Why do we see illusions? - Mark Changizi

126,628 views ใƒป 2013-03-20

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sophia BAE ๊ฒ€ํ† : Sunphil Ga
00:15
Why do we see illusions?
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์ฐฉ์‹œ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
00:16
I'm going to tell you about some of my research,
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:19
where I provided evidence for a different kind of hypothesis
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์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ปคํ”ผ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ” ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฑ…์—์„œ
์ฝ์€ ๊ฐ€์„ค๊ณผ๋Š”
00:22
than the one that might be in the book
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ
00:25
on your coffee stand.
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์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
Alright, so let's look at one of the illusions here.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ์ฐฉ์‹œ ํ˜„์ƒ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
And this is a stand-in for many, many kinds of illusions
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์ œ ๊ฐ€์„ค๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ฐฉ์‹œ ํ˜„์ƒ ์ค‘
00:34
that are explained by this hypothesis.
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๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
์ด ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
I'm just going to walk through it for this particular one.
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00:38
As usual in these things,
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ํ”ํžˆ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋“ฏ์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—์„œ
์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ํ‰ํ–‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
00:40
these two lines are, in fact, parallel,
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00:41
but you perceive them to bow outwards at their centers.
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์ค‘์‹ฌ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ ์ด ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ํœ˜์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
At the center where those radial lines are,
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๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๋ชจ์–‘ ์„ ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
00:48
it's wider in your visual field than the parts above and below.
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์œ„-์•„๋ž˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋ณด๋‹ค
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์‹œ์•ผ์—์„œ ๋”์šฑ ์ปค ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ํ˜„์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
And this is remarkable,
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00:53
because it's a remarkably simple stimulus.
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ž๊ทน์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
It's just a bunch of straight lines.
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ง์„ ๋“ค์ด๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
00:57
Why should one of the most complicated objects in the universe
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์ฒด์ธ ๋ˆˆ์ด
์™œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
01:00
be unable to render this incredibly simple image?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
01:04
When you want to answer questions like this,
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01:06
you need to ask,
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ ธ ๋ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
"๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋‡Œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์งˆ๊นŒ?"
01:08
well, what might this mean to your brain?
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01:11
And what your brain is going to think this is,
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์ด๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
01:13
is not some lines on a page.
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ข…์ด์— ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง„ ์„ ๋“ค์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
Your brain has evolved to handle the kinds of natural stimuli
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‡Œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ ‘ํ•˜๋Š”
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ž๊ทน์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋„๋ก
01:18
that it encounters in real life.
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์ง„ํ™”ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
So when does the brain encounter stimuli like this?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ž๊ทน์„ ๋‡Œ๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ ์ ‘ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
01:24
Well, it seems a bit odd, but in fact,
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์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž๊ทน์„ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์ข…์ผ ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:26
you've been encountering this stimulus all day long.
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01:29
Whenever you move,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์›€์ง์ผ ๋•Œ,
01:30
whenever you move forward, in particular.
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ํŠนํžˆ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ผ ๋•Œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:32
When you move forward, you get optic flow,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด๋ฉด ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ
๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ด ํ๋ฆ„์€ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์ชฝ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
flowing outwards in your visual field,
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01:37
like when the Enterprise goes into warp.
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'์Šคํƒ€ ํŠธ๋ž™'์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์—”ํ„ฐํ”„๋ผ์ด์ฆˆ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์›Œํ”„๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:40
All of these objects flow outwards
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ง๋ง‰์— ํ๋ฆฟํ•œ ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋œ ํ”์ ์„ ๋‚จ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
and they leave trails, or blur lines, on your retina.
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01:45
They're activating mini-neurons all in a row.
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์ฆ‰, ์ž‘์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„์ด ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ ฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:49
So, this is a version of what happens in real life
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์ž, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์ด ์‹ค์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
and this another version of what happens in real life all the time.
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๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ํ˜„์ƒ๋„ ์‹ค์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ๋Š˜ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
In fact, cartoonists know about this.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๋งŒํ™”๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
They put these blur lines in their cartoons
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŒํ™”์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ๋ฆฟํ•œ ์„ ๋“ค์„ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋„ฃ์ฃ .
