Nature's fortress: How cacti keep water in and predators out - Lucas C. Majure

585,134 views ใƒป 2021-11-18

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sienna Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:06
If you were a jackrabbit hopping through the desert,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์„ ๊นก์ถฉ๊นก์ถฉ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ํ† ๋ผ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
00:09
youโ€™d be glad to stumbleโ€” well, maybe not stumbleโ€”
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์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ์„ ์ธ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:13
across a cactus: the succulent flesh of these plants is a water source
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์„ ์ธ์žฅ์€ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์œก์งˆ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์›์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
for many desert animals.
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00:19
Native to the Americas and known for their spines and succulent stems,
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์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์ด ์›์‚ฐ์ง€์ธ ์„ ์ธ์žฅ์€ ๊ฐ€์‹œ์™€ ๋‹ค์œก ์ค„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ง•์ด๋ฉฐ
00:24
cacti of all shapes and sizes have evolved to not just survive, but thrive,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ˜น๋…ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰ ๊ธฐํ›„์—์„œ ์ƒ์กดํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฒˆ์„ฑํ•˜๋„๋ก
00:29
in some of the harshest desert climates on Earth.
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ชจ์–‘๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
So how do they do it?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:35
A cactusโ€™s spines are one key to its survivalโ€”
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์„ ์ธ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์กด ๋น„๊ฒฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
but not for the reason you might think.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
Take a look at the prickly pear.
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๊ฐ€์‹œ์„ ์ธ์žฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
00:42
Its spines are highly modified leaves.
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๊ฐ€์‹œ๋Š” ์žŽ์ด ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
A normal leafโ€™s large surface area would be ill-suited to the desert,
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์žŽ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด ๋„“์œผ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋ง‰ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
transpiring massive amounts of water under the baking sun.
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ํƒ€๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•œ ํ–‡๋ณ• ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ์ฆ์‚ฐ ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
00:54
The dramatically reduced surface area of the spines limits water loss.
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์ˆ˜๋ถ„์ด ์ฆ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ง‰์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋„“์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
They also shade the cactus and reflect the sunโ€™s rays,
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๊ฐ€์‹œ๋„ ์—ญ์‹œ ํƒœ์–‘ ๊ด‘์„ ์„ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํ•ด ํ–‡๋น›์„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
01:03
reducing the plant's core temperature during the heat of the day.
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ํ•œ๋‚ฎ์˜ ๋”์œ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์„ ์ธ์žฅ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚ฎ์ถฅ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
Then, at night, when air temperatures plummet,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์˜จ์ด ๊ธ‰๋ฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐค์ด๋ฉด
01:09
the spines act as an insulating layer,
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๊ฐ€์‹œ๋Š” ๋‹จ์—ด์ธต ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ
01:12
keeping the cactus from cooling down too much.
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์„ ์ธ์žฅ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์›Œ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
These functions are just as important, if not more,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋“ค์€ ํฌ์‹์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒํผ
01:19
than defending against predators.
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ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ ์ƒ์กด์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
From Cuba to Mexico, and as far south as Brazil and Peru,
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์ฟ ๋ฐ”์—์„œ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ € ๋‚จ์ชฝ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ๊ณผ ํŽ˜๋ฃจ๊นŒ์ง€
01:25
Melon cacti grow on limestone soils in seasonally dry tropical forests,
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๋ฉœ๋กœ์นตํˆฌ์Šค๋Š” ์šฐ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฑด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ์—ด๋Œ€ ์ง€๋Œ€์˜ ์„ํšŒ์•” ํ† ์–‘์—์„œ ์ž๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:31
where they're constantly exposed to the beating sun.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์€ ์ž‘์—ดํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘์ด ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ์ฌก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
They rely on another adaptation common to cacti: a thick skin,
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๋ณดํ†ต ์„ ์ธ์žฅ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฉœ๋กœ์นตํˆฌ์Šค๋„ ๋‘๊บผ์šด ๊ป์งˆ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์ƒ์กดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
which is coated in a waxy substance called a cuticle that limits water loss.
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์™์Šค ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ธ ํํ‹ฐํด๋กœ ์ฝ”ํŒ…ํ•ด์„œ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์ด ์ฆ๋ฐœํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
Meanwhile, the stomataโ€”
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ํ•œํŽธ ๊ธฐ๊ณต์€
01:46
tiny holes that allow the exchange of gases that enable photosynthesisโ€”
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๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ธ๋ฐ
01:51
remain firmly closed until night when they open.
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๊ตณ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ซํ˜€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ฐค์ด ๋˜๋ฉด ์—ด๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
The lower temperatures at night mean the cactus loses less water
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๋ฐค์—๋Š” ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์„œ ๊ธฐ๊ณต์„ ์—ด์–ด๋„
01:59
from the stem when the stomata open.
