String theory and the hidden structures of the universe - Clifford Johnson

128,657 views ใƒป 2013-04-22

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
So I work on trying to understand
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
00:16
how the universe works at the very basic level,
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืจืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช,
00:20
the most basic level we can find.
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ื”ืจืžื” ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื.
00:22
So, when you try in your everyday life
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ืื–, ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื
00:24
to try and work out how something works,
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžืฉื”ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“,
00:26
what you're actually doing is you're looking for
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื‘ืขืฆื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืœื—ืคืฉ
00:28
what I call hidden structures.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื• ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื.
00:30
For example, you take something like your cell phone,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ืฉืœื›ื,
00:32
your smart phone,
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ื”ืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื,
00:33
it's a complicated object,
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ื–ื” ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘,
00:34
and you might wonder how it works.
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ื•ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ื”ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“.
00:36
Well, what you can do is go in
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื›ื ืก
00:38
and actually take it apart.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืคืจืง ืื•ืชื•.
00:40
You'll void the warranty, but that's OK.
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ืืชื ืชืคืจื• ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
00:42
And you'll go in and what you'll find
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ื•ืืชื ืชื›ื ืกื• ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืชืžืฆืื•
00:43
is that it's made of tiny little electronic components.
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื.
00:47
And those electronic components are actually moving around
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ื•ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื–ื™ื–ื™ื
00:49
a certain kind of particle that we know
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
00:51
that's called the electron,
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ืฉื ืงืจื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ,
00:52
and that's where the name "electronics" comes from.
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ื•ืžืฉื ื‘ืื” ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”.
00:54
So if you know the actual rules
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื
00:56
of how to put those things together,
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ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื,
00:57
you can actually make your smart phone
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฉืœื›ื
01:00
or you could make various other electronic devices as well.
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ืื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:03
So, there are people like myself
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ืื–, ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™
01:05
who, actually for a living, try and do this sort of thing
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืžื—ื™ื™ืชื, ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”
01:09
not just for, say, a cell phone or its components,
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ืœื ืจืง, ื ื’ื™ื“, ืœืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืื• ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
01:12
but asking what, say, your hand is made of,
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ืืœื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืžืžื”, ื ื’ื™ื“, ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื›ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื”,
01:15
or the chair you're sitting in,
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ืื• ื”ื›ืกื ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•,
01:17
or the planet Earth,
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ืื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
01:18
the sun,
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ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
01:19
the stars,
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01:19
the entire universe.
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ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื›ื•ืœื•.
01:21
And so, using various kinds of instruments
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ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
01:24
and observations
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ื•ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช
01:25
and experiments,
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ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื,
01:27
we've been able to probe deeper and deeper over the years,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื’ืฉืฉ ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื,
01:30
and we now know that the matter that we're made of
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืžื ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื
01:33
and that we see around us
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•
01:34
is actually made of tiny little elementary particles.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื.
01:39
And elementary particles interact with each other
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ื•ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™
01:41
via the forces of nature,
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ื“ืจืš ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
01:43
but we've also discovered
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•
01:44
that those forces of nature themselves actually operate
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ืฉื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื
01:47
by exchanging elementary particles as well.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœืคื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื.
01:50
They're actually particles of force that are exchanged
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ืฉืžื•ื—ืœืคื™ื
01:52
by the particles of matter.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ.
01:53
And you may have heard this year
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ื•ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืขืชื ื”ืฉื ื”
01:55
that there was big news,
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
01:56
a major announcement in this story,
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ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
01:58
the Large Hadron Collider, the LHC,
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ืžืจืกืง ื”ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื” LHC,
02:01
a huge experiment in Europe,
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืขื ืง ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
02:03
has actually uncovered a Higgs boson,
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ื’ื™ืœื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื‘ื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืก,
02:06
and that particle's job is to interact
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ื•ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ
02:08
with the various elementary particles
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ืขื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
02:10
and give them the masses that we observe.
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ื•ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”.
02:13
So, this exciting picture is analogous
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ืื–, ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืจื’ืฉืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
02:15
to the one I showed you for the cell phone.
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ืœื–ื• ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™.
02:17
We have the components
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ืœืงื™ื
02:19
and we have the rules of particle theory,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื,
02:21
as it's called,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื–ื” ื ืงืจื,
02:22
by which these all operate
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ืขืœ ืคื™ื” ื›ื•ืœื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื
02:23
and give rise to the various things.
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ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืงื™ื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
02:25
Now, we actually think that we've only just
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืจืง
02:27
scratched the surface of finding this quantum world,
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ื’ืจื“ื ื• ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™,
02:30
the hidden structure of our world.
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
02:32
Let me give you three examples
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ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช
02:34
of the puzzles we're still working on.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืคืื–ืœื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื.
02:36
So, what I did is I gathered the particles up
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ืื–, ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื–ื” ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื
02:38
into the patterns that they tend to form,
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ืœืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ,
02:40
but we don't know where those patterns come from.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืื™ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
02:43
We know how to describe the particles,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื,
02:44
but we don't know where the patterns come from.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช.
