Hagfish: The world's slimiest creatures - Noah R. Bressman and Douglas Fudge

307,201 views ใƒป 2022-07-12

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Candy Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:06
As the truck screeched to a halt, one of its containers slid off,
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ํŠธ๋Ÿญ์ด ๋ฝ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ  ์ƒ์ž ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋„๋Ÿฌ์ ธ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ
00:11
hit an approaching Prius and spilled its contents.
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๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๋Š” ํ”„๋ฆฌ์šฐ์Šค์™€ ๋ถ€๋”ชํžˆ๊ณ  ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ฌผ์ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
Those contents happened to be thousands of kilograms of live hagfish,
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๋‚ด์šฉ๋ฌผ์€ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋จน์žฅ์–ด ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
also known as slime eels.
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โ€˜์ ์•ก ์žฅ์–ดโ€™๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
00:23
The result of this 2017 car accident was an absolute mess:
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2017๋…„ ์ด ๊ตํ†ต ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๋‚œ์žฅํŒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
the highway was littered with wriggling fish
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๊ณ ์† ๋„๋กœ์—๋Š” ๊ฟˆํ‹€๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„๋ ธ๊ณ 
00:30
and coated in a thick slime that took the fire department 7 hours to clear.
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋‘๊บผ์šด ์ ์•ก์œผ๋กœ ๋’ค๋ฎ์—ฌ,
์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ด€๋“ค์ด ์น˜์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ 7์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
Astonishingly good looks aside,
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๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ž˜์ƒ๊ธด ์™ธ๋ชจ๋Š” ๋‘˜์งธ์น˜๊ณ ,
00:40
the standout strength of all hagfishes is their slime.
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๋จน์žฅ์–ด์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ํŠน์ง•์€ ์ ์•ก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
In fact, theyโ€™re probably Earthโ€™s slimiest animals.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•„๋งˆ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ์•ก์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋™๋ฌผ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
But why be so slimy?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ˆ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆด๊นŒ์š”?
00:51
Watch and learn.
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๋ณด๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์›Œ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
00:54
This hagfish has detected a dead fish using its keen sense of smell
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์ด ๋จน์žฅ์–ด๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ฏผํ•œ ํ›„๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์€ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
and the tastebud-like organs dotting its skin.
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์ด๋•Œ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ์ ์ ์ด ํฉ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜€์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ขฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
Revealing imposing rows of toothlike structures, it takes the first bite.
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์ด๋นจ๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒ๊ธด ์ธ์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ค„์ธ ์ž…์„ ์—ด์–ด ์ฒซ์ž…์„ ๋ฒ ์–ด ๋ญ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
A shark glides on to the scene and suddenly lunges.
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์ƒ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ํ˜„์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋„๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋Œ์ง„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
Being caught in the sharkโ€™s powerful jaws may seem like a guaranteed death sentence,
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์ƒ์–ด์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํ„ฑ์— ๋ฌผ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋ฉดํ•  ๊ธธ์ด ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
but the hagfish has some tricks up its sleeve.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋จน์žฅ์–ด๋Š” ์ˆจ๊ฒจ๋‘” ์†์ž„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
The sharkโ€™s teeth clench down but there are no bones to crushโ€”
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์ƒ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋นจ๋กœ ๊ฝ‰ ๋ฌผ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—” ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ๋œจ๋ฆด ๋ผˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒŒ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:26
only flexible cartilage.
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์œ ์—ฐํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ณจ๋งŒ ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ .
01:29
And because the hagfishโ€™s skin is so loosely attached to the rest of its body,
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๋จน์žฅ์–ด์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ชธ์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๊ณผ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋Š์Šจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ™์–ด์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
01:33
the pressure from the bite
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๋ฌด๋Š” ์••๋ ฅ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ๋น„์ผœ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
causes the hagfishโ€™s essential organs to slip out of the way,
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01:38
avoiding damage.
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ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
01:40
This is where being a noodle in a baggy wetsuit really pays off.
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ํ—๋ ํ•œ ์ž ์ˆ˜๋ณต์„ ์ž…์€ ๊ตญ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ง„์งœ ์ข‹์€ ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
Meanwhile, the hagfish also actively repels the shark
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ํ•œํŽธ, ๋จน์žฅ์–ด๋Š” ์ƒ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์น˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
by spewing a stupendous supply of slime.
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์ ์•ก์„ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฟœ์–ด๋‚ด์„œ์š”.
01:53
Around a hundred slime glands line each side of the hagfishโ€™s body.
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๋จน์žฅ์–ด์˜ ๋ชธ ์–‘์ชฝ์—๋Š” ์ ์•ก์ƒ˜ ์•ฝ 100๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด์„œ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
Within them are mucus and thread cells.
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๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ์ ์•ก๊ณผ ์‹ค ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
02:01
The mucus cells are packed with hundreds of vesicles of condensed mucus
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์ ์•ก ์„ธํฌ์—๋Š” ์‘์ถ•๋œ ์ ์•ก ์†Œํฌ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋“ ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
while each thread cell contains an intricately coiled protein fiber.
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์‹ค ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์—๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ผฌ์ธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
The hagfish contracts the muscles surrounding some of its slime glands,
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๋จน์žฅ์–ด๋Š” ์ ์•ก์ƒ˜์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๊ทผ์œก์„ ์ˆ˜์ถ•ํ•ด์„œ
02:16
causing the cells to eject their contents into the seawater.