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์ค„๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์ฆ๋ฐœํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
The bulk of the plant acts as a large barrel of water,
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์ด ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ์ค„๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋ฌผํ†ต ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ด์„œ
02:05
storing it for times of need.
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ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด ๋ฌผ์„ ์ €์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
But to survive the desert, a cactus canโ€™t just limit water lossโ€”
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ฆ๋ฐœ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
it has to be prepared to take full advantage
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๋ฌผ์„ ์ €์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”์น˜ ์•Š์€ ๋‚ ์ด ์˜ค๋ฉด
02:14
of the rare situations where water is readily available.
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์ด๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ค€๋น„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
In North Americaโ€™s Sonoran Desert,
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๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์†Œ๋…ธ๋ž€ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์—
02:20
the towering Saguaro cactus can grow up to 20 meters tall
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์šฐ๋š ์†Ÿ์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์™€๋กœ ์„ ์ธ์žฅ์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 20m๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž๋ž„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
02:24
and live for up to 200 years.
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์ตœ๋Œ€ 200๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
Woody tissue, like the kind found in tree trunks,
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๋‚˜๋ฌด์ค„๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์งˆ ์กฐ์ง์ด ์‚ฌ์™€๋กœ ์„ ์ธ์žฅ์— ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
02:30
give the Saguaro its height,
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๋‚˜๋ฌด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋†’์ด ์ž๋ž„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
02:32
but the Saguaro survives with way less water than most trees.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ ์€ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
Most of its roots are only a few inches deep.
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๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊นŠ์ด๋Š” ๋ช‡ ์ธ์น˜์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
Just below the soilโ€™s surface, they spread out laterally for meters
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ํ† ์–‘ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•„๋ž˜ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋„“๊ฒŒ ์˜†์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋ป—์–ด์„œ
02:45
and hold the plant in place.
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์ค„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์„ธ์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
Even its single deepest root, the taproot,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ๋ป—๋Š” ์›๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ์ €๋„
02:50
extends less than one meter into the ground.
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๋•…์†์œผ๋กœ 1m๋„ ๋ป—์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
After a rain, the lateral roots respond in real time,
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๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฉด ๊ณ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฆ‰๊ฐ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ
02:58
rapidly growing and spreading.
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๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ผ์„œ ๋ป—์–ด ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
They produce ephemeral rain roots that quickly take up the available water.
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์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ฌผ์„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
The water is then pulled up into the plant body
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ์ค„๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋Œ์–ด ์˜ฌ๋ ค
03:08
and stored in cells that contain mucilage,
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์ ์•ก์งˆ์ด ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์— ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
03:11
a gluey substance that clings to water molecules
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์ด ์ ์•ก์งˆ์€ ๋ฌผ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ™์žก์•„ ๋‘์–ด์„œ
03:14
and stops them from evaporating if the plantโ€™s tissue
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์‹๋ฌผ ์กฐ์ง์ด ์†์ƒ๋˜์–ด ๋…ธ์ถœ๋  ๋•Œ
03:17
is ever damaged and exposed.
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์ˆ˜๋ถ„์ด ์ฆ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ง‰์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
As the soil dries after the rain,
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๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ ๋’ค ๋•…์ด ๋งˆ๋ฅด๋ฉด
03:22
the small rain roots also start to dry and wither away,
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๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋“ค๋„ ๋ง๋ผ์„œ ์‹œ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
and the cactus awaits the next time it can take advantage of a shower.
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์„ ์ธ์žฅ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์†Œ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์ค€๋น„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
Taken together, these features make cacti well-equipped to survive
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์ง•๋“ค ๋•๋ถ„์— ์„ ์ธ์žฅ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
their environments,
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03:35
from the driest desert to... a tropical rainforest?
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๊ฑด์กฐํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์—ด๋Œ€์šฐ๋ฆผ์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:39
The mistletoe cactus can live on the branches of trees in the rainforest.
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์—ด๋Œ€์šฐ๋ฆผ์˜ ๋‚˜๋ญ‡๊ฐ€์ง€์—์„œ ๊ฒจ์šฐ์‚ด์ด ์„ ์ธ์žฅ์ด ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
Though thereโ€™s lots of water around, not much of it reaches the cactus here,
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์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ๋ฌผ์ด ๋งŽ์•„๋„ ์„ ์ธ์žฅ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—๋Š” ๋ฌผ์ด ์ ๊ณ 
03:48
and there's nowhere for its roots to go.
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๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ป—์„ ๋ฐ๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
So even here, the cactus survives using adaptations
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋„ ์„ ์ธ์žฅ์€
์˜ค๋ž˜์ „์— ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์€ ๋น„๊ฒฐ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์ƒ์กดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
that long ago helped its ancestors survive the desert.
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์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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