String theory and the hidden structures of the universe - Clifford Johnson

128,532 views ใƒป 2013-04-22

TED-Ed


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
0
0
7000
็ฟป่จณ: Hiroshi Uchiyama ๆ กๆญฃ: Tomoyuki Suzuki
00:15
So I work on trying to understand
1
15086
1893
ใ„ใพ็งใŒๅ–ใ‚Š็ต„ใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ
00:16
how the universe works at the very basic level,
2
16979
3568
ๅฎ‡ๅฎ™ใฎไป•็ต„ใฟใ‚’ๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใชใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซ โ€• ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใŒๆŽขๆŸปใ—ใ†ใ‚‹ๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใชใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใง
00:20
the most basic level we can find.
3
20547
1833
็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™
00:22
So, when you try in your everyday life
4
22380
2422
ๆ—ฅๅธธ็”ŸๆดปใซใŠใ„ใฆ
00:24
to try and work out how something works,
5
24802
2114
็‰ฉไบ‹ใฎไป•็ต„ใฟใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ๆ™‚
00:26
what you're actually doing is you're looking for
6
26916
1489
ๅฎŸใฎใจใ“ใ‚ ็งใŸใกใฏ
00:28
what I call hidden structures.
7
28405
1973
ใ€Œ้š ใ‚ŒใŸๆง‹้€ ใ€ใ‚’ ๆŽขใใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
00:30
For example, you take something like your cell phone,
8
30378
2104
ไพ‹ใˆใฐๆบๅธฏ้›ป่ฉฑโ€• ใ‚นใƒžใƒผใƒˆใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒณใ‚’
00:32
your smart phone,
9
32482
906
ไพ‹ใซใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
00:33
it's a complicated object,
10
33388
1556
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใจใฆใ‚‚่ค‡้›‘ใช็‰ฉใชใฎใง
00:34
and you might wonder how it works.
11
34944
1750
ๅ‹•ไฝœใฎไป•็ต„ใฟใŒ ๆฐ—ใซใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
00:36
Well, what you can do is go in
12
36694
1943
ใƒ•ใ‚ฟใ‚’้–‹ใ‘ใฆใฟใฆ
00:38
and actually take it apart.
13
38637
1393
ๅˆ†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
00:40
You'll void the warranty, but that's OK.
14
40030
2251
ไฟ่จผใฏ็„กๅŠนใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒ ใพใ‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
00:42
And you'll go in and what you'll find
15
42281
978
ใใ—ใฆๅ†…้ƒจใ‚’่ชฟในใ‚‹ใจ
00:43
is that it's made of tiny little electronic components.
16
43259
3817
ใจใฆใ‚‚ๅฐใ•ใช้›ปๅญ้ƒจๅ“ใง ใงใใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™
00:47
And those electronic components are actually moving around
17
47076
2440
้›ปๅญ้ƒจๅ“ใฎไธญใงใฏ
00:49
a certain kind of particle that we know
18
49516
1609
ใ‚ใ‚‹็จฎใฎ็ฒ’ๅญใงใ‚ใ‚‹
00:51
that's called the electron,
19
51125
1801
้›ปๅญใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใŒๅ‹•ใๅ›žใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
00:52
and that's where the name "electronics" comes from.
20
52926
2053
้›ปๅญใฏใ€Œ้›ปๅญๅทฅๅญฆใ€ใฎ่ชžๆบใจใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
00:54
So if you know the actual rules
21
54979
1254
้›ปๅญ้ƒจๅ“ใ‚’็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใ‚‹ไธŠใงใฎๅŽŸๅ‰‡ใ‚’ ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚Œใฐ
00:56
of how to put those things together,
22
56233
1401
00:57
you can actually make your smart phone
23
57634
2377
ใ‚นใƒžใƒผใƒˆใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒณใ‚’้–‹็™บใ—ใŸใ‚Š
01:00
or you could make various other electronic devices as well.