02:46
When you see patterns in science,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืข,
02:47
you look for a hidden structure,
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ืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™,
02:48
so that's one of the things.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
02:50
Also, we now know that there's a huge amount
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”
02:53
more matter out there
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ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
02:55
than just the things that I was just talking about.
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ืžืžื” ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื•.
02:57
That stuff is called dark matter.
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ.
02:59
We don't know what it is,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื–ื”,
03:00
and we'd like to be able to get it
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื•ืชื•
03:02
and experiment with it and figure out what it is.
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ื•ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืื™ืชื• ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื”ื•ื.
03:05
And then, the other thing I'd like to talk about
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ื•ืื–, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื•
03:07
is the fact that the force of gravity,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”,
03:09
perhaps the most familiar force we know,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื•,
03:11
when you get down to the quantum level,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืจืžื” ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช,
03:13
it actually doesn't operate
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ืคื•ืขืœ
03:15
according to those rules of particle theory.
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ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื.
03:17
So, given that gravity is actually about the shape
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ืื–, ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœืฆื•ืจื”
03:20
of space and time as Einstein taught us,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฉืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื•,
03:23
we, in working out what the quantum story of gravity is,
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ืื ื—ื ื•, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžื”ื• ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช,
03:26
which we call quantum gravity,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื” ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช,
03:28
we hope to get to groups of questions like,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืฉืืœื•ืช ื›ืžื•,
03:29
are there particles of space and time itself
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœ ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืขืฆืžื•
03:32
and how do they fit together?
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“?
03:33
What are the rules?
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ืžื”ื ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื?
03:34
So, this leads us to things
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ืื–, ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื
03:35
like studying where it all began,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœ,
03:37
13.7 billion years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ 13,7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื,
03:39
the Big Bang.
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ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
03:40
We know matter and energy
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
03:42
as we understand it was created,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื ื•ืฆืจื•,
03:44
but also, space and time itself.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื”ื—ืœืœ ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขืฆืžื•.
03:46
So those are the sorts of things
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ืื– ืืœื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
03:47
we study in this quest.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืข ื”ื–ื”.
03:49
Also, we have things that are around us today,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื,
03:52
such as black holes,
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ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื,
03:54
which are very important clues.
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ืฉื”ื ืจืžื–ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
03:55
They're actually holes in space
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ
03:57
that we'd like to understand.
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ.
03:58
Also, the newly discovered dark energy,
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ื•ื’ื, ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืฉื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
04:01
which is the tendency of space
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ืฉื–ื• ื”ื ื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ
04:03
all through the universe to accelerate its expansion.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
04:06
So scientists are working on these kinds of things,
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ืื– ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”,
04:08
trying to understand what we think is now the case
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ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ื•ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
04:11
that there's not just hidden structures
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ืจืง ืžื‘ื ื” ื—ื‘ื•ื™
04:13
of matter and energy,
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ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
04:14
but also space and time.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœ ื•ื–ืžืŸ.
04:16
So the question is, what are the rules?
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ืžื” ื”ื ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื?
04:19
And there are many approaches to this,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื–ื”,
04:20
and one of them is one you may have heard of,
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ื•ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœื™ื”,
04:22
called string theory.
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื.
04:23
And so it is one of many approaches
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ืื– ื–ื• ืื—ืช ืžื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช
04:25
and we don't know if it's right yet,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
04:27
we're not finished developing the theory,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืกื™ื™ืžื ื• ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”,
04:29
but it's given us some really exciting, tantalizing hints.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื ืชื ื” ืœื ื• ืจืžื–ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืคืชื™ืขื™ื.
04:31
I'd like to tell you about a few of them.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื.
04:33
So, one of them is simply that you take away
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ืื–, ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื
04:36
the idea of looking for a tiny quantum particle,
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ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื,
04:39
you look instead for an extended object,
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ืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื•ืจื—ื‘,
04:41
a string, which can vibrate.
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ืžื™ืชืจ, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจื˜ื•ื˜.
04:43
And it actually gives you some exciting opportunities
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช
04:45
because, for example, it would say
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ืžืคื ื™, ืฉืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื–ื” ื™ื’ื™ื“
04:48
if we've missed that hidden structure
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ืฉืื ืคื™ืกืคืกื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™
04:49
by not looking closely enough,
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืงืจื•ื‘,
04:51
we wouldn't realize that many different kinds of particles
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ืœื ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
04:54
are just different vibrations of the same string,
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ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืจื˜ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืชืจ,
04:57
which is a really exciting possibility
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ืฉื–ื• ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืžืจื’ืฉืช
04:59
and a huge simplification.
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ื•ื”ืคืฉื˜ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
05:01
So that's one of the ideas.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
05:03
The other thing that's really exciting about string theory
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืžืžืฉ ืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืชืจื™ื
05:05
is that one of those particles it describes
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืืจืช
05:08
is actually the missing quantum of gravity
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื•ื ื”ื—ืกืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”
05:11
that we have been trying to understand.
