String theory and the hidden structures of the universe - Clifford Johnson

Teorija struna i skrivene strukture univerzuma: Kliford Džonson (Clifford Johnson)

Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar

Prevodilac: Jelena Jaranović Lektor: Tatjana Jevdjic

So I work on trying to understand

Pokušavam da razumem

how the universe works at the very basic level,

kako svemir funkcioniše na najosnovnijem nivou

the most basic level we can find.

koji možemo da pronađemo.

So, when you try in your everyday life

Kada pokušate da u svakodnevnom životu

to try and work out how something works,

otkrijete kako nešto funkcioniše,

what you're actually doing is you're looking for

vi u stvari tražite

what I call hidden structures.

ono što bih nazvao skrivenom strukturom.

For example, you take something like your cell phone,

Na primer, uzmite mobilni telefon,

your smart phone,

vaš pametni telefon,

it's a complicated object,

to je složen uređaj

and you might wonder how it works.

i možda se pitate kako radi?

Well, what you can do is go in

Pa, možete da ga rasklopite

and actually take it apart.

i stvarno zavirite unutra.

You'll void the warranty, but that's OK.

Poništićete garanciju, ali nema veze.

And you'll go in and what you'll find

Pogledaćete unutra i videćete

is that it's made of tiny little electronic components.

da je napravljen od minijaturnih elektronskih komponenti.

And those electronic components are actually moving around

Te elektronske komponente zapravo unaokolo pomeraju

a certain kind of particle that we know

određenu vrstu čestice

that's called the electron,

koju zovemo elektron.

and that's where the name "electronics" comes from.

Odatle potiče naziv "elektronika".

So if you know the actual rules

Dakle, ako znate odgovarajuća pravila

of how to put those things together,

o tome kako da sastavite elemente,

you can actually make your smart phone

možete napraviti svoj pametni telefon

or you could make various other electronic devices as well.

kao i dosta drugih elektronskih uređaja.

So, there are people like myself

Postoje ljudi poput mene,

who, actually for a living, try and do this sort of thing

koji zarađuju za život radeći upravo ovakve stvari.

not just for, say, a cell phone or its components,

I ne bavimo se samo telefonima ili njegovim delovima

but asking what, say, your hand is made of,

već se pitamo, recimo, od čega je napravljena vaša ruka

or the chair you're sitting in,

ili stolica na kojoj sedite

or the planet Earth,

ili planeta Zemlja,

the sun,

Sunce,

the stars,

the entire universe.

zvezde,

ceo univerzum.

And so, using various kinds of instruments

Koristeći razne instrumente,

and observations

zapažanja

and experiments,

i eksperimente,

we've been able to probe deeper and deeper over the years,

uspeli smo da ispitujemo sve dublje i dublje tokom godina.

and we now know that the matter that we're made of

Sada znamo da je materija od koje smo stvoreni

and that we see around us

i koju vidimo oko nas

is actually made of tiny little elementary particles.

zapravo sastavljena od minijaturnih elementarnih čestica.

And elementary particles interact with each other

Ove elementarne čestice međusobno deluju

via the forces of nature,

pomoću prirodnih sila.

but we've also discovered

Ali, otkrili smo

that those forces of nature themselves actually operate

i da ove prirodne sile funkcionišu tako

by exchanging elementary particles as well.

što ujedno razmenjuju osnovne čestice.

They're actually particles of force that are exchanged

Čestice materije bivaju razmenjene

by the particles of matter.

česticama sile.

And you may have heard this year

Možda ste čuli ove godine

that there was big news,

za važne vesti,

a major announcement in this story,

veliko postignuće u ovom polju:

the Large Hadron Collider, the LHC,

Veliki hadronski kolajder –

a huge experiment in Europe,

ogroman eksperiment u Evropi,

has actually uncovered a Higgs boson,

koji je pronašao Higsov bozon,

and that particle's job is to interact

a zadatak ove čestice je da uzajamno deluje

with the various elementary particles

sa različitim drugim česticama

and give them the masses that we observe.

i da im preda mase koje smo posmatrali.

So, this exciting picture is analogous

Dakle, ova izuzetna slika je analogna

to the one I showed you for the cell phone.

onoj sa mobilnim telefonom.

We have the components

Imamo komponente

and we have the rules of particle theory,

i imamo pravila tzv.

as it's called,

teorije čestica,

by which these all operate

po kojoj sve ovo funkcioniše

and give rise to the various things.

i koja dovodi do različitih stvari.

Now, we actually think that we've only just

Zapravo, mislimo da smo tek zagrebali

scratched the surface of finding this quantum world,

površinu pronalaska kvantnog sveta –

the hidden structure of our world.

skrivenu strukturu našeg sveta.

Let me give you three examples

Navešću vam tri primera

of the puzzles we're still working on.

problema na kojima još uvek radimo.

So, what I did is I gathered the particles up

Ovde sam grupisao čestice

into the patterns that they tend to form,

u šablone koje one obično formiraju,

but we don't know where those patterns come from.

ali, mi ne znamo odakle potiču ovi šabloni.