24
60011
3907
ใใฎไป–ใฎ้›ปๅญๆฉŸๅ™จใ ใฃใฆ ไฝœใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
01:03
So, there are people like myself
25
63918
1929
็งใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช่ทๆฅญใง
01:05
who, actually for a living, try and do this sort of thing
26
65847
3381
็”Ÿ่จˆใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใŸใกใฏ
01:09
not just for, say, a cell phone or its components,
27
69228
3340
ๆบๅธฏ้›ป่ฉฑใ‚„ ใใฎ้ƒจๅ“ใจใ„ใฃใŸใ‚‚ใฎใฎ ไป•็ต„ใฟใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใชใ
01:12
but asking what, say, your hand is made of,
28
72568
3033
ใ“ใฎๆ‰‹ใŒไฝ•ใงใงใใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹
01:15
or the chair you're sitting in,
29
75601
1734
ใพใŸ ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใŒๅบงใ‚ใ‚‹ๆค…ๅญใ‚„
01:17
or the planet Earth,
30
77335
1313
ๅœฐ็ƒใ€ๅคช้™ฝใ€ๆ˜Ÿใ€ๅฎ‡ๅฎ™ๅ…จไฝ“ใŒ ไฝ•ใงใงใใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใจใ„ใ†็–‘ๅ•ใ‚’ๅ•ใ„ใ‹ใ‘ใฆใ„ใพใ™
01:18
the sun,
31
78648
663
01:19
the stars,
32
79311
546
01:19
the entire universe.
33
79857
1707
ๅœฐ็ƒใ€ๅคช้™ฝใ€ๆ˜Ÿใ€ๅฎ‡ๅฎ™ๅ…จไฝ“ใŒ ไฝ•ใงใงใใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใจใ„ใ†็–‘ๅ•ใ‚’ๅ•ใ„ใ‹ใ‘ใฆใ„ใพใ™
01:21
And so, using various kinds of instruments
34
81564
3144
ใ„ใ‚ใ„ใ‚ใชๆฉŸๅ™จใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆ
01:24
and observations
35
84708
1167
่ฆณๆธฌใ—ใ€ๅฎŸ้จ“ใ—
01:25
and experiments,
36
85875
1155
01:27
we've been able to probe deeper and deeper over the years,
37
87030
3627
ไฝ•ๅนดใ‚‚ใฎๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’็ตŒใฆ ๅพนๅบ•็š„ใซ ๆŽ˜ใ‚Šไธ‹ใ’ใฆใ„ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Š
01:30
and we now know that the matter that we're made of
38
90657
2762
็งใŸใกใฎไฝ“ใ‚’ไฝœใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚„
01:33
and that we see around us
39
93419
1124
ๅ‘จใ‚Šใซ็›ฎใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใฏ
01:34
is actually made of tiny little elementary particles.
40
94543
4460
ใจใฆใ‚‚ๅฐใ•ใช็ด ็ฒ’ๅญใ‹ใ‚‰ ใงใใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๅˆ†ใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใงใ™
01:39
And elementary particles interact with each other
41
99003
2649
็ด ็ฒ’ๅญใฏ่‡ช็„ถใฎๅŠ›ใ‚’ไป‹ใ—ใฆ
01:41
via the forces of nature,
42
101652
1766
ไบ’ใ„ใซๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ๅŠใผใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ ็™บ่ฆ‹ใ—ใŸใ ใ‘ใงใชใ
01:43
but we've also discovered
43
103418
893
01:44
that those forces of nature themselves actually operate
44
104311
3597
ๆ›ดใซใฏ ใใ†ใ„ใฃใŸ่‡ช็„ถใฎๅŠ›่‡ช่บซใ‚‚
01:47
by exchanging elementary particles as well.
45
107908
2151
็ด ็ฒ’ๅญใฎไบคๆ›ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š็”Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใฎใ ใจ ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
01:50
They're actually particles of force that are exchanged
46
110059
2369
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅฎŸใฏๅŠ›ใฎ็ฒ’ๅญใง ็‰ฉ่ณช็ฒ’ๅญใฎ้–“ใง
01:52
by the particles of matter.
47
112428
1544
ไบคๆ›ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
01:53
And you may have heard this year
48
113972
1536
ไปŠๅนด ่€ณใซใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒ
01:55
that there was big news,
49
115508
1309
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่ฉฑใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ ้‡ๅคงใช็™บ่กจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
01:56
a major announcement in this story,
50
116817
2067
01:58
the Large Hadron Collider, the LHC,
51
118884
2509
ๅคงๅž‹ใƒใƒ‰ใƒญใƒณ่ก็ชๅž‹ๅŠ ้€Ÿๅ™จLHCใจใ„ใ†
02:01
a huge experiment in Europe,
52
121393
2093
ใƒจใƒผใƒญใƒƒใƒ‘ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ ๅทจๅคงใชๅฎŸ้จ“่ฃ…็ฝฎใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š
02:03
has actually uncovered a Higgs boson,
53
123486
3312
ใƒ’ใƒƒใ‚ฐใ‚น็ฒ’ๅญใฎๅญ˜ๅœจใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚Œ
02:06
and that particle's job is to interact
54
126798
1688
ใ“ใฎ็ด ็ฒ’ๅญใฎๅƒใใจใฏ
02:08
with the various elementary particles
55
128486
2159
ๆง˜ใ€…ใช็จฎ้กžใฎ็ด ็ฒ’ๅญใจไฝœ็”จใ—
02:10
and give them the masses that we observe.
