The surprising (and invisible) signatures of sea creatures - Kakani Katija

147,934 views ใƒป 2016-01-07

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
So my name is Kakani Katija, and I'm a bioengineer.
0
6563
4138
ืื– ืฉืžื™ ืงืงื ื™ ืงื˜ื™ื’'ื”, ื•ืื ื™ ืžื”ื ื“ืกืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
00:10
I study marine organisms in their natural environment.
1
10701
3793
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
00:14
And what I want to point out,
2
14494
1447
ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช,
00:15
and at least you can see this in this visualization,
3
15941
2463
ื•ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื“ืžื™ื”,
00:18
is that the ocean environment is a dynamic place.
4
18404
3049
ื–ื” ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ื“ื™ื ืžื™.
00:21
What you're seeing are the kinds of currents,
5
21453
2434
ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื–ืจืžื™ื,
00:23
as well as the whirls,
6
23887
1254
ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
00:25
that are left behind in the ocean because of tides
7
25141
2530
ืฉื ืฉืืจื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื’ืื•ืช
00:27
or because of winds.
8
27671
1510
ืื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืจื•ื—ื•ืช.
00:29
And imagine a marine organism as living in this environment,
9
29181
3180
ื•ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื™ืžื™ ื›ื—ื™ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•,
00:32
and they're trying to undergo their entire lives
10
32361
2459
ื•ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
00:34
while dealing with currents like these.
11
34820
2736
ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืจืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœื”.
00:37
But what I also want to point out
12
37556
1603
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื’ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœื™ื•
00:39
is that small organisms also create small fluid motions, as well.
13
39159
4748
ื–ื” ืฉืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื’ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
00:43
And it's these fluid motions that I study.
14
43907
3076
ื•ืืœื” ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจืช.
00:46
And we can think about them like being footprints.
15
46983
2920
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืขืงื‘ื•ืช.
00:49
So this is my dog Kieran, and take a look at her footprints.
16
49903
4303
ืื– ื–ืืช ื”ื›ืœื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ ืงื™ืืจืŸ, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
00:54
Footprints provide a lot of information.
17
54206
2751
ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ืข.
00:56
Not only do they tell us what kind of organism left them,
18
56957
2683
ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ,
00:59
they might also tell us something about when that organism was there,
19
59640
3259
ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ืžืชื™ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื,
01:02
but also what kind of behavior, were they running or were they walking?
20
62899
3510
ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช, ื”ืื ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืื• ื”ืœื›ื•?
01:06
And so terrestrial organisms, like my cute dog Kieran,
21
66409
3428
ื•ื›ืš ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ืœื‘ื” ื”ื—ืžื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืงื™ืืจืŸ,
01:09
might be leaving footprints behind in dirt or in sand,
22
69837
4807
ืื•ืœื™ ืžืฉืื™ืจื” ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืคืจ ืื• ื—ื•ืœ,
01:14
but marine organisms leave footprints in the form of what we call wake structures,
23
74644
6204
ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืžื‘ื ื™ ืฉื•ื‘ืœ,
01:20
or hydrodynamic signatures,
24
80848
1920
ืื• ื—ื•ืชืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ืจื• ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืช,
01:22
in fluid.
25
82768
1093
ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœ.
01:23
Now imagine, it's really hard to see these kinds of structures
26
83861
2946
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื•, ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืงืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•
01:26
because fluid is transparent.
27
86807
1987
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉืงื•ืฃ.
01:28
However, if we add something to the fluid, we get a completely different picture.
28
88794
5050
ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื•ื–ืœ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
01:33
And you can see that these footprints that marine organisms create
29
93844
3094
ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื
01:36
are just dynamic.
30
96938
1543
ื”ืŸ ืจืง ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืช.
01:38
They are constantly changing.
31
98481
1601
ื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช.
01:40
And marine organisms also have the ability to sense these signatures.
32
100082
3563
ื•ืœืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืชืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
01:43
They can also inform decisions,
33
103645
2310
ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช,
01:45
like whether or not they want to continue following a signature like this
34
105955
3463
ื›ืžื• ืื ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืชื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื•
01:49
to find a mate or to find food,
35
109418
2074
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื–ื•ื’ ืื• ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
01:51
or maybe avoid these signatures to avoid being eaten.
36
111492
3929
ืื• ืืœื™ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื”ื—ื•ืชืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžืœื”ืื›ืœ.
01:55
So imagine the ability to be able
37
115421
2241
ืื– ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื
01:57
to not only see or visualize these kinds of signatures,
38
117662
4163
ืœื ืจืง ืœืจืื•ืช ืื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ื—ื•ืชืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
02:01
but to also measure them.
