Make robots smarter - Ayanna Howard

讓機器人變聰明 - 阿亞娜霍華德 (Ayanna Howard)

Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar

譯者: Jephian Lin 審譯者: Allen Li

So how many of you have a robot at home?

在座多少人家裡有機器人？

OK, I see about 20, 30 hands.

讓我看一下，大約二、三十人

That's actually pretty good.

這樣蠻好的

How many of you would want your own personal robot at home?

那有多少人希望

家裡有臺專屬於自己的機器人？

I know I would!

我知道我想要！

OK, so why doesn't this exist?

那為什麼這東西不存在？

Why can't I go to the convenience store or the department store and, you know,

為什麼我不能到便利商店

或百貨公司

go up to the cashier and say, "Yeah, I want my personal robot"?

跟櫃檯說：

「我想買一臺個人機器人」呢？

我想談談怎樣實現這個想法

Well, I'm going to talk to you about how to make that happen.

我們該做的 就是讓機器人變聰明

The thing that we need to do is to make robots smarter.

Now, no one will argue that we don't have robots.

現在，沒人認為世界上沒有機器人

我們在火星上有自動探測車

We have rovers that are going to Mars and are getting science data

蒐集科學資訊

and expanding our understanding of the world.

並拓展我們對火星的認知

We have manufacturing robots

我們有工業機器人

that are helping to build our cars that we drive today.

幫忙組裝我們每天開的車子

We even have robots that are helping our military,

我們甚至有軍用機器人

that are out disposing of bombs

可以拆解炸彈

so our soldiers can come home safely.

讓我們的士兵安全回家

So we have all this, so why don't we have the personal robot?

我們有各式各樣的機器人

那為什麼沒有個人機器人呢？

Why don't I have my robot chef? Because I can't cook.

為什麼沒有我的機器人廚師？

因為我不懂烹飪

(Laughter)

So, here's one of my robots, this is a simple walking robot,

這臺是我的機器人之一

是簡單、會走動的機器人

but it is by no means smart.

但一點都不聰明

And so, what we need to do is

因此我們該做的

we need to change the definition of what a robot is.

是改變對機器人的定義

How do we do that? Well, the first step,

我們該怎麼做？

嗯，第一步

before we even start designing and getting our hands dirty,

在我們著手設計並把手弄髒之前

we have to come up with rules, kind of the laws, rules of conduct.

我們要先處理規則

某種法則、

行為規範

為什麼要這麼做？

And why is this? Because if these robots are smart,

因為如果機器人變聰明了

能力可能會超出我們的預期

they might be capable of more than we want.

因此必須先提出這些規則

And so we have to come up with rules.

Thou, robot, shall not harm a human.

你，機器人，不能傷害人類

你要服從我，並且只服從我

Thou shall obey me, and only me.

Thou shall always protect me at all possible times.

你在任何時候，都要保護我

So we have to lay the boundaries, the rules of engagement,

我們必須先訂下界線、

互動的規範

才能著手設計

before we actually start designing.

And then we have to come up with tools.

接著我們要有方法

So I believe that the way to make robots smarter

我認為要讓機器人變聰明的方法

is to mimic people.

就是模仿人類

Now, our brains are complex, there's a lot going on in there,

但大腦很複雜

裡面有許多東西

不太可能把大腦打開

and so, it'd be hard to try to open up the brain

and actually figure out how to mimic humans.

然後思考怎麼模仿

The best way is to observe, is to actually watch people do things,

最好的方法是觀察

觀察人的行為

and figure out what are they doing, what are their thoughts,

然後思考他們在做什麼、

他們在想什麼、

what are their actions, what are their emotions?

他們採取什麼行動、

他們的情緒如何？

And so, part of making robots smarter is actually trying to mimic humans,

因此要讓機器人變聰明

部分要靠模仿人類

mimic how we do things,

模仿我們的行為

so maybe they can do it a little bit better.

這樣或許機器人可以變聰明一點

有些方法不太一樣

And so, some of the tools are varied.

And so, I'm classically trained as an electrical engineer.

我本科是電子工程系

I never thought I'd have to understand things like child psychology,

我從沒想過必須要了解

兒童心理學

infant development.

與幼兒發展

So, understanding that the way infants develop to children,

藉由了解幼兒如何發展成兒童

develop to adults, and how they learn and interact

再發展成大人

以及兒童如何學習和互動

is actually important for robotics.

對開發機器人是很重要的

I didn't understand that I'd actually have to watch

我之前並不知道，我必須去看

猴子互動和溝通的錄影帶

tapes of monkeys interacting and communicating,

because they have a whole social kind of mechanism

因為猴子有一整套社交機制

where they learn from each other,

讓牠們可以相互學習

and so that's really good to make robots smarter.

這可以幫機器人變聰明

And, of course, neuroscience,

當然還有神經科學

我一直都對神經科學很著迷

I've always been fascinated with neuroscience,

但我從沒想過我必須要了解

but I never understood that I had to figure out

神經元為什麼要發出脈衝

why do the neurons fire,

環境如何幫助我們學習

what about the environment helps us to learn,

and all of those really contribute to making robots a little bit smarter.