56
130645
2479
่ฆณๆธฌใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹็ฒ’ๅญใฎ่ณช้‡ใ‚’ ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ ใจๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
02:13
So, this exciting picture is analogous
57
133124
2767
ๅฟƒใ‚’่ธŠใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใฎ็”ปๅƒใฏ
ๆบๅธฏ้›ป่ฉฑใซใคใ„ใฆใฎ่ชฌๆ˜Žใง ใŠ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ—ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใจไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™
02:15
to the one I showed you for the cell phone.
58
135891
1870
02:17
We have the components
59
137761
1262
ๆง‹ๆˆใ™ใ‚‹็‰ฉ่ณชใจ
02:19
and we have the rules of particle theory,
60
139023
2437
็ด ็ฒ’ๅญ็†่ซ–ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹ ไธ€้€ฃใฎๆณ•ๅ‰‡ใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
02:21
as it's called,
61
141460
779
02:22
by which these all operate
62
142239
1368
ใใ‚Œใซๅพ“ใฃใฆไฝœ็”จใ—ใฆ
02:23
and give rise to the various things.
63
143607
1700
ๆง˜ใ€…ใชใ“ใจใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใพใ™
02:25
Now, we actually think that we've only just
64
145307
2172
ไปŠใฎใจใ“ใ‚ ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏ
02:27
scratched the surface of finding this quantum world,
65
147479
2954
ใ“ใฎไธ–็•Œใฎ้š ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๆง‹้€ ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ้‡ๅญใฎไธ–็•Œใฎใปใ‚“ใฎไธ€้ƒจใ‚’
02:30
the hidden structure of our world.
66
150433
2479
็†่งฃใ—ใŸใซใ™ใŽใพใ›ใ‚“
02:32
Let me give you three examples
67
152912
1126
็งใŸใกใŒไปŠใ‚‚่งฃๆ˜Žใซๅ–ใ‚Š็ต„ใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹้›ฃ้กŒใ‹ใ‚‰ ๏ผ“ใคใ‚’ไพ‹ใซๆŒ™ใ’ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
02:34
of the puzzles we're still working on.
68
154038
2821
02:36
So, what I did is I gathered the particles up
69
156859
1936
ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ ็ด ็ฒ’ๅญใ‚’ๅ…จ้ƒจ้›†ใ‚ใฆ
02:38
into the patterns that they tend to form,
70
158795
2189
ใใ“ใซ็”Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใƒ‘ใ‚ฟใƒผใƒณใซๅพ“ใฃใฆ ๆ•ด็†ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
02:40
but we don't know where those patterns come from.
71
160984
2163
ใƒ‘ใ‚ฟใƒผใƒณใŒๅฝขๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ ๅŽŸ็†ใฏๅˆ†ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
02:43
We know how to describe the particles,
72
163147
1262
็ด ็ฒ’ๅญใฎๆ€ง่ณชใŒๅˆ†ใ‹ใฃใฆใ‚‚
02:44
but we don't know where the patterns come from.
73
164409
1664
ใƒ‘ใ‚ฟใƒผใƒณใฎๅฝขๆˆ็†็”ฑใฏ ไธๆ˜Žใงใ™
02:46
When you see patterns in science,
74
166073
1253
็ง‘ๅญฆใซใŠใ„ใฆใƒ‘ใ‚ฟใƒผใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏ ้š ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๆง‹้€ ใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ใ ใ™ใ“ใจใชใฎใงใ™
02:47
you look for a hidden structure,
75
167326
1581
02:48
so that's one of the things.
76
168907
1495
ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ๏ผ‘ใค็›ฎใฎไพ‹ใงใ™
02:50
Also, we now know that there's a huge amount
77
170402
3152
ใฏใ‚‹ใ‹ๅฝผๆ–นใซใฏ ไปŠใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ—ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใจใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚‹็‰ฉ่ณชใŒ
02:53
more matter out there
78
173554
1553
ๅคง้‡ใซๅญ˜ๅœจใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ ๅˆ†ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
02:55
than just the things that I was just talking about.
79
175107
2554
02:57
That stuff is called dark matter.
80
177661
1804
ๆš—้ป’็‰ฉ่ณชใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
02:59
We don't know what it is,
81
179465
1336
ใใ‚ŒใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใฏๅˆ†ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ
03:00
and we'd like to be able to get it
82
180801
1515
่ฆณๆธฌใ—ใฆ
03:02
and experiment with it and figure out what it is.