We know how to describe the particles,

Znamo kako da opišemo čestice,

but we don't know where the patterns come from.

ali ne znamo poreklo šablona.

When you see patterns in science,

Kada u nauci primetite šablon,

you look for a hidden structure,

tražite skrivenu strukturu.

so that's one of the things.

To je jedna stvar.

Also, we now know that there's a huge amount

Dalje, još znamo da postoji

more matter out there

ogromna količina materije

than just the things that I was just talking about.

pored stvari koje sam upravo pominjao.

That stuff is called dark matter.

To zovemo "tamna materija".

We don't know what it is,

Ne znamo šta je to

and we'd like to be able to get it

i voleli bismo da možemo da je nađemo,

and experiment with it and figure out what it is.

eksperimentišemo i utvrdimo šta je.

And then, the other thing I'd like to talk about

Još jedna stvar koju bih želeo da pomenem

is the fact that the force of gravity,

je činjenica da sila gravitacije,

perhaps the most familiar force we know,

nama možda najpoznatija,

when you get down to the quantum level,

kada se svede na kvantni nivo,

it actually doesn't operate

zapravo ne funkcioniše

according to those rules of particle theory.

po principima teorije čestica.

So, given that gravity is actually about the shape

Pod pretpostavkom da je gravitacija povezana sa oblikom

of space and time as Einstein taught us,

prostora i vremena kao što kaže Anjštajn,

we, in working out what the quantum story of gravity is,

otkrivajući kvantnu stranu gravitacije

which we call quantum gravity,

koju zovemo kvantnom gravitacijom,

we hope to get to groups of questions like,

nadamo se da ćemo doći do pitanja poput:

are there particles of space and time itself

postoje li čestice prostora i vremena

and how do they fit together?

i kako se one međusobno slažu?

What are the rules?

Koja pravila važe?

So, this leads us to things

Ovo nas je odvelo do toga

like studying where it all began,

da proučavamo sam početak,

13.7 billion years ago,

pre 13,7 milijardi godina.

the Big Bang.

Veliki prasak.

We know matter and energy

Znamo da su materija i energija

as we understand it was created,

prema našem razumevanju, stvorene

but also, space and time itself.

isto kao i prostor i vreme.

So those are the sorts of things

I to su pitanja kojima se bavimo

we study in this quest.

u ovom istraživanju.

Also, we have things that are around us today,

Takođe, oko nas postoje stvari

such as black holes,

poput crnih rupa,

which are very important clues.

koje predstavljaju važne indicije.

They're actually holes in space

One predstavljaju rupe u prostoru

that we'd like to understand.

koje bismo voleli da razumemo.

Also, the newly discovered dark energy,

Takođe, skoro otkrivena tamna energija,

which is the tendency of space

koja predstavlja težnju prostora

all through the universe to accelerate its expansion.

da ubrza svoje širenje kroz ceo univerzum.

So scientists are working on these kinds of things,

Naučnici rade na ovakvim pitanjima

trying to understand what we think is now the case

i pokušavaju da utvrde

that there's not just hidden structures

da ne postoje samo skrivene strukture

of matter and energy,

materije i energije

but also space and time.

već i prostora i vremena.

So the question is, what are the rules?

Postavlja se pitanje: koja su pravila?

And there are many approaches to this,

Postoji mnogo pristupa ovome,

and one of them is one you may have heard of,

o jednom ste možda već čuli,

called string theory.

zove se Teorija struna.

And so it is one of many approaches

Ona predstavlja jedan od mnogih pristupa

and we don't know if it's right yet,

i još uvek ne znamo da li je tačna,

we're not finished developing the theory,

jer još uvek radimo na njoj,

but it's given us some really exciting, tantalizing hints.

ali nam je do sada dala neke uzbudljive i iznenađujuće nagoveštaje.

I'd like to tell you about a few of them.

Upoznaću vas sa nekima od njih.

So, one of them is simply that you take away

Jedan kaže da zaboravite ideju

the idea of looking for a tiny quantum particle,

po kojoj tražite sitne kvantne čestice

you look instead for an extended object,

i umesto toga potražite jedan izdužen objekat,

a string, which can vibrate.

strunu koja može da vibrira.

And it actually gives you some exciting opportunities

Ovo vam daje uzbudljive mogućnosti

because, for example, it would say

jer, na primer, to bi značilo da,

if we've missed that hidden structure

da nam je promakla ta skrivena struktura

by not looking closely enough,

jer nismo pažljivo gledali,

we wouldn't realize that many different kinds of particles

ne bismo shvatili da su mnoge različite vrste čestica

are just different vibrations of the same string,

zapravo samo različita vibracija iste strune.

which is a really exciting possibility

Ovo je zaista uzbudljiva mogućnost

and a huge simplification.

i ogromno pojednostavljenje.

So that's one of the ideas.

Dakle, to je jedna od ideja.

The other thing that's really exciting about string theory

Druga zanimljiva stvar u teoriji struna je

is that one of those particles it describes

da je jedna od čestica koju opisuje

is actually the missing quantum of gravity

zapravo nedostajući kvantum gravitacije

that we have been trying to understand.

koji pokušavamo da razumemo.