39
121825
1963
ืืœื ื’ื ืœืืžื•ื“ ืื•ืชืŸ.
02:03
This is the engineering side of what I do.
40
123788
2654
ื–ื” ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื™ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื”.
02:06
And so what I've done is I actually took a laboratory technique
41
126442
3983
ื•ื›ืš ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื–ื” ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืขื‘ื“ืชื™ืช
02:10
and miniaturized it and basically shrunk it down
42
130425
3241
ื•ื”ืงื˜ื ืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ืฆืชื™ ืื•ืชื”
02:13
into the use of underwater housings
43
133666
2449
ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ืชืช ืžื™ืžื™ื•ืช
02:16
to make a device that a single scuba diver can use.
44
136115
3844
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืฆื•ืœืœืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•.
02:19
And so a single scuba diver can go anywhere from the surface to 40 meters,
45
139959
4272
ื•ื›ืš ืฆื•ืœืœืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ืขื“ ืœืขื•ืžืง 40 ืžื˜ืจ,
02:24
or 120 feet deep,
46
144231
1609
ืื• 120 ืจื’ืœ,
02:25
to measure the hydrodynamic signatures that organisms create.
47
145840
4871
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ื”ื”ื™ื“ืจื• ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ืฉืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื.
02:30
Before I begin,
48
150711
857
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื—ื™ืœ,
02:31
I want to immerse you into what these kinds of measurements require.
49
151568
4472
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืงื™ืฃ ืืชื›ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช.
02:36
So in order to work, we actually dive at night,
50
156040
3499
ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”,
02:39
and this is because we're trying to minimize any interactions
51
159539
4327
ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื”
02:43
between the laser and sunlight
52
163866
2300
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืžืฉ
02:46
and we're diving in complete darkness
53
166166
2609
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื›ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช
02:48
because we do not want to scare away the organisms we're trying to study.
54
168775
3474
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ.
02:52
And then once we find the organisms we're interested in,
55
172249
2836
ื•ืื– ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื,
02:55
we turn on a green laser.
56
175085
2623
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื™ืจื•ืง.
02:57
And this green laser is actually illuminating a sheet of fluid,
57
177708
4279
ื•ื”ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืื™ืจ ื™ืจื™ืขืช ื ื•ื–ืœ,
03:01
and in that fluid,
58
181987
1002
ื•ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
03:02
it's reflecting off of particles that are found everywhere in the ocean.
59
182989
4230
ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ืžื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
03:07
And so as an animal swims through this laser sheet,
60
187219
3051
ื•ื›ืš ื›ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉื•ื—ื” ื“ืจืš ื™ืจื™ืขืช ื”ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ,
03:10
you can see these particles are moving over time,
61
190270
3701
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืขื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
03:13
and so we actually risk our lives to get this kind of data.
62
193971
3746
ื•ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืกื›ื ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”.
03:17
What you're going to see
63
197717
1255
ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืชืจืื•
03:18
is that on the left these two particles images
64
198972
2621
ื–ื” ืฉืžืฉืžืืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื
03:21
that shows the displacement of fluid over time,
65
201593
2572
ืฉืžืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ,
03:24
and using that data,
66
204165
1989
ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”,
03:26
you can actually extract what the velocity of that fluid is,
67
206154
3041
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ,
03:29
and that's indicated by the vector plots that you see in the middle.
68
209195
3561
ื•ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืจื˜ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–.
03:32
And then we can use that data
69
212756
1764
ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข
03:34
to answer a variety of different questions,
70
214520
2246
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
03:36
not only to understand the rotational sense of that fluid,
71
216766
2928
ืœื ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ,
03:39
which you see on the right,
72
219694
1442
ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ,
03:41
but also estimate something about energetics,
73
221136
2885
ืืœื ื’ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช,
03:44
or the kinds of forces that act on these organisms or on the fluid,
74
224021
3872
ืื• ืกื•ื’ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืื• ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ,
03:47
and also evaluate swimming and feeding performance.
75
227893
2855
ื•ื’ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ืฉื—ื™ื” ื•ื”ื–ื ื”.
03:50
We've used this technique on a variety of different organisms,
76
230748
3140
ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
03:53
but remember, there's an issue here.
77
233888
2411
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื›ืจื•, ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืคื”.
03:56
We're only able to study organisms that a scuba diver can reach.
78
236299
4616
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืจืง ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉืฆื•ืœืœืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”ื.
04:00
And so before I finish, I want to tell you what the next frontier is
79
240915
4050
ื•ื›ืš ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืืกื™ื™ื, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื‘ืื”
04:04
in terms of these kinds of measurements.