83
182316
2837
ๅฎŸ้จ“ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š ใใ‚ŒใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ ็ชใๆญขใ‚ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
03:05
And then, the other thing I'd like to talk about
84
185153
2350
ใใ—ใฆ ใ‚‚ใ†๏ผ‘ใคใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ—ใŸใ„ใ“ใจใฏ
03:07
is the fact that the force of gravity,
85
187503
1877
ใŠใใ‚‰ใ็งใŸใกใซใจใฃใฆ ๆœ€ใ‚‚่บซ่ฟ‘ใชๅŠ›ใงใ‚ใ‚‹
03:09
perhaps the most familiar force we know,
86
189380
2296
้‡ๅŠ›ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ไบ‹ๅฎŸใงใ™
03:11
when you get down to the quantum level,
87
191676
1903
้‡ๅญใฎใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใง่€ƒๅฏŸใ™ใ‚‹ใจ
03:13
it actually doesn't operate
88
193579
1853
ๅฎŸใฏ็ด ็ฒ’ๅญ็†่ซ–ใจใฏ ็Ÿ›็›พใ—ใฆใ—ใพใ†ใฎใงใ™
03:15
according to those rules of particle theory.
89
195432
2326
03:17
So, given that gravity is actually about the shape
90
197758
2733
ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒณใ‚ทใƒฅใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒณใŒ็คบใ—ใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซ ้‡ๅŠ›ใŒๆ™‚็ฉบใ‚’ๅฝขไฝœใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใจ
03:20
of space and time as Einstein taught us,
91
200491
2627
03:23
we, in working out what the quantum story of gravity is,
92
203118
3504
้‡ๅญ้‡ๅŠ›็†่ซ–ใจใ„ใ† ้‡ๅŠ›ใฎ้‡ๅญ่ซ–็š„ใช่งฃ้‡ˆใ‚’
03:26
which we call quantum gravity,
93
206622
1660
็ ”็ฉถใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใง
03:28
we hope to get to groups of questions like,
94
208282
1671
ไธ€้€ฃใฎ็–‘ๅ•ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ ็ญ”ใˆใ‚’ๅพ—ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆœŸๅพ…ใ—ใพใ™
03:29
are there particles of space and time itself
95
209953
2450
ไพ‹ใˆใฐ ๆ™‚็ฉบ่‡ชไฝ“ใฎ็ด ็ฒ’ๅญใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹๏ผŸ
03:32
and how do they fit together?
96
212403
1175
็†่ซ–ใŒใฉใ†ๆ•ดๅˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:33
What are the rules?
97
213578
1045
ใใฎๆณ•ๅ‰‡ใฏ๏ผŸ
03:34
So, this leads us to things
98
214623
1044
ใ“ใฎๅ•้กŒใฎ่งฃๆ˜Žใฏ ๅฎ‡ๅฎ™ใฎๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ ็ ”็ฉถใชใฉใธใจๆˆ‘ใ€…ใ‚’ๅฐŽใใพใ™
03:35
like studying where it all began,
99
215667
1876
03:37
13.7 billion years ago,
100
217543
2074
137ๅ„„ๅนดๅ‰ใฎ
03:39
the Big Bang.
101
219617
1073
ใƒ“ใƒƒใ‚ฐใƒใƒณใฎใ“ใจใงใ™
03:40
We know matter and energy
102
220690
2169
็‰ฉ่ณชใจใ‚จใƒใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใŒ
03:42
as we understand it was created,
103
222859
1563
็”Ÿๆˆใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ ใ‘ใงใฏใชใ
03:44
but also, space and time itself.
104
224422
1986
ๆ™‚็ฉบใ‚‚ไฝœใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใฎใ ใจๅˆ†ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
03:46
So those are the sorts of things
105
226408
1107
็†่ซ–ใฎๆŽขๆฑ‚ใซใŠใ„ใฆ
03:47
we study in this quest.
106
227515
1711
ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏใใ†ใ„ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ ็ ”็ฉถใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
03:49
Also, we have things that are around us today,
107
229226
3678
ใ“ใ‚“ใซใก่‰ฏใ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎ
03:52
such as black holes,
108
232904
1368
ไพ‹ใˆใฐใƒ–ใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ฏใƒ›ใƒผใƒซใชใฉใฏ
03:54
which are very important clues.
109
234272
1469
ใจใฆใ‚‚้‡่ฆใชใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
03:55
They're actually holes in space
110
235741
1367
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฎ‡ๅฎ™ใซใ‚ใ‚‹็ฉดใฎใ“ใจใง
03:57
that we'd like to understand.