And then the other thing is that strings actually,

Dodatno, strune umesto da se kreću

instead of one wanting just to move in the dimensions,

unutar dimenzija koje su nam poznate,

the three space dimensions that we are familiar with,

u tri prostorne dimenzije,

actually seem to want to move in higher dimensions.

zapravo pokušavaju da se kreću u višim dimenzijama.

So we have this idea, then,

Ovo nas navodi na pitanje

what would it mean for our world,

šta bi to moglo da znači za naš svet

if this were anything to do with our world,

i da li ima ikakvog uticaja,

and we don't know that yet?

ali ga mi još uvek ne uviđamo?

Here's a way that our world would arise from that.

Evo jednog načina kako bi to moglo da utiče.

You would have our world,

Imali bismo naš svet,

and then one of the hidden structures

ali bi neka od skrivenih struktura

would be hidden chunks in space time

bila skrivena u delovima prostor-vremena

that are not visible, those extra dimensions.

koji nisu vidljivi, u tim dodatnim dimenzijama.

And then the various particles that we see in the world

I razne čestice koje primećujemo oko nas

would come from being vibrations of strings

bi mogle da budu posledica vibriranja struna.

and those patterns we saw that we can't explain

I šabloni koje vidimo, a ne možemo da ih objasnimo,

come from the fact that the strings can probe

nastaju zato što struna može da istraži

and feel the shape of those internal dimensions.

i oseti oblik tih unutrašnjih dimenzija.

So, one of the things, then, is

Mađutim, pitanje je

can we actually test this?

možemo li mi ovo da dokažemo?

This is a lovely idea, but how do we confront this

Ovo je prelepa ideja, ali kako da je suočimo

with real experiments and observations

sa pravim eksperimentima i posmatranjima

because we're doing science here?

jer, na kraju, ipak se bavimo naukom?

And that's the hard thing.

I to je nezgodan deo.

We think that the energy you need

Smatramo da potrebna energija

to probe the tiny-enough scales

za ispitivanje dovoljno malih veličina

to see the strings if they're there,

koje bi omogućile vidljivost struna,

is more than we can hope to get any time soon.

još dugo neće biti dostupna.

But what we can do is we can look

Ali ono što možemo je da posmatramo

for the consequences of those hidden structures,

posledice ovih skrivenih struktura.

we can look for how those things show up in physics

Možemo posmatrati kako se one odražavaju

that we can get access to.

u fizici kojoj imamo pristup.

So, that's why we study things like

Zbog toga proučavamo stvari poput

dark matter,

tamne materije,

black holes,

crnih rupa,

dark energy,

and we also look at remnants of the early universe,

tamne energije,

a takođe posmatramo i ostatke ranog univerzuma,

the cosmic microwave background that satellites.

kosmičku mikrotalasnu pozadinu satelita.

And, importantly, we look for clues

Još važnije, tragamo za znacima

from the various kinds of particle physics experiments,

iz različitih eksperimenata mikro fizike,

like the LHC.

poput Hadronskog kolajdera.

So, one last thing, then,

I poslednje što ću reći

is a new thing that's been going on.

je nešto prilično aktuelno.

String theory may turn out to be useful

Teorija struna se može pokazati korisnom

in other areas of physics.

u ostalim poljima fizike.

There are new kinds of experiments

Sprovode se nove vrste istraživanja

that start out, say, with our friend the electron,

sa našim prijateljem, elektronom,

and actually show that in certain circumstances,

koja pokazuju da, pod određenim okolnostima,

the electrons interact in a way

elektroni vrše interakciju na način

that give you completely new,

koji donosi potpuno novu,

weird kinds of behavior.

čudnu vrstu ponašanja.

And there are models that show

Postoje i modeli koji pokazuju

that string theory's actually the best way.

da je teorija struna zapravo najbolje objašnjenje.

In some circumstances,

U nekim okolnostima,

using the rules of string theory,

koristeći pravila teorije struna,

you can actually explain that sort of behavior.

možete objasniti to čudno ponašanje elektrona.

So this gives us an exciting possibility,

Ovo donosi zaista uzbudljive mogućnosti

there's real experiments you can do

jer postoje pravi eksperimenti koje možete raditi

with these electrons

sa elektronima

that will help us shape the rules

koji će nam pomoći da oblikujemo pravila

for what string theory is.

za ono što predstavlja teorija struna.

And you might go,

I možete reći:

"Well, OK, that's going to give us

"Ok, to će nam možda dati

maybe some fancy new kind of electronics

neke nove i zanimljive vrste elektronike

that we can make a better cell phone with."

od kojih ćemo praviti bolje mobilne telefone."

But, what I'm saying that those rules

Ali, ja govorim da ta pravila

may actually be the same rules we're looking for

mogu zapravo biti ista pravila koja tražimo

to see if string theory can help us

da bismo videli može li nam teorija struna pomoći

with these bigger questions.

sa onim većim problemima.

So, at the end of the day,

Na kraju, može se ispostaviti

the hidden structures of the universe we're looking for,

da su nam skrivene strukture univerzuma koje tražimo,

may, one day, be right under our noses.

sve vreme bile pred očima.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.