How do fish make electricity? - Eleanor Nelsen

3,437,159 views ใƒป 2017-11-30

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:08
In 1800, the explorer Alexander von Humboldt
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ื‘ 1800, ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืžื‘ื•ืœื˜
00:12
witnessed a swarm of electric eels leap out of the water
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ืฆืคื” ื‘ืœื”ืงืช ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืงื•ืคืฆื™ื ืžื”ืžื™ื
00:16
to defend themselves against oncoming horses.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื ื’ื“ ืกื•ืกื™ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื.
00:19
Most people thought the story so unusual that Humboldt made it up.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉื”ืืžื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
00:24
But fish using electricity is more common than you might think;
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืžืžื” ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื;
00:28
and yes, electric eels are a type of fish.
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ื•ื›ืŸ, ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื”ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื“ื’.
00:32
Underwater, where light is scarce,
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื, ืฉื ื”ืื•ืจ ื ื“ื™ืจ,
00:35
electrical signals offer ways to communicate,
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ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ,
00:37
navigate,
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ืœื ื•ื•ื˜,
00:38
and findโ€”plus, in rare cases, stunโ€”prey.
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ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช -- ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืœื”ืžื -- ื˜ืจืฃ.
00:43
Nearly 350 species of fish have specialized anatomical structures
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ืœื›ืžืขื˜ 350 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
00:49
that generate and detect electrical signals.
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื.
00:52
These fish are divided into two groups,
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ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช,
00:55
depending on how much electricity they produce.
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ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื.
00:58
Scientists call the first group the weakly electric fish.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœืฉื™ื.
01:03
Structures near their tails called electric organs
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ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ื–ื ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ืื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื
01:06
produce up to a volt of electricity, about two-thirds as much as a AA battery.
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืขื“ ืœื•ื•ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืกื•ืœืœืช AA.
01:12
How does this work?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“?
01:14
The fish's brain sends a signal through its nervous system to the electric organ,
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ืžื•ื— ื”ื“ื’ ืฉื•ืœื— ืื•ืชื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™,
01:19
which is filled with stacks of hundreds
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ืฉืžืœื ื‘ืขืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช
01:21
or thousands of disc-shaped cells called electrocytes.
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ืื• ืืœืคื™ ืชืื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืกืง ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืฆื™ื˜ื™ื.
01:27
Normally, electrocytes pump out sodium and potassium ions
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™, ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืฆื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ื ื™ ื ืชืจืŸ ื•ืืฉืœื’ืŸ
01:31
to maintain a positive charge outside and negative charge inside.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชื—ื–ืง ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
01:36
But when the nerve signal arrives at the electrocyte,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืฆื™ื˜ื™ื,
01:39
it prompts the ion gates to open.
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ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ืฉืขืจื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื.
01:43
Positively charged ions flow back in.
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ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืคื ื™ืžื”.
01:47
Now, one face of the electrocyte is negatively charged outside
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืคืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืฆื™ื˜ื™ื ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
01:52
and positively charged inside.
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ื•ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
01:54
But the far side has the opposite charge pattern.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืฆื“ ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืช ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืžื ื•ื’ื“ืช.
01:58
These alternating charges can drive a current,
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ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ื–ืจื,
02:01
turning the electrocyte into a biological battery.
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ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืฆื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืกื•ืœืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
02:06
The key to these fish's powers is that nerve signals are coordinated
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ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ ืžืชื•ืืžื™ื
02:10
to arrive at each cell at exactly the same time.
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ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ืชื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ.
02:15
That makes the stacks of electrocytes act like thousands of batteries in series.
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืขืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืฆื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ืืœืคื™ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ.
02:21
The tiny charges from each one add up to an electrical field
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ื”ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืฉื“ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™
02:24
that can travel several meters.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ืžืกืคืจ ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
02:27
Cells called electroreceptors buried in the skin
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ืชืื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื• ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขื•ืจ
02:30
allow the fish to constantly sense this field
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ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื“ื’ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื”
02:33
and the changes to it caused by the surroundings or other fish.
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ืฉื ื’ืจืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืื• ื“ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:38
The Peterโ€™s elephantnose fish, for example,
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ืœื“ื’ ืืฃ ื”ืคื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
02:40
has an elongated chin called a schnauzenorgan
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ื™ืฉ ืกื ื˜ืจ ืžื•ืืจืš ืฉื ืงืจื ืฉื ืื•ืฆื ืื•ืจื’ืŸ
02:43
that's riddled in electroreceptors.