111
237108
1625
ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใŒ็†่งฃใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจ ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
03:58
Also, the newly discovered dark energy,
112
238733
2906
ใพใŸ ๆœ€่ฟ‘็™บ่ฆ‹ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๆš—้ป’ใ‚จใƒใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใฏ
04:01
which is the tendency of space
113
241639
1729
ๅฎ‡ๅฎ™ใฎ่†จๅผตใŒ
04:03
all through the universe to accelerate its expansion.
114
243368
2935
ๅŠ ้€Ÿใ—็ถšใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ† ๅ‚พๅ‘ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
04:06
So scientists are working on these kinds of things,
115
246303
2219
็ง‘ๅญฆ่€…ใฏใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ“ใจใ‚’็ ”็ฉถใ—
04:08
trying to understand what we think is now the case
116
248522
3053
่€ƒๅฏŸใ—ใŸ็†่ซ–ใŒ ๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
04:11
that there's not just hidden structures
117
251575
1809
ใใ‚Œใฏ ็‰ฉ่ณชใจใ‚จใƒใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใซ้™ใ‚‰ใš
04:13
of matter and energy,
118
253384
1346
ๆ™‚็ฉบใซใ‚‚้š ใ‚ŒใŸๆง‹้€ ใŒ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
04:14
but also space and time.
119
254730
1792
04:16
So the question is, what are the rules?
120
256522
2610
ใงใฏ ใใฎๆณ•ๅ‰‡ใฏ ใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ
04:19
And there are many approaches to this,
121
259132
1412
ๆฒขๅฑฑใฎใ‚ขใƒ—ใƒญใƒผใƒใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒ
04:20
and one of them is one you may have heard of,
122
260544
2040
ใใฎ๏ผ‘ใคใฏ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใŒ ่€ณใซใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„
04:22
called string theory.
123
262584
1160
ใฒใ‚‚็†่ซ–ใงใ™
04:23
And so it is one of many approaches
124
263744
1908
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆ•ฐใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ขใƒ—ใƒญใƒผใƒใฎ๏ผ‘ใคใงใ‚ใ‚Š
04:25
and we don't know if it's right yet,
125
265652
1671
ๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ๆœชใ ๅˆ†ใ‹ใฃใฆใŠใ‚‰ใš
04:27
we're not finished developing the theory,
126
267323
1753
็†่ซ–ใฏๅฎŒๆˆใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ
04:29
but it's given us some really exciting, tantalizing hints.
127
269076
2893
ใจใฆใ‚‚้ญ…ๅŠ›็š„ใง่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ ไธŽใˆใฆใใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ
04:31
I'd like to tell you about a few of them.
128
271969
1941
ใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆๅฐ‘ใ—ใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
04:33
So, one of them is simply that you take away
129
273910
2901
ใใฎ๏ผ‘ใคใฏ ใจใฆใ‚‚ๅฐใ•ใช ้‡ๅญ่ซ–ใฎ็ฒ’ๅญใ‚’
04:36
the idea of looking for a tiny quantum particle,
130
276811
2592
ๆŽขใ—ๆฑ‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†่€ƒใˆใ‚’ไธ€ๅบฆๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใฆ
04:39
you look instead for an extended object,
131
279403
1783
ๆŒฏๅ‹•ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€Œใฒใ‚‚ใ€ใจใ„ใ† ๆ‹กๅผตใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ็ฒ’ๅญใ‚’่€ƒใˆใพใ™
04:41
a string, which can vibrate.
132
281186
2139
04:43
And it actually gives you some exciting opportunities
133
283325
2460
ใ“ใฎ่€ƒใˆใฏใจใฆใ‚‚่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ๆฉŸไผšใ‚’ ไธŽใˆใฆใใ‚Œใพใ™
04:45
because, for example, it would say
134
285785
2490
ใŸใจใˆใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ“ใ†ใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
04:48
if we've missed that hidden structure
135
288275
1579
ๆณจๆ„ๆทฑใ่ฉณ็ดฐใช่ฆณๅฏŸใŒไธๅๅˆ†ใง
04:49
by not looking closely enough,
136
289854
2001
้š ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๆง‹้€ ใ‚’่ฆ‹้€ƒใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใชใ‚‰
04:51
we wouldn't realize that many different kinds of particles
137
291855
3032
ๅคšใใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹็จฎ้กžใฎ็ด ็ฒ’ๅญใ‚‚ ๏ผ‘็จฎ้กžใฎใฒใ‚‚ใŒ
04:54
are just different vibrations of the same string,
138
294887
2567
็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆŒฏๅ‹•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใจใฏ ๆฐ—ใฅใ‹ใชใ„ใ“ใจใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
04:57
which is a really exciting possibility
139
297454
2452
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใจใฆใ‚‚่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใงใ‚ใ‚Š
04:59
and a huge simplification.
