How turtle shells evolved... twice - Judy Cebra Thomas

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2019-07-30 ใƒป TED-Ed


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How turtle shells evolved... twice - Judy Cebra Thomas

925,420 views ใƒป 2019-07-30

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jun Woo Park ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:06
Meet Odontochelys semitestacea.
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์˜ค๋ˆํ† ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์„ธ๋ฏธํ…Œ์Šคํƒ€์„ธ์•„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
00:09
This little creature spends its days splashing in Late Triassic swamps
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ํŠธ๋ผ์ด์–ด์‹œ ํ›„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ด ์ž‘์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ๋Šช์—์„œ ๋’น๊ตด๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜๋‚ ์„ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:14
with a host of other reptiles.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŒŒ์ถฉ๋ฅ˜๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜์š”.
00:16
Under the surface lies its best defense against attack:
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ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜์—๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ตœ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
a hard shell on its belly.
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๋ฐฐ์— ๋”ฑ๋”ฑํ•œ ๊ป์งˆ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
00:23
Odontochelys is an early ancestor of the turtle.
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์˜ค๋ˆํ† ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ด์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
Its half-shelled body illustrates an important point about the modern turtle:
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๋ฐ˜๊ป๋ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ชธ์ฒด๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
it actually has two shells that develop totally separately
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๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ป๋ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
while the turtle is still an embryo.
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ด๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐฐ์•„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
Both are extensions of the animalโ€™s skeleton,
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๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
00:39
and together they are made of almost 60 bones.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๋žต 60๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ผˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
Like other embryos,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฐ์•„๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
00:45
turtle embryos are made of undifferentiated cells
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๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ด ๋ฐฐ์•„๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ํ™” ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
that become specific cell types,
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ํŠน์ • ์„ธํฌ ์œ ํ˜•์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
00:50
and then organs and tissues,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žฅ๊ธฐ์™€ ์กฐ์ง๋„์š”.
00:52
through gene activity and communication between cells.
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์œ ์ „์ž์™€ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ์š”.
00:55
At first, turtle embryos look very similar to those of other reptiles,
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์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ด ๋ฐฐ์•„๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŒŒ์ถฉ๋ฅ˜, ์ƒˆ๋“ค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋“ค
01:00
birds, and mammals,
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๋ฐฐ์•„์™€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋น„์Šทํ•ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
except for a bulge of cells called the carapacial ridge.
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์ˆ˜๋งฅ ๋Šฅ์„ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋ฃฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ๋นผ๋ฉด์š”.
01:06
The ridge expands around the body between the neck and lower back,
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์‚ฐ๋“ฑ์„ฑ์ด๋Š” ๋ชฉ๊ณผ ๋“ฑ ์•„๋ž˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ชธ ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ™•์žฅ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
creating a disc shape.
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์ด๋Š” ๋””์Šคํฌ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
It guides the formation of the upper part of the turtleโ€™s shell,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐˆ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋  ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์ด๋ฉด์„œ
01:15
called the carapace, likely by attracting the cells that will become ribs.
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์นด๋ผํŒŒ์Šค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ด ๊ป๋ฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์œ—๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
Instead of curving downwards to make a regular rib cage,
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๊ฐˆ๋น„๋ผˆ๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋ ค ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฐˆ๋น„๋ผˆ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ 
01:24
the ribs move outwards towards the carapacial ridge.
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์นด๋ผํŒŒ์‹œ์•Œ ๋Šฅ์„ ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
They then secrete a signaling protein
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ, ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ผˆ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š”
01:30
that converts surrounding cells into bone-forming cells.
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์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
These fifty bones grow until they meet and connect with sutures.
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์ด 50๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ผˆ๋“ค์€ ๋งŒ๋‚˜ ๋ด‰ํ•ฉ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
A ring of bone solidifies the carapaceโ€™s edges.
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๋ผˆ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์นด๋ผํŒŒ์Šค์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตณํž™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
The outer layer of skin cells produces the scales, known as scutes,
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ ์ธต์€
01:47
that cover the carapace.
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์บ๋ŸฌํŒจ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฎ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„๋Š˜์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
The development of the bottom half of the shell, the plastron,
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๊ป๋ฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์•„๋žซ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ธ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ŠคํŠธ๋ก ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์€
01:53
is driven by neural crest cells,
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ ํŒŒ๊ณ  ์„ธํฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ถ”์ง„๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
01:55
which can produce a variety of different cell types including neurons,
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ, ์—ฐ๊ณจ, ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜
02:00
cartilage and bone.
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์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
A thick shield of these cells spreads across the belly,
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์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋‘๊บผ์šด ๋ฐฉํŒจ๋Š”
02:05
coming together in regions that produce nine plate-like bones.
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9๊ฐœ์˜ ํŒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ตฌ์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ ์ „์ฒด์— ํผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
