Meet the tardigrade, the toughest animal on Earth - Thomas Boothby

Translator: Arofat Akhundjanova Reviewer: Nazarbek Nazarov

Without water, a human can only survive for about 100 hours.

Odam suvsiz 100 soatdan ortiq yashay olmaydi.

But there's a creature so resilient that it can go without it for decades.

Ammo tabiatda suvsiz o'n yillab jon saqlashga qodir jonzot mavjud.

This one millimeter animal can survive both the hottest

Atigi bir millimetr uzunlikdagi bu hayvon Yerning eng issiq va

and coldest environments on Earth,

eng sovuq hududlarida yashay oladi,

and can even withstand high levels of radiation.

hatto yuqori darajadagi nurlanishga ham dosh beradi.

This is the tardigrade,

Bu imildoq bo'lib,

and it's one of the toughest creatures on Earth,

sakkiz oyoqli marmeladli ayiqqa o'xshasa-da,

even if it does look more like a chubby, eight-legged gummy bear.

u yer yuzidagi eng kuchli mavjudotlardan biri hisoblanadi.

Most organisms need water to survive.

Aksariyat organizmlarning hayoti suvga bog'liq.

Water allows metabolism to occur,

Suv hujayralardagi barcha

which is the process that drives all the biochemical reactions

biokimyoviy reaksiyalarni yo'lga qo'yuvchi

that take place in cells.

metabolizm jarayoni uchun juda muhim.

But creatures like the tardigrade, also known as the water bear,

Biroq "suv ayig'i" laqabini olgan imildoq kabi mavjudotlar

get around this restriction with a process called anhydrobiosis,

bu cheklovni angidrobioz (yunoncha "suvsiz hayot")

from the Greek meaning life without water.

orqali yengib o'tadilar. Qanchalar g'ayrioddiy tuyulmasin,

And however extraordinary, tardigrades aren't alone.

imildoqlar suvsiz yashay oladigan yagona mavjudot emas.

Bacteria,

Bakteriyalar, arxaeya

single-celled organisms called archaea,

deb ataluvchi bir hujayrali organizmlar,

plants,

o'simliklar,

and even other animals can all survive drying up.

hatto ayrim jonzotlar ham butunlay qurib qolishiga qaramay, omon qolishlari mumkin.

For many tardigrades,

Aksariyat imildoqlar buning

this requires that they go through something called a tun state.

uchun "bochkacha holati" ga o'tishlari kerak bo'ladi.

They curl up into a ball,

Ular shar shaklida buralib,

pulling their head and eight legs inside their body

boshi hamda sakkiz oyog'ini ichkariga tortib oladilar va

and wait until water returns.

suv kelishini kutadilar.

It's thought that as water becomes scarce

Suv tanqis bo'lib, imildoqlar angidribioz

and tardigrades enter their tun state,

holatiga kirganida maxsus molekulalarni

they start synthesize special molecules,

sintez qila boshlaydi. Molekulalar hujayralarni to'ldirib,

which fill the tardigrade's cells to replace lost water

o'ziga xos matritsa hosil qilish orqali

by forming a matrix.

yo'qolgan suv o'rnini bosadi.

Components of the cells that are sensitive to dryness,

Hujayraning quruqlikka sezgir bo'lgan tarkibiy qismlari,

like DNA,

masalan, DNK,

proteins,

oqsillar

and membranes,

va membranalar

get trapped in this matrix.

ushbu matritsaga qamaladi.

It's thought that this keeps these molecules locked in position

Taxminlarga ko'ra, bu molekulalarni bir yerda to'plab, ularni

to stop them from unfolding,

yoyilib ketish,

breaking apart,

parchalanish yoki

or fusing together.

bir-biriga qo'shilib ketishdan saqlaydi.

Once the organism is rehydrated, the matrix dissolves,

Tana suv ta'minotini to'ldirgandan so'ng, matritsa ochilib,

leaving behind undamaged, functional cells.

zarar ko'rmagan, tirik hujayralarni bo'shatadi.