140
299906
1711
ๅŒๆ™‚ใซๅคงใ„ใชใ‚‹ๅ˜็ด”ๅŒ–ใชใฎใงใ™
05:01
So that's one of the ideas.
141
301617
1699
ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใฎ๏ผ‘ใคใงใ™
05:03
The other thing that's really exciting about string theory
142
303316
2605
ใฒใ‚‚็†่ซ–ใซ้–ขใ— ๅฎŸใซ่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ ใ‚‚ใ†๏ผ‘ใคใฎ็‚นใฏ
05:05
is that one of those particles it describes
143
305921
2378
็†่ซ–ใง่จ˜่ฟฐใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹็ด ็ฒ’ๅญใฎ๏ผ‘ใคใŒ
05:08
is actually the missing quantum of gravity
144
308299
3288
ๅฎŸใฏ ็†่งฃใ—ใ‚ˆใ†่ฉฆใฟใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใฎ ่งฃๆ˜ŽใŒใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„โ€•
05:11
that we have been trying to understand.
145
311587
2066
้‡ๅŠ›ใฎ้‡ๅญใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™
05:13
And then the other thing is that strings actually,
146
313653
2786
ไป–ใฎ่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„็‚นใฏ
05:16
instead of one wanting just to move in the dimensions,
147
316439
2437
ใฒใ‚‚ใฏ ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฎ่‰ฏใ็Ÿฅใ‚‹ ๏ผ“ๆฌกๅ…ƒ็ฉบ้–“ใฎไธญใซ็•™ใพใ‚‰ใš
05:18
the three space dimensions that we are familiar with,
148
318876
2647
05:21
actually seem to want to move in higher dimensions.
149
321523
3089
ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ซ˜ใ„ๆฌกๅ…ƒใฎๆ™‚็ฉบใ‚’ ๅ‹•ใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
05:24
So we have this idea, then,
150
324612
2485
ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๅพ—ใพใ—ใŸใŒ
05:27
what would it mean for our world,
151
327097
2010
ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฎไธ–็•Œใ‚’่กจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ—ใŸใ‚‰
05:29
if this were anything to do with our world,
152
329107
2149
ใใ‚Œใฏใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใชใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
05:31
and we don't know that yet?
153
331256
1033
ใใ‚Œใฏๆœช่งฃๆฑบใงใ™ใŒ
05:32
Here's a way that our world would arise from that.
154
332289
2590
๏ผˆ๏ผ“ๆฌกๅ…ƒใฎ๏ผ‰ไธ–็•Œใ‚’็™ปๅ ดใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ ๏ผ‘ใคใฎ่€ƒใˆๆ–นใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
05:34
You would have our world,
155
334879
1382
ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฎไธ–็•Œใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆ
05:36
and then one of the hidden structures
156
336261
1757
ใใ“ใซ้š ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๆง‹้€ ใฎ๏ผ‘ใคใŒ
05:38
would be hidden chunks in space time
157
338018
2632
ๆ™‚็ฉบใซใฒใใ‚€ๆฌกๅ…ƒใงใฏ ใชใ„ใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
05:40
that are not visible, those extra dimensions.
158
340650
4135
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฎๅ‡บๆฅใชใ„ ไฝ™ๅ‰ฐๆฌกๅ…ƒใงใ™
05:44
And then the various particles that we see in the world
159
344785
2132
ใ“ใฎไธ–็•Œใงๆˆ‘ใ€…ใŒ่ฆณๆธฌใ™ใ‚‹ ๆง˜ใ€…ใช็ด ็ฒ’ๅญใฏ
05:46
would come from being vibrations of strings
160
346917
2385
ใฒใ‚‚ใฎๆŒฏๅ‹•ใ‹ใ‚‰็พใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚Š
05:49
and those patterns we saw that we can't explain
161
349302
3221
่ฆณๆธฌใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‚ใฎใฎ่ชฌๆ˜Žใฎใคใ„ใฆใ„ใชใ„ ็ด ็ฒ’ๅญใฎใƒ‘ใ‚ฟใƒผใƒณใฏ
05:52
come from the fact that the strings can probe
162
352523
2154
ใฒใ‚‚ใŒ้š ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๆฌกๅ…ƒใฎๆ–นๅ‘ใซๆŒฏๅ‹•ใ—
05:54
and feel the shape of those internal dimensions.