๋‡Œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด '๋™์ž‘'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ธ์‹๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
and it means to your brain: motion.
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02:02
Now, it's not that in real life you see blur lines.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ๋ฆฟํ•œ ์„ ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
02:04
The point is that it's the stimulus at the back of your eye
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๋ˆˆ ๋’ค์ชฝ์— ๋Š๊ปด์ง€๋Š” ์ž๊ทน ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
02:07
that has these optic blurs in them,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ๋ฆฟํ•œ ํ˜•์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:10
and that's what tells your brain that you're moving.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‡Œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›€์ง์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
When you move forward, your eyes fixate like cameras,
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ผ ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ˆˆ์€ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
like snapshot cameras,
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์Šค๋ƒ… ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
02:17
it fixates, it fixates, little (Snapshot sound) camera shots,
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๊ณ ์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
๊ณ ์ •๋˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
02:20
and each time it fixates when you're moving forward,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
๋ฐ”๊นฅ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ๋Š๊ปด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
you get all this flowing outwards.
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02:24
So when you take a fixation,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ˆˆ์ด ๊ณ ์ •๋  ๋•Œ
02:26
you end up with this weird optic blur stuff,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ํ๋ฆฟํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
02:28
and it tells you the direction you're moving.
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์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
Alright, that's half the story.
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ์ด์ œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
That's what this stimulus means.
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'์ž๊ทน'์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ
02:34
It means that your brain thinks,
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02:35
when it's looking at the first image,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋‡Œ๋Š”
02:37
that you're actually on your way, moving towards the center.
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์‚ฌ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
It still doesn't explain
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์™œ ํ‰ํ–‰์„ ์ด ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์œผ๋กœ ํœ˜์–ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ
02:41
why you should perceive these straight lines as bowed outwards.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
To understand the rest of the story,
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
02:46
you have to understand that our brains are slow.
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๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋ˆˆ์— ๋น›์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋ฉด
02:50
What you would like is that when light hits your eye,
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02:53
then -- ping! -- immediately you have a perception
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'์ง !' ํ•˜๊ณ 
์ธ์‹์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ 
02:56
of what the world is like.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
But it doesn't work that way.
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02:59
It takes about a tenth of a second for your perception to be created.
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๋‡Œ์— ์ธ์‹์ด ๋˜๋ ค๋ฉด
์•ฝ 1/10์ดˆ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
And a tenth of a second doesn't sound very long,
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1/10์ดˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ฐ™์ด ๋Š๊ปด์ง€์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ
์ผ์ƒ ํ–‰๋™์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฝค ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
but it's a long time in normal behaviors.
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03:07
If you're moving just at one meter per second, which is fairly slow,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด1์ดˆ์— 1๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์›€์ง์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
๊ฝค ๋Š๋ฆฐ ๊ฑฐ์ง€๋งŒ
1/10์ดˆ์—๋Š” 10cm๋ฅผ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
then in a tenth of second, you've moved 10 centimeters.
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03:13
So if you didn't correct for this delay,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์žก์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด
๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด
03:16
then anything that you perceived to be within 10 centimeters of you,
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10cm ์ •๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ 
03:20
by the time you perceived it,
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์ธ์‹์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๋•Œ ์ฏค์ด๋ฉด,
03:21
you would have bumped into it or just passed it.
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๋ฌผ์ฒด์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํžˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ง€๋‚˜์ณค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
03:23
And of course, this is going to be much worse --
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ๋” ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
(Laughter)
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
03:27
it's going to be much worse in a situation like this.
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์ •๋ง ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
Your perception is behind.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ธ์‹์ด ๋’ค์ณ์ง„๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
03:32
What you want is that your perception should look like this.
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์ธ์‹์ด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋นจ๋ž์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹์•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
03:35
You want your perceptions at any time T
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"T"๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์— ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ผ์„
03:38
to be of the world at time T.
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์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ "T"๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์— ์ธ์‹ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
But the only way your brain can do that, is that it has to,
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๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
๋ˆˆ์— ๋น›์ด ๋“ค์–ด์™”์„ ๋•Œ,
03:44
instead of generating a perception of the way the world was
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์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ธ์‹์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ,
03:48
when light hit your retina,
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์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ธ์‹์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ,
03:49
it has to do something fancier.