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์„ธํฌ ์•ˆ์— ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท์†์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
In a fraction of a second, the mucus vesicles swell and burst,
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์ ์•ก ์†Œํฌ๋Š” ์ˆœ์‹๊ฐ„์— ๋ถ€ํ’€์–ด ํ„ฐ์ง€๊ณ 
02:25
and the protein fibers unravel.
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๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ํ’€๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
Together, they expand to 10,000 times their original volume,
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์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์›๋ž˜๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŒ ๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ์ปค์ง€๊ณ 
02:33
instantly creating liters of slime.
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์ˆœ์‹๊ฐ„์— ์ ์•ก์„ ๋ช‡ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋‚˜ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
Because the substance is composed of mucus
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๊ทธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์ ์•ก์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
02:39
and reinforced with numerous superfine and strong silk-like fibers,
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์•„์ฃผ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋น„๋‹จ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์„ฌ์œ ๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
02:43
the slime is incredibly soft yet tough.
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์ ์•ก์€ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šฐ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์งˆ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
It lodges in the sharkโ€™s delicate gills,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ƒ์–ด์˜ ์„ฌ์„ธํ•œ ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฏธ์— ์Œ“์ด๊ณ 
02:50
and as the shark chokes and tries to clear the slime,
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์ƒ์–ด๋Š” ์งˆ์‹ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์•ก์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
02:54
it releases the hagfish.
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๋จน์žฅ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฑ‰์–ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
Now, the hagfish is free from the jaws of death.
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์ด์ œ ๋จน์žฅ์–ด๋Š” ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ํ„ฑ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
But itโ€™s in a dilemma of its own doing,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋น ์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ
03:02
trapped in a cloud of its own suffocating slime.
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์ž์‹ ์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ์ˆจ ๋ง‰ํž ๋“ฏํ•œ ์ ์•ก ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์— ๊ฐ‡ํžˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
03:05
So what does it do?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋จน์žฅ์–ด๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
03:07
Well, it ties itself in a knot, of course.
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๋จน์žฅ์–ด๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋งค๋“ญ์„ ์ง“์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
Starting at its tail and passing its body through,
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๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ ๋ชธ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
03:13
the hagfish effectively wipes away its own slime.
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๋จน์žฅ์–ด๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ ์•ก์„ ๋‹ฆ์•„๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
Apparently unfazed by the whole encounter,
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์—๋„ ๋‹นํ™ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
03:20
it returns to its meal.
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๋จน์žฅ์–ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
When it gets to a tougher part of the carcass...
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์‹œ์ฒด์—์„œ ๋” ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ฉด
03:25
Voila! The hagfish ties itself in yet another knot
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์งœ์ž”, ๋จน์žฅ์–ด๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งค๋“ญ์„ ๋ฌถ๊ณ 
03:29
to gain leverage and yank off the meat.
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์ง€๋ ›๋Œ€์˜ ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์žก์•„๋‹น๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
The hagfishโ€™s slime is so remarkable that people are trying to emulate it.
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๋จน์žฅ์–ด์˜ ์ ์•ก์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†€๋ผ์›Œ์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
Currently, a lot of athletic and safety gear
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋งŽ์€ ์šด๋™ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์•ˆ์ „ ์žฅ๋น„๋“ค์€
03:41
is made from non-renewable petroleum-based fibers.
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์„์œ ๋ฅผ ์›๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฌ์ƒ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์„ฌ์œ ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
But hagfish slime threads rival the properties of materials like nylon.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋จน์žฅ์–ด์˜ ์ ์•ก์‹ค์€ ๋‚˜์ผ๋ก  ๊ฐ™์€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ํ•„์ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
And fibers modeled after those in hagfish slime may present
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋จน์žฅ์–ด ์ ์•ก ์† ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ณธ๋–  ๋งŒ๋“  ์„ฌ์œ ๋“ค์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„
03:53
a much more sustainable alternative.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
Meanwhile, hagfish slime is also being explored in military contexts
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ํ•œํŽธ, ๋จน์žฅ์–ด ์ ์•ก์€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
as a non-lethal weapon that could be used to stop boats
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ํ”„๋กœํŽ ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋“ค๋Ÿฌ๋ถ™์–ด์„œ ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๋Š” ๋ฐ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ์š”.
04:04
by sliming up their propellers.
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04:06
In addition to mastering the art of slime and knot-tying,
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์ ์•ก๊ณผ ๋งค๋“ญ์ง“๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ตํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋”ํ•ด์„œ,
04:10
hagfish have four little hearts
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๋จน์žฅ์–ด๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๋„ค ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
04:12
and can survive 36 hours without oxygen unscathed.
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์‚ฐ์†Œ ์—†์ด 36์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ณ„ ํƒˆ ์—†์ด ์ƒ์กดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
Oh, and they also clean the seafloor
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
and cycle essential nutrients in the deep sea.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ฌํ•ด์—์„œ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์˜์–‘์†Œ๋“ค์„ ์ˆœํ™˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
Proto-hagfish were navigating the oceanโ€™s depths
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๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ๋จน์žฅ์–ด๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๊นŠ์ด ํ—ค์—„์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
more than 300 million years agoโ€”
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3์–ต ๋…„๋„ ๋” ์ „์—์š”.
04:29
before dinosaurs roamed and back when Pangea was still a thing.
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๊ณต๋ฃก์ด ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ ์ „ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŒ๊ฒŒ์•„๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ์ฃ .
04:33
Having persisted through multiple mass extinction events,
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๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ฉธ์ข… ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ๊ฒช์œผ๋ฉด์„œ
04:37
hagfish have just about seen it all.
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๋จน์žฅ์–ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์•„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
And it would appear that theyโ€™re still having a wonderful slime.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ ์•ก์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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