doing
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different types of research.
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As Diana mentioned, our animals are involved
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in many different research studies.
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NG: Those are for you.
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Okay, that's great, thank you.
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And the third user group, in Thailand,
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is Think Elephants. Go ahead, Josh.
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Josh Plotnik: Hi, my name is Josh Plotnik,
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and I'm with Think Elephants International,
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and we're here in the Golden Triangle of Thailand
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with the Golden Triangle Asian Elephant Foundation elephants.
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And we have 26 elephants here,
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and our research is focused on the evolution of intelligence with elephants,
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but our foundation Think Elephants is focused
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on bringing elephants into classrooms around the world
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virtually like this and showing people
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how incredible these animals are.
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So we're able to bring the camera right up to the elephant,
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put food into the elephant's mouth,
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show people what's going on inside their mouths,
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and show everyone around the world
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how incredible these animals really are.
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NG: Okay, that's great. Thanks Josh.
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And once again, we've been building great relationships
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among them just since we've been rehearsing.
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So at that point, if we can go back to the other computer,
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we were starting to think about how you integrate
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the rest of the biomass of the planet into the Internet,
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and we went to the best possible person
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I can think of, which is Vint Cerf,
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who is one of the founders who gave us the Internet. Vint?
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VC: Thank you, Neil.
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(Applause)
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A long time ago in a galaxy — oops, wrong script.
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Forty years ago, Bob Kahn and I
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did the design of the Internet.
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Thirty years ago, we turned it on.
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Just last year, we turned on the production Internet.
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You've been using the experimental version
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for the last 30 years.
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The production version, it uses IP version 6.
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It has 3.4 times 10 to the 38th possible terminations.
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That's a number only that Congress can appreciate.
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But it leads to what is coming next.
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When Bob and I did this design,
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we thought we were building a system to connect computers together.
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What we very quickly discovered
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is that this was a system for connecting people together.
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And what you've seen tonight
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tells you that we should not restrict this network
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to one species,
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that these other intelligent, sentient species
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should be part of the system too.
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This is the system as it looks today, by the way.
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This is what the Internet looks like to a computer
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that's trying to figure out where the traffic
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is supposed to go.
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This is generated by a program
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that's looking at the connectivity of the Internet,
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and how all the various networks are connected together.
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There are about 400,000 networks, interconnected,
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run independently by 400,000 different operating agencies,
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and the only reason this works
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is that they all use the same standard TCP/IP protocols.
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Well, you know where this is headed.
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The Internet of Things tell us
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that a lot of computer-enabled appliances and devices
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are going to become part of this system too:
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appliances that you use around the house,
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that you use in your office,
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that you carry around with yourself or in the car.
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That's the Internet of Things that's coming.
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Now, what's important about what these people are doing
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is that they're beginning to learn
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how to communicate with species
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that are not us
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but share a common sensory environment.
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We're beginning to explore what it means
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to communicate with something
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that isn't just another person.
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Well, you can see what's coming next.
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All kinds of possible sentient beings
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may be interconnected through this system,
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and I can't wait to see these experiments unfold.
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What happens after that?
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Well, let's see.
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There are machines that need to talk to machines
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and that we need to talk to, and so as time goes on,
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we're going to have to learn
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how to communicate with computers
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and how to get computers to communicate with us
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in the way that we're accustomed to,
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not with keyboards, not with mice,
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16:51
but with speech and gestures
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and all the natural human language that we're accustomed to.
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So we'll need something like C3PO
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to become a translator between ourselves
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and some of the other machines we live with.
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Now, there is a project that's underway
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called the interplanetary Internet.
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It's in operation between Earth and Mars.
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It's operating on the International Space Station.
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It's part of the spacecraft that's in orbit around the Sun
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that's rendezvoused with two planets.
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So the interplanetary system is on its way,
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but there's a last project,
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which the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency,
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which funded the original ARPANET,
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17:28
funded the Internet, funded the interplanetary architecture,
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is now funding a project to design a spacecraft
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17:34
to get to the nearest star in 100 years' time.
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17:39
What that means is that what we're learning
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17:41
with these interactions with other species
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will teach us, ultimately,
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how we might interact with an alien from another world.
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I can hardly wait.
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(Applause)
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June Cohen: So first of all, thank you,
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and I would like to acknowledge that four people
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who could talk to us for full four days
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actually managed to stay to four minutes each,
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and we thank you for that.
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I have so many questions,
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but maybe a few practical things that the audience might want to know.
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You're launching this idea here at TED — PG: Today.
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JC: Today. This is the first time you're talking about it.
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Tell me a little bit about where you're going to take the idea.
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What's next?
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PG: I think we want to engage as many people
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here as possible in helping us
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think of smart interfaces that will make all this possible.
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NG: And just mechanically,
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there's a 501(c)(3) and web infrastructure
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18:34
and all of that, but it's not quite ready to turn on,
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1999
18:36
so we'll roll that out, and contact us
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18:38
if you want the information on it.
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The idea is this will be -- much like the Internet functions
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18:43
as a network of networks,
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which is Vint's core contribution,
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this will be a wrapper around all of these initiatives,
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18:48
that are wonderful individually, to link them globally.
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JC: Right, and do you have a web address
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that we might look for yet?
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NG: Shortly. JC: Shortly. We will come back to you on that.
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And very quickly, just to clarify.
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Some people might have looked at the video that you showed
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and thought, well, that's just a webcam.
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What's special about it?
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If you could talk for just a moment
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about how you want to go past that?
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NG: So this is scalable video infrastructure,
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not for a few to a few but many to many,
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so that it scales to symmetrical video sharing
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and content sharing across these sites around the planet.
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So there's a lot of back-end signal processing,
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not for one to many, but for many to many.
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JC: Right, and then on a practical level,
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which technologies are you looking at first?
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I know you mentioned that a keyboard is a really key part of this.
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DR: We're trying to develop an interactive touch screen for dolphins.
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This is sort of a continuation of some of the earlier work,
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19:38
and we just got our first seed money today towards that,
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so it's our first project.
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JC: Before the talk, even. DR: Yeah.
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JC: Wow. Well done.
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All right, well thank you all so much for joining us.
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It's such a delight to have you on the stage.
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DR: Thank you. VC: Thank you.
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(Applause)
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About this website

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