80
244965
2985
ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
04:07
And with collaborators at Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute,
81
247950
4337
ื•ืขื ืžืฉืชืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืืงื•ื•ืจื™ื•ื ืžืคืจืฅ ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™,
04:12
we're developing instrumentation to go on remotely opperated vehicles
82
252287
4241
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืžื›ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื™ื•ืœื‘ืฉ ืขืœ ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืžืจื—ื•ืง
04:16
so we can study organisms anywhere from the surface down to 4000 meters,
83
256528
5271
ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืœืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 4000 ืžื˜ืจ,
04:21
or two and a half miles.
84
261799
1696
ืื• ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ื™ืœ.
04:23
And so we can answer really interesting questions about this organism,
85
263495
3341
ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื–ื”,
04:26
this is a larvacean,
86
266836
1711
ื–ื” ืœืจื‘ืฉื™ืืŸ,
04:28
that creates a feeding current and forces fluids through their mucus house
87
268547
5405
ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื–ืจื ื”ื–ื ื” ื•ืžื›ืจื™ื— ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื•ืก ืฉืœื”ื
04:33
and extracts nutrients.
88
273952
1997
ื•ืœืžืฆื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื.
04:35
And then this animal,
89
275949
1190
ื•ืื– ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•,
04:37
this is a siphonophore,
90
277139
1952
ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ื ื•ืคื•ืจ,
04:39
and they can get to lengths about half the size of a football field.
91
279091
3981
ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืฆื™ ืžื’ืจืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ.
04:43
And they're able to swim vertically in the ocean
92
283072
3230
ื•ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ืื ื›ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
04:46
by just creating jet propulsion.
93
286302
2150
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื ืขืช ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ.
04:48
And then finally we can answer these questions
94
288452
2216
ื•ืื– ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
04:50
about how swarming organisms, like krill,
95
290668
3308
ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื—ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงืจื™ืœ,
04:53
are able to affect mixing on larger scales.
96
293976
3083
ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:57
And this is actually one of the most interesting results so far
97
297059
4037
ื•ื–ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
05:01
that we've collected using the scuba diving device
98
301096
3552
ืฉืืกืคื ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฆืœื™ืœื”
05:04
in that organisms, especially when they're moving in mass,
99
304648
3444
ื‘ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืฉื”ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืืกื•ืช,
05:08
are able to generate mixing
100
308092
2273
ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆืจ ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘
05:10
at levels that are equivalent to some other physical processes
101
310365
4164
ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ื•ืช ืœื›ืžื” ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
05:14
that are associated with winds and tides.
102
314529
2830
ืฉืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื–ืจืžื™ื.
05:17
But before I finish,
103
317359
1282
ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืกื™ื™ื,
05:18
I want to leave you all with a question
104
318641
2859
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืขื ืฉืืœื”
05:21
because I think it's important to keep in mind
105
321500
2340
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ
05:23
that technologies today that we take for granted
106
323840
3079
ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืืœื™ื”ืŸ
05:26
started somewhere.
107
326919
1505
ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
05:28
It was inspired from something.
108
328424
2019
ื–ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžืžืฉื”ื•.
05:30
So imagine scientists and engineers were inspired by birds
109
330443
3507
ืื– ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
05:33
to create airplanes.
110
333950
2241
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื.
05:36
And something we take for granted,
111
336191
1672
ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•,
05:37
flying from San Francisco to New York,
112
337863
2554
ืœื˜ื•ืก ืžืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• ืœื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
05:40
is something that was inspired by an organism.
113
340417
3023
ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื.
05:43
And as we're developing these new technologies
114
343440
2587
ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
05:46
to understand marine organisms,
115
346027
2052
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
05:48
what we want to do is answer this question:
116
348079
2319
ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”:
05:50
how will marine organisms inspire us?
117
350398
2567
ืื™ืš ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื ื• ื”ืฉืจืื”?
05:52
Will they allow us to develop new underwater technologies,
118
352965
3750
ื”ืื ื”ื ื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื ื• ืœืคืชื— ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืชืช ืžื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
05:56
like underwater vehicles that look like a jellyfish?
119
356715
2751
ื›ืžื• ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืชืช ืžื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช?
05:59
I think it's a really exciting time in ocean exploration
120
359466
3077
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื™ืžื™
06:02
because now we have the tools available to answer this kind of question,
121
362543
3894
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœื™ื ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
06:06
and with the help of you guys at some point,
122
366437
2842
ื•ืขื ื”ืขื–ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
06:09
you can apply these tools to answer this kind of question
123
369279
3528
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
06:12
and also develop technologies of the future.
124
372807
3044
ื•ื’ื ืœืคืชื— ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“.
06:15
Thank you.
125
375851
1440
ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7