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ืฉื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ.
05:13
And then the other thing is that strings actually,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”,
05:16
instead of one wanting just to move in the dimensions,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื–ื•ื– ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื,
05:18
the three space dimensions that we are familiar with,
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ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ื•,
05:21
actually seem to want to move in higher dimensions.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื–ื•ื– ืœืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:24
So we have this idea, then,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืื–,
05:27
what would it mean for our world,
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ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ื’ื™ื“ ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•,
05:29
if this were anything to do with our world,
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ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื–ื” ื ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•,
05:31
and we don't know that yet?
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ?
05:32
Here's a way that our world would arise from that.
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ื”ื ื” ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฆื ืžื–ื”.
05:34
You would have our world,
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•,
05:36
and then one of the hidden structures
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ื•ืื– ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื
05:38
would be hidden chunks in space time
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœ ื•ื–ืžืŸ
05:40
that are not visible, those extra dimensions.
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ืฉื”ื ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืจืื™ื, ื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
05:44
And then the various particles that we see in the world
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ื•ืื– ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
05:46
would come from being vibrations of strings
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ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืชืจื™ื
05:49
and those patterns we saw that we can't explain
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ื•ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ
05:52
come from the fact that the strings can probe
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ื‘ืื•ืช ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ
05:54
and feel the shape of those internal dimensions.
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ื•ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
05:57
So, one of the things, then, is
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ืื–, ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืื–, ื”ื•ื
05:59
can we actually test this?
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื”?
06:00
This is a lovely idea, but how do we confront this
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ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ืคืœื, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืžืชื™ื ืื•ืชื•
06:02
with real experiments and observations
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ืขื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช
06:04
because we're doing science here?
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžื“ืข ืคื”?
06:06
And that's the hard thing.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืฉื”.
06:07
We think that the energy you need
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš
06:09
to probe the tiny-enough scales
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง
06:12
to see the strings if they're there,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืื ื”ื ืฉื,
06:14
is more than we can hope to get any time soon.
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘.
06:17
But what we can do is we can look
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื—ืคืฉ
06:18
for the consequences of those hidden structures,
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ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
06:21
we can look for how those things show up in physics
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืกื™ืงื”
06:24
that we can get access to.
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ืฉืื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืฉืช ืืœื™ื”ื.
06:26
So, that's why we study things like
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ืื–, ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื•
06:27
dark matter,
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ,
06:28
black holes,
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ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื,
06:29
dark energy,
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06:29
and we also look at remnants of the early universe,
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืคืœื”,
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื,
06:33
the cosmic microwave background that satellites.
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ืงืจื™ื ืช ื”ืจืงืข ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช.
06:36
And, importantly, we look for clues
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืจืžื–ื™ื
06:39
from the various kinds of particle physics experiments,
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ืžื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ืกื™ืงืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
06:41
like the LHC.
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ื›ืžื• ื” LHC.
06:42
So, one last thing, then,
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ืื–, ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
06:44
is a new thing that's been going on.
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืงื•ืจื”.
06:46
String theory may turn out to be useful
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ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืชืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ืขื™ืœื”
06:48
in other areas of physics.
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืกื™ืงื”.
06:49
There are new kinds of experiments
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ื™ืฉ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
06:51
that start out, say, with our friend the electron,
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ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื, ื ื’ื™ื“, ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื ื• ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ,
06:54
and actually show that in certain circumstances,
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ื•ืžืจืื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื,
06:58
the electrons interact in a way
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ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš
06:59
that give you completely new,
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ืฉื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื›ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช
07:01
weird kinds of behavior.
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ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื•ื–ืจื”.
07:02
And there are models that show
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืžืจืื™ื
07:04
that string theory's actually the best way.
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ืฉืชื™ืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:07
In some circumstances,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื,
07:09
using the rules of string theory,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื,
07:10
you can actually explain that sort of behavior.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.
07:13
So this gives us an exciting possibility,
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ืื– ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžืจื’ืฉืช,
07:14
there's real experiments you can do
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ื™ืฉ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
07:16
with these electrons
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ืขื ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
07:17
that will help us shape the rules
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ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื ื• ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื
07:19
for what string theory is.
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ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื.
07:20
And you might go,
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ื•ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื’ื™ื“ื•,
07:21
"Well, OK, that's going to give us
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"ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื–ื” ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื•
07:22
maybe some fancy new kind of electronics
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ืื•ืœื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื ื—ืžื“ื”
07:24
that we can make a better cell phone with."
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ืชื”."
07:26
But, what I'm saying that those rules
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ืื‘ืœ, ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”
07:28
may actually be the same rules we're looking for
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืื•ืชื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื
07:30
to see if string theory can help us
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื•
07:31
with these bigger questions.
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ืขื ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืœื”.
07:33
So, at the end of the day,
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ืื–, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื,
07:35
the hidden structures of the universe we're looking for,
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื,
07:37
may, one day, be right under our noses.
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ืื•ืœื™, ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืคื ื•.
07:40
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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