163
354677
2935
ไฝœ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซ่ตทๅ› ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ ใจ ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™
05:57
So, one of the things, then, is
164
357612
1427
ใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช็†่ซ–ใฎ๏ผ‘ใคใ‚’ ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ
05:59
can we actually test this?
165
359039
1224
ๆคœ่จผใงใใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
06:00
This is a lovely idea, but how do we confront this
166
360263
2343
็ด ๆ•ตใช่€ƒใˆๆ–นใงใ™ใŒ ใ“ใฎ๏ผˆ๏ผ“ๆฌกๅ…ƒใฎ๏ผ‰ไธ–็•Œใฎ็ง‘ๅญฆใง
06:02
with real experiments and observations
167
362606
1817
ๅฎŸ้จ“ใ‚„่ฆณๆธฌใ‚’่กŒใ†ใฎใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰
06:04
because we're doing science here?
168
364423
1711
ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ้›ฃ้กŒใซ ๅ–ใ‚Š็ต„ใ‚€ในใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
06:06
And that's the hard thing.
169
366134
1842
ๅฎŸใซ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใชใฎใงใ™
06:07
We think that the energy you need
170
367976
2018
ใฒใ‚‚ใŒๅญ˜ๅœจใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ—ใฆ
06:09
to probe the tiny-enough scales
171
369994
2242
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆณๆธฌใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎ ๆฅตใ‚ใฆๅฐใ•ใชใ‚นใ‚ฑใƒผใƒซใฎ
06:12
to see the strings if they're there,
172
372236
1837
ๆŽขๆŸปใซๅฟ…่ฆใชใ‚จใƒใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใฎ่ฆๆจกใฏ
06:14
is more than we can hope to get any time soon.
173
374073
3380
ใ™ใใซๅˆฉ็”จใงใใใ†ใชใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใ‚’ ่ถ…ใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™
06:17
But what we can do is we can look
174
377453
1516
็งใŸใกใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ
06:18
for the consequences of those hidden structures,
175
378969
2569
้š ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๆง‹้€ ใฎ็ตๆžœใจใ—ใฆ ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ไบ‹่ฑกใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ๅ‡บใ™ใ“ใจใง
06:21
we can look for how those things show up in physics
176
381538
2998
่ฆณๆธฌๅฏ่ƒฝใช็‰ฉ็†็พ่ฑกใจใ—ใฆใฎ ็พใ‚Œๆ–นใ‚’
06:24
that we can get access to.
177
384536
1621
ๆŽขๆฑ‚ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™
06:26
So, that's why we study things like
178
386157
1300
ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ“ใ็งใŸใกใฏ
06:27
dark matter,
179
387457
897
ๆš—้ป’็‰ฉ่ณชใ€ใƒ–ใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ฏใƒ›ใƒผใƒซ ๆš—้ป’ใ‚จใƒใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใชใฉใ‚’่ฆณๆธฌใ—
06:28
black holes,
180
388354
682
06:29
dark energy,
181
389036
780
06:29
and we also look at remnants of the early universe,
182
389816
4096
ๆš—้ป’็‰ฉ่ณชใ€ใƒ–ใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ฏใƒ›ใƒผใƒซ ๆš—้ป’ใ‚จใƒใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใชใฉใ‚’่ฆณๆธฌใ—
ๅˆๆœŸใฎๅฎ‡ๅฎ™ใซๆ”พใŸใ‚ŒใŸๅๆฎ‹ใงใ‚ใ‚‹
06:33
the cosmic microwave background that satellites.
183
393912
2389
ๅฎ‡ๅฎ™ใƒžใ‚คใ‚ฏใƒญๆณข่ƒŒๆ™ฏๆ”พๅฐ„ใ‚’ ่ฆณๆธฌใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
06:36
And, importantly, we look for clues
184
396301
2802
ใพใŸ ้‡่ฆใชใ“ใจใงใ™ใŒ
06:39
from the various kinds of particle physics experiments,
185
399103
2481
LHCใชใฉ ๆง˜ใ€…ใช็ด ็ฒ’ๅญ็‰ฉ็†ๅญฆใฎ ๅฎŸ้จ“่ฃ…็ฝฎใ‹ใ‚‰ๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
06:41
like the LHC.
186
401584
1114
ๆ‰‹ใŒใ‹ใ‚Šใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ๆฑ‚ใ‚ใพใ™
06:42
So, one last thing, then,
187
402698
1544
ๆœ€ๅพŒใซ
06:44
is a new thing that's been going on.