Beyond dryness, tardigrades can also tolerate other extreme stresses:

Qurg'oqchilikdan tashqari, imildoqlar boshqa to'siqlarni ham yenga oladi:

being frozen,

ularni muzlatish,

heated up past the boiling point of water,

suv qaynaydigan haroratda qizdirish, kuchli

high levels of radiation,

radiatsiya bilan nurlantirish

and even the vacuum of outer space.

va hatto kosmosdagi vakuumga joylashtirish mumkin.

This has led to some erroneous speculation

Bu xususiyat imildoq o'zga sayyoraga mansub

that tardigrades are extraterrestrial beings.

mavjudot, degan xato taxminlarning paydo bo'lishiga olib kelgan.

While that's fun to think about,

Bu fikr qiziq eshitilishi mumkin,

scientific evidence places their origin firmly on Earth

ammo fanda imildoqlar Yerda paydo bo'lib, asta-sekin rivojlanib

where they've evolved over time.

borganligi haqida dalillar mavjud.

In fact, this earthly evolution has given rise

Evolyutsiya jarayonida imildoqlarning 1100 dan ortiq turi

to over 1100 known species of tardigrades

paydo bo'ldi. Ularning bizga ma'lum bo'lmagan

and there are probably many others yet to be discovered.

yana ko'plab turlari bo'lsa ajab emas.

And because tardigrades are so hardy, they exist just about everywhere.

Imildoqlar juda chidamli bo'lgani uchun deyarli hamma yerda uchraydi.

They live on every continent, including Antarctica.

Ular barcha qit'ada, shu jumladan, Antarktidada ham hayot kechiradi.

And they're in diverse biomes including deserts,

Ularni turli xil ekotizimlarda, masalan, cho'llarda,

ice sheets,

muzliklarda,

the sea,

dengizda,

fresh water,

chuchuk suvda,

rainforests,

o'rmonlarda va

and the highest mountain peaks.

tog' cho'qqilarida uchratish mumkin.

But you can find tardigrades in the most ordinary places, too,

Imildoqlarni bog', park va o'rmonlarda uchrovchi mox va

like moss or lichen found in yards,

lishayniklar singari eng oddiy

parks,

joylardan ham

and forests.

topish mumkin.

All you need to find them is a little patience and a microscope.

Ularni topish uchun ozgina sabr va mikroskop kerak xolos.

Scientists are now to trying to find out whether tardigrades use the tun state,

Olimlar imildoqlar boshqa turdagi qiyin- chilikni yengish uchun "bochkacha holati"

their anti-drying technique,

– qurg'oqchilik bilan kurashish usulidan

to survive other stresses.

foydalanadimi degan savolni o'ylashmoqda.

If we can understand how they, and other creatures,

Agar bu kabi jonzotlar sezgir biomolekulalarini

stabilize their sensitive biological molecules,

qanday barqarorlashtirishini tushunsak, ehtimol bu bilimlardan

perhaps we could apply this knowledge to help us stabilize vaccines,

vaksinalarni barqarorlashtirish yoki iqlim isishiga chidamli o'simliklarni

or to develop stress-tolerant crops that can cope with Earth's changing climate.

yaratishda foydalanishimiz mumkin.

And by studying how tardigrades survive

Imildoqning kosmosdagi vakuumda qanday qilib uzoq

prolonged exposure to the vacuum of outer space,

vaqt yashab qolishini o'rganish orqali olimlar tirik organizmlar

scientists can generate clues about the environmental limits of life

uchun to'siq bo'luvchi tabiiy sharoitlar hamda kosmonavtlar xavfsizligini

and how to safeguard astronauts.

ta'minlash yo'llarini aniqlay oladilar.

In the process, tardigrades could even help us answer a critical question:

Imildoqlar hatto “Sharoiti Yerdagidan og'irroq bo'lgan sayyoralarda hayot

could life survive on planets much less hospitable than our own?

kechirish mumkinmi?” degan muhim savolga javob topishga yordam berishlari mumkin.