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๋” ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์ผ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
It can't passively respond and create a best guess,
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๋‡Œ๋Š” ๊ทธ์ € ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์ถ”์ธก์„ ๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋˜์ฃ .
๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์ถ”์ธก์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
it has to create a best guess about the next moment.
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03:58
What will the world look like in a tenth of a second?
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"1/10์ดˆ ํ›„์˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ์Šต์ผ๊นŒ?"์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
04:01
Build a perception of that,
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์ธ์‹์„ ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
because by the time your perception of the near future occurs in your brain,
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๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์ด
๋‡Œ ์†์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ๋•Œ ์ฏค์ด๋ฉด
04:07
the near future will have arrived
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๊ทธ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•ด์„œ
04:09
and you'll have a perception of the present,
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ํ˜„์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
which is what you want.
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04:13
In my research,
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์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ฆฐ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒํšŒํ• 
04:14
I provided a lot of evidence -- and there's other research areas
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฟ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๊ณ 
04:17
that have provided evidence --
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—์„œ๋„
04:19
that the brain is filled with mechanisms
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
that try to compensate for its slowness.
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์ €๋Š” ์ฐฉ์‹œ ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ 
04:23
And I've shown that huge swaths of illusions are explained by this,
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04:26
this just being one example.
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์ด๊ฑด ์˜ˆ์ œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์— ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
But let me finish by saying,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€์„œ,
์•„๊นŒ ๋ดค๋˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
04:29
how exactly does this explain this particular example?
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04:32
So, the question, really, we have to ask
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ๋˜์ ธ์•ผ ํ•  ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€
04:35
is: how do those two vertical lines in that first stimulus,
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์ฒ˜์Œ ์ž๊ทน์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ‰์„  ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€
04:39
how do they change in the next moment
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ๋กœ ์‹œ์„ ์„ ์˜ฎ๊ธธ ๋•Œ
04:42
were I moving towards the center,
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ• ์ง€,
04:44
that all those optical lines are suggesting that I'm moving.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›€์ง์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค ์ฃผ๋Š” ํ๋ฆฟํ•œ ์„ ๋“ค์—
04:47
What happens to them?
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ๊นŒ? ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
Well, let's imagine.
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์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
๋ฌธ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
Imagine you've got a doorway.
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๋ฌธ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:52
You've got a doorway.
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04:53
Imagine it's a cathedral doorway, to make it more concrete --
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๋Œ€์„ฑ๋‹น ์ž…๊ตฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์นฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ ํŽธ์ด ์ƒ์ƒ์ด ์ž˜ ๋˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
04:56
it'll be helpful in a second.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด
04:58
When you're very far away from it,
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04:59
the sides are perfectly parallel.
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๋ฌธ ์–‘์˜† ์„ ์€ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜ํ‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
05:02
But now imagine what happens when you get closer.
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05:04
It all flows outwards in your visual field,
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€๋ฉด
์‹œ์•ผ์—์„œ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ๋ฆ„์ด
05:07
flowing outwards.
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๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ 
05:08
But when you're really close --
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๋ฉด
๋ฌธ ์–‘์˜† ์„ ์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์นฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
05:10
imagine the sides of the doorway are here and here,
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05:12
but if you look up at this cathedral doorway and do your fingers like this,
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€์„ฑ๋‹น ๋ฌธ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์„œ ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ
์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด
05:16
the sides of the doorway are going up,
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ํ•˜๋Š˜๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ฐป๊ธธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
05:18
like railroad tracks in the sky.
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๋ฌธ ์–‘์˜† ์„ ์ด ์œ„๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
What started off as two parallel lines,
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ํ‰ํ–‰์„  ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ
05:22
in fact, bows outwards at eye level,
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๋ˆˆ ๋†’์ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฝ๊ณ 
05:24
and doesn't go outwards nearly as much above.
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๊ทธ ์œ„๋Š” ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ตฝ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
So in the next moment,
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๋‹ค์Œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์—๋Š”
05:28
you have a shape that's more like this next picture.