Eventually, these connect to the carapace by sutures.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ด‰ํ•ฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์บ๋ŸฌํŒจ์Šค์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
A turtleโ€™s shell has obvious advantages for guarding against predators,
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๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ด์˜ ๊ป์งˆ์€ ํฌ์‹์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
but the rigid casing also presents some challenges.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ์ผ€์ด์Šค๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
As the turtle grows,
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๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ,
02:24
the sutures between the bones of the carapace and plastron spread.
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์บ๋ŸฌํŒจ์Šค์™€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ŠคํŠธ๋ก ์˜ ๋ผˆ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ด‰ํ•ฉ์ด ํผ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
Most mammals and reptiles rely on a flexible rib cage
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์™€ ํŒŒ์ถฉ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ˆจ์‰ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
02:32
that expands to allow them to breathe,
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ํ™•์žฅ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ์—ฐํ•œ ๋Š‘๊ณจ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์˜์กดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
but turtles use abdominal muscles attached to the shell instead:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€์‹  ๊ป์งˆ์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋œ ๋ณต๊ทผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
one to breathe in, and one to breathe out.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ˆจ์„ ๋“ค์ด์‰ฌ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ˆจ์„ ๋‚ด์‰ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
So how did the shell evolve?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:44
Though there are still gaps in the fossil record,
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ํ™”์„ ๊ธฐ๋ก์—๋Š” ์•„์ง ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
the first step seems to have been a thickening of the ribs.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ฐˆ๋น„๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ป๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
The oldest known turtle ancestor,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ด ์กฐ์ƒ์€
02:52
a creature called Eunotosaurus africanus,
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'์€์˜คํ† ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋ˆ„์Šค'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
lived 260 million years ago and looked almost nothing like a modern turtle,
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2์–ต 6์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋…„ ์ „์— ์‚ด์•˜๊ณ  ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ
03:01
but it had a set of broad, flat ribs
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๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํŒ”๋š์˜ ๊ทผ์œก์„ ๊ณ ์ •์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”
03:04
that anchored the muscles of its powerful forearms.
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๋„“๊ณ  ํ‰ํ‰ํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋น„ ์„ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
Eunotosaurus was likely a burrowing creature,
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์€์˜คํ† ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค๋Š” ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ
03:11
digging homes for itself in whatโ€™s now southern Africa.
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ง‘์„ ํŒŒ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์˜€์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
Odontochelys semitestacea illustrates another, later step in turtle evolution,
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์˜ค๋ˆํ† ์Š๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ธ๋ฏธํ…Œ์Šคํƒ€์ƒค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ด ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š”๋ฐ
03:21
with thick ribs like Eunotosaurus plus a belly plate for protection.
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๋‘๊บผ์šด ๊ฐˆ๋น„์™€ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๊ผฝํŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
Our first fossil evidence of the full shell characteristic of modern turtles
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ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ป๋ฐ๊ธฐ ํŠน์ง•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ™”์„ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š”
03:30
is about 210 million years old,
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์•ฝ 2์–ต 1์ฒœ๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „์˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ
03:33
and belongs to a species called Proganochelys quenstedti,
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๋Š‘๊ณจ์ด ์œตํ•ฉ๋œ
03:37
whose ribs had fused.
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ํ”„๋กœ๊ฐ€๋…ธํด๋ฆฌ ํ€€์Šคํ…Œ๋””๋ผ๋Š” ์ข…์— ์†ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
Proganochelys could move between water and land.
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ํ”„๋กœ๊ฐ€๋…ธํด๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์œก์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์˜ค๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
Unlike modern turtles, it couldnโ€™t retract its head into its shell,
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ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ด๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ฑ๊ป์งˆ์— ์ง‘์–ด๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
03:47
but had defensive spines on its neck.
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๋ชฉ์— ๋ฐฉ์–ด์šฉ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
Modern turtle shells are almost as diverse as the turtles themselves.
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ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ด ๊ป์งˆ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ด์˜ ์ข… ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
Sea turtles have flatter, lighter shells for streamlined gliding through the water.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋ถ์€ ๋ฌผ์†์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋„๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ‰ํ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ๊ป์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
Land-dwelling tortoises, meanwhile,
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ํ•œํŽธ, ์œก์ง€์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ด๋“ค์€
04:04
have domed shells that can slip free of predatorsโ€™ jaws
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ํฌ์‹์ž์˜ ํ„ฑ์—์„œ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜์™€ ๋„˜์–ด์ง€๋ฉด ์ œ์ž๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ฃผ๋Š”
04:08
and help them turn right-side up if they fall on their backs.
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๋‘ฅ๊ทผ ๊ป์งˆ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
Leatherback and softshell turtles
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๊ฐ€์ฃฝ๊ณผ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ป๋ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ด๋“ค์€
04:15
have shells without the ring of bone around the edge of the carapace
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๋“ฑ๋ผˆ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ป์งˆ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
04:19
or the tough scutes covering it,
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์นผ๋‚ ์„ ๋ฎ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์นœ ๊ป์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
making it easier for them to squeeze into tight spaces.
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์ข์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋น„์ง‘๊ณ  ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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