以及那些

真的會讓機器人變聰明的事物

And so, some of the things that I do -- and this is just a little snapshot --

因此，我做了一些事

這只是一些小影片

one of the things is mirroring.

其中一件事就是照鏡子

So they say our ability to look in a mirror and wave

有人說我們能看著鏡子揮手

and actually recognize that the person on the other side is us,

並認出鏡子裡的那個人

其實就是自己，這項能力…

that self-awareness,

也就是自我意識

是智力的一項指標

is a sign of intelligence,

and that allows us to then look at someone pitch a ball

這讓我們能看著某人丟球的樣子

想說：「我知道怎麼丟球了，

and figure out, "OK, I know how to pitch a ball,

I'm going to mirror their improvement."

我要模仿他們的優點。」

And so I actually have a robot

我真的有個機器人

where we are trying to design a robot health coach.

我們想設計成健康教練

And so, I have an exercise physiologist

找了運動生理學家來教導機器人

showing the robot how to do some exercises.

如何做運動

You know, we want to get strong.

因為我們想變強壯

另一件事就是學習

And then, the other thing is learning.

So, learning is important. We do this as children,

學習很重要

小孩會學習

成人會學習

we do this even as adults, we do this as elder.

老人也會學習

And yet, one form of learning is muscle memory.

學習的一種形式是肌肉記憶

So how many of you play an instrument?

你們有多少人有玩樂器？

OK, so when you start off, for example, if you think about the violin,

當你開始學的時候

比如說，你想學小提琴

你開始練習，而你的老師可能會

you start off and your instructor might actually come

調整一下你的手

and move your hand a little bit or maybe move your bow a little bit up.

或是把你的琴弓調高一點

老師會真的碰觸你

So they actually touch you in order to give you muscle memory.

好給你一些肌肉的記憶

這會幫助你了解

And that helps you understand how to do things a little better.

怎樣把事情做得更好

所以實際上我們有一套學習方法

And so we actually have a learning methodology

當然我們不是要去調整馬達

where of course, we're not going to take the motors and move the legs,

以及移動它的腳

我們要做的是輕拍它

and so we have to Nunchuk to give our robot muscle memory

給它肌肉記憶

in terms of how to do dance moves.

來學習舞步

And then, lastly, is creativity.

最後一樣，就是創造力

So, you might ask, "Robots? Creativity? I don't get this.

你可能會問：

「機器人？創造力？我不懂。

Why does the robot have to be creative? What about creativity makes them smarter?"

為什麼機器人要有創造力？

創造力怎樣讓機器人變聰明？」

Well, creativity and imagination,

嗯，創造力和想像力，

those are the things that allow us to create problems

能讓我們先創造出難題

再想出解決的方法

when we don't know how to attack it.

They allow us to make something out of nothing.

讓我們從無到有

這麼說吧，你看一下 App、

I mean, if you look at the apps that at out there and the tablets,

平板電腦、

還有 iPad、

and the iPads, and the iPhones, and the Androids --

iPhone、

以及 Android

20 years ago they didn't exist.

20 年前都不存在

So, how is it that we got from something where there was nothing and expanded?

那我們是如何

從無到有，並加以擴展？

It was our imagination. It was our creativity.

就是靠想像力、

就是靠創造力

And these are the things that allow us to figure out new things.

這兩者就是

讓我們發現新事物的要素

And so, I have a robot that is creative,

我有臺會創作的機器人

it plays piano, is a composer,

會彈鋼琴，還會作曲

and if you listen, it plays "Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star."

注意聽，它正在彈「小星星」

(Music)

全部總結起來

So, all of this together,

the last thing is interaction.

最後的事就是互動

So, you have a robot, you want it to be your playmate,

你有個機器人

你希望它成為你的玩伴、

your teacher, your instructor,

你的老師、

你的教練，

you want it to interact.

你希望它能互動

And isn't it so cute?

它很可愛對吧！

(Laughter)

So, interaction is key,

所以，互動就是關鍵，

it is key to understanding how to work in our world with us,

是理解如何在這世界

跟我們互動的關鍵

and so the interaction piece is very important.

所以互動這點非常重要

It deals with communication, it deals with understanding,

互動涉及溝通能力、

涉及理解能力、

it deals with gaze, it deals with attention.

涉及目光辨識、

也涉及注意力

所有這些合起來，就有了互動能力

All of these things together allow that interaction

能讓我們的機器人變聰明

and our robots to be smart.

And so these are just some of the tools

以上只是我們用來讓機器人

that we use in order to make robots smarter.

變聰明的一些方法

So, I want to leave you with one thought.

我要留給你們一些問題想想

So, I'm all for robots and smart robots.

我當然支持機器人和智慧型機器人

I mean, that's what I do,

我的意思是，這是我的工作

I'd be out of a job if I didn't believe in that.

我不相信就會丟了飯碗

然而，終點在哪裡？

But yet, where does it end?

How far do we push it?

我們可進展到什麼地步？

我們該把智慧型機器人

How far and how smart should we make our smart robots?

做到什麼程度？做得多聰明？

Thank you.

謝謝你們

(Applause)