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์ด ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
The projective geometry -- that is, the way the things project,
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๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํˆฌ์˜๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
05:36
in fact, change in this way in the next moment.
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์‹ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
So when you have a stimulus like this, well, your brain has no problem,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž๊ทน์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
๋‡Œ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ ์—†์ด ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
there's just two vertical lines
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ํ‰ํ–‰์„  ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ .
05:43
and no cues that there'll be a change in the next moment,
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๋‹ค์Œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š”
์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:46
so just render it as it is.
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05:47
But if you add cues --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
05:49
and this is just one of many kinds of cues
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์ด๊ฑด ๋งŽ์€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
05:51
that can lead to these kinds of illusions,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฐฉ์‹œ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
this very strong optic blur cue --
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ํ๋ฆฟํ•œ ์„ ์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
๋‹ค์Œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ• ์ง€๋ฅผ
05:56
then you're going to perceive instead
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๋Œ€์‹  ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
exactly how it will appear in the next moment.
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06:00
All of our perceptions are always trying to be about the present,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ธ์‹์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ˜„์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
06:04
but you have to perceive the future to, in fact, perceive the present.
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ํ˜„์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค
๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
06:08
And these illusions are failed perceptions of the future,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฐฉ์‹œ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋ ค๋‹ค ์‹คํŒจํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
because they're just static images on the page,
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์‹ค์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”
06:13
they're not changing like in real life.
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์ข…์ด์— ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ฐฉ์‹œ ํ˜„์ƒ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋” ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋๋‚ด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
And let me just end by showing one illusion here.
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06:18
If I can, I'll quickly show two.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋˜๋ฉด ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
06:20
This one's fun.
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์žฌ๋ฐŒ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:21
If you just fixate at the middle there,
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๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์‹œ์„ ์„ ๊ณ ์ •์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
06:23
and make stabbing motions with your head,
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๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์•ž๋’ค๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด๋ฉด์„œ
06:26
looming towards it like this.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๋ฉด,
06:28
Everybody do that.
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ํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
06:30
Make short, stabbing motions.
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์งง๊ฒŒ, ์•ž๋’ค๋กœ์š”.
06:31
Because I've added blur to these optic flow lines,
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๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ๋ฆฟํ•œ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ ์„ ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
๋‡Œ๋Š” "์›€์ง์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์•ผ",
06:34
your brain says, "They're probably already moving,
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06:36
that's why they're blurry."
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"๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ๋ฆฟํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ฒ ์ง€" ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:37
When you do it, they should be bursting out in your visual field
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๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์›€์ง์ด๋ฉด ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ
์„ ๋“ค์ด ์‹œ์•ผ์—์„œ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
faster than they should.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์ด ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๊ฑด ์ •์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ 
06:42
They shouldn't be moving that much.
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06:43
And a final one I'll just leave in the background is this.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์„ ๋“ค์€ ์›€์ง์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
Here are the cues of motion,
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๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์›€์ง์ผ ๋•Œ
06:49
the kinds of cues that you get on your retina when things are moving.
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๋ง๋ง‰์— ์ „ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์ฃ .
06:52
You don't have to do anything -- just look at it.
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๊ฐ€๋งŒํžˆ ๋ณด์…”๋„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด์ง€๋„ ์•Š๋Š”๋ฐ
06:54
Raise your hand if things are moving when they shouldn't be.
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์„ ๋“ค์ด ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๊ฑธ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ถ„์€ ์†์„ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
06:59
It's weird, right?
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์ด์ƒํ•˜์ฃ ?
07:00
But what you have now are the cues that, from your brain's point of view,
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๋‡Œ์™€ ๋ˆˆ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด
์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ,
07:03
you have the stimulus on your eyes, like, "Oh, these things are moving."
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์ž๊ทน์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ˆˆ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š”
"์„ ๋“ค์ด ์›€์ง์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋„ค" ๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•  ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:07
Render a perception of what they'll do in the next moment --
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๋‹ค์Œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ์ด ์„ ๋“ค์ด ์›€์ง์ด๊ณ 
07:09
they should be moving and they should have shifted.
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์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
๋งˆ์น˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
Alright, thank you very much.
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07:13
(Applause)
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์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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