188
404242
2535
็พๅœจ้€ฒ่กŒไธญใฎๆ–ฐใ—ใ„็ ”็ฉถใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™
06:46
String theory may turn out to be useful
189
406777
1582
ใฒใ‚‚็†่ซ–ใŒ็‰ฉ็†ๅญฆใฎไป–ใฎๅˆ†้‡Žใงใ‚‚
06:48
in other areas of physics.
190
408359
1453
ๆœ‰็”จใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
06:49
There are new kinds of experiments
191
409812
1222
ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„็จฎ้กžใฎๅฎŸ้จ“ใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
06:51
that start out, say, with our friend the electron,
192
411034
3507
ใŠใชใ˜ใฟใฎ้›ปๅญใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆ ๅฎŸ้จ“ใ‚’้–‹ๅง‹ใ—ใพใ™ใŒ
06:54
and actually show that in certain circumstances,
193
414541
3476
ใ‚ใ‚‹็‰นๅฎšใฎๆกไปถไธ‹ใซใŠใ„ใฆใฏ
06:58
the electrons interact in a way
194
418017
1766
้›ปๅญใฎไฝœ็”จใŒๅ…จใๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ ๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใชไป•ๆ–นใงๆŒฏ่ˆžใ†ใ“ใจใŒ
06:59
that give you completely new,
195
419783
1652
07:01
weird kinds of behavior.
196
421435
1520
็คบใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
07:02
And there are models that show
197
422955
1365
ใใ—ใฆใใฎ่ชฌๆ˜Žใซ
07:04
that string theory's actually the best way.
198
424320
3359
ใฒใ‚‚็†่ซ–ใŒๆœ€้ฉใ ใจใ„ใ† ใƒขใƒ‡ใƒซใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
07:07
In some circumstances,
199
427679
1522
ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๆกไปถไธ‹ใงใฏ
07:09
using the rules of string theory,
200
429201
1567
ใฒใ‚‚็†่ซ–ใ‚’้ฉ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจ
07:10
you can actually explain that sort of behavior.
201
430768
2291
ไปŠใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ—ใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆŒฏใ‚‹่ˆžใ„ใŒ ่ชฌๆ˜Žใงใใพใ™
07:13
So this gives us an exciting possibility,
202
433059
1623
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฟƒ่บใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใ‚’้–‹ใใพใ™
07:14
there's real experiments you can do
203
434682
1845
ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ้›ปๅญใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆ ่กŒใˆใ‚‹ๅฎŸ้จ“ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ
07:16
with these electrons
204
436527
770
07:17
that will help us shape the rules
205
437297
1892
ใฒใ‚‚็†่ซ–ใฎๆณ•ๅ‰‡ใ‚’ ๅฎšใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
07:19
for what string theory is.
206
439189
1400
07:20
And you might go,
207
440589
470
ใ“ใ†่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
07:21
"Well, OK, that's going to give us
208
441059
1610
ใ€Œใใ†ใ‹ ใฒใ‚‚็†่ซ–ใŒ ้ขจๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Šใช้›ปๅญๅทฅๅญฆใ‚’่ช•็”Ÿใ•ใ›
07:22
maybe some fancy new kind of electronics
209
442669
2267
07:24
that we can make a better cell phone with."
210
444936
1863
ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅ„ชใ‚ŒใŸๆบๅธฏ้›ป่ฉฑใ‚’ ไฝœใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€
07:26
But, what I'm saying that those rules
211
446799
1643
็œŸใซใŠไผใˆใ—ใŸใ„ใฎใฏ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆณ•ๅ‰‡ใŒ
07:28
may actually be the same rules we're looking for
212
448442
2114
ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคงใใช่ฌŽใ‚’่งฃใๆ˜Žใ‹ใ™ใŸใ‚ใซ ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใŒๆŽขใ—ๆฑ‚ใ‚ใฆใใŸๆณ•ๅ‰‡ใจ
07:30
to see if string theory can help us
213
450556
1371
07:31
with these bigger questions.
214
451927
1771
ๅŒไธ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
07:33
So, at the end of the day,
215
453698
1508
่ฆใ™ใ‚‹ใซ
07:35
the hidden structures of the universe we're looking for,
216
455206
2564
็งใŸใกใŒๆŽขใ—ๆฑ‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ ๅฎ‡ๅฎ™ใฎ้š ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๆง‹้€ ใŒ
07:37
may, one day, be right under our noses.
217
457770
2721
ใ™ใใซใงใ‚‚่งฃๆ˜Žใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
07:40
Thank you.
218
460491
1548
ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7