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ืฉืžืœื ื‘ืืœืงื˜ืจื• ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื.
02:46
That allows it to intercept signals from other fish,
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื• ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื•ืช ืžื“ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:48
judge distances,
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ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืžืจื—ืง,
02:50
detect the shape and size of nearby objects,
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ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื,
02:53
and even determine whether a buried insect is dead or alive.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืื ื—ืจืง ืงื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ืื• ืžืช.
02:58
But the elephantnose and other weakly electric fish
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ื”ืคื™ืœ ื•ื“ื’ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื—ืœืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
03:01
don't produce enough electricity to attack their prey.
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ืœื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ืฉืžืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ื˜ืจืฃ.
03:05
That ability belongs to the strongly electric fish,
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื“ื’ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื,
03:08
of which there are only a handful of species.
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ืžื”ื ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื ื™ื.
03:11
The most powerful strongly electric fish is the electric knife fish,
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ื”ื“ื’ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืง ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื“ื’ ื”ืกื›ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™,
03:16
more commonly known as the electric eel.
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ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฆืœื•ืคื— ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™.
03:20
Three electric organs span almost its entire two-meter body.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื ืžืชื—ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืคื• ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจ.
03:25
Like the weakly electric fish,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœืฉื™ื,
03:27
the electric eel uses its signals to navigate and communicate,
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ื”ืฆืœื•ืคื— ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื•ืœืชืงืฉืจ,
03:30
but it reserves its strongest electric discharges for hunting
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื• ืœืฆื™ื“
03:34
using a two-phased attack that susses out and then incapacitates its prey.
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ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืชืงืคื” ื“ื• ืฉืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืชื•ืคืกืช ื•ืื– ืžืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืจืฃ ืฉืœื•.
03:40
First, it emits two or three strong pulses,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื’ืจ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคื•ืœืกื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื,
03:43
as much as 600 volts.
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ืขื“ 600 ื•ื•ืœื˜.
03:46
These stimulate the prey's muscles, sending it into spasms
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ืืœื” ืžื’ืจื™ื ืืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ื˜ืจืฃ, ื•ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืช
03:49
and generating waves that reveal its hiding place.
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ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื’ืœื™ื ืฉืžื’ืœื™ื ืืช ืžืงื•ื ืžื—ื‘ื•ืื•.
03:53
Then, a volley of fast, high-voltage discharges
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ืื–, ืžื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ืขื ืžืชื— ื’ื‘ื•ื”
03:55
causes even more intense muscle contractions.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืงื•ืช.
03:59
The electric eel can also curl up so that the electric fields
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ื”ืฆืœื•ืคื— ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืžืชืขืงืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื
04:03
generated at each end of the electric organ overlap.
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ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืžืœื™ ื—ื•ืคืคื™ื.
04:07
The electrical storm eventually exhausts and immobilizes the prey,
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ื”ืกื•ืคื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ืžืขื™ื™ืคืช ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื•ืžืฉืชืงืช ืืช ื”ื˜ืจืฃ,
04:10
and the electric eel can swallow its meal alive.
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ื•ื”ืฆืœื•ืคื— ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ืืช ื”ืืจื•ื—ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:14
The other two strongly electric fish are the electric catfish,
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื ื“ื’ ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™,
04:18
which can unleash 350 volts
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ 350 ื•ื•ืœื˜
04:20
with an electric organ that occupies most of its torso,
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ืขื ืื™ื‘ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉืžืื›ืœืก ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื•,
04:23
and the electric ray, with kidney-shaped electric organs on either side of its head
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ื•ื”ืชืจื™ืกื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช, ืขื ืื™ื‘ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื“ืžื•ื™ ื›ืœื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื”
04:29
that produce as much as 220 volts.
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืขื“ 220 ื•ื•ืœื˜.
04:32
There is one mystery in the world of electric fish:
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ื™ืฉ ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื:
04:35
why don't they electrocute themselves?
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ืœืžื” ื”ื ืœื ืžื—ืฉืžืœื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื?
04:39
It may be that the size of strongly electric fish
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
04:42
allows them to withstand their own shocks,
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ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
04:44
or that the current passes out of their bodies too quickly.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื–ืจื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžื“ื™.
04:48
Some scientists think that special proteins may shield the electric organs,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืžื’ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
04:53
but the truth is, this is one mystery science still hasn't illuminated.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉื–ื• ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ืื—ืช ืฉื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืคืชืจื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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