How to create cleaner coal - Emma Bryce

519,131 views ใƒป 2014-12-09

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
What lights up the screen that you're looking at right now?
0
6703
3561
ืžื” ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืกืš ื‘ื• ืืชื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?
00:10
Trace back the battery chargers and power cords
1
10264
2658
ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ ืžื˜ืขื ื™ ื”ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—
00:12
and you'll end up at an electrical outlet,
2
12922
2348
ื•ืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉืงืข ื—ืฉืžืœ,
00:15
providing easy, safe access to reliable electricity.
3
15270
3912
ืฉืžืกืคืง ื’ื™ืฉื” ืงืœื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืœื—ืฉืžืœ ืืžื™ืŸ.
00:19
But beyond that outlet, the picture gets messier.
4
19182
3020
ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉืงืข ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:22
It takes a lot of fuel to heat our homes,
5
22202
2003
ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืœืง ืœื—ืžื ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื ื•,
00:24
preserve our food,
6
24205
1525
ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื ื•,
00:25
and our power our gadgets around the clock.
7
25730
2604
ื•ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ืื“ื’'ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืขื•ืŸ.
00:28
And for 40% of the world, that fuel is cheap, plentiful,
8
28334
3689
ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ 40% ืžื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ืœ ื•ื ืคื•ืฅ,
00:32
and it's called coal.
9
32023
2447
ื•ื ืงืจื ืคื—ื.
00:34
But coal also releases pollutants into the air,
10
34470
2697
ืื‘ืœ ืคื—ื ื’ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ืœืื•ื™ืจ,
00:37
like sulfur dioxide,
11
37167
1635
ื›ืžื• ื“ื• ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืช
00:38
nitrogen oxides,
12
38802
1637
ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื—ื ืงืŸ,
00:40
soot,
13
40439
959
ื–ืคืช,
00:41
and toxic metals, like mercury.
14
41398
2499
ื•ืžืชื›ื•ืช ืจืขื™ืœื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื›ืกืคื™ืช.
00:43
These cause environmental damage, like acid rain,
15
43897
2720
ืืœื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ื–ืงื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ืฉื ื—ื•ืžืฆื™,
00:46
and serious health problems.
16
46617
1630
ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช.
00:48
In fact, in 1952, coal burning caused such heavy smog in London
17
48247
5192
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ 1952, ืฉืจื™ืคืช ืคื—ื ื’ืจืžื” ืœืขืจืคื™ื— ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ
00:53
that pedestrians couldn't even see their feet,
18
53439
2753
ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื,
00:56
and thousands of people died from ill health.
19
56192
3436
ื•ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื• ืžื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืœืงื•ื™ื”.
00:59
Since then, many countries have deployed technology
20
59628
2667
ืžืื–, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืคืจืฉื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
01:02
to remove most of these pollutants before they reach the air.
21
62295
3132
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืื•ื™ืจ.
01:05
But now we have a new air pollution problem on our hands,
22
65427
3178
ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื•ื™ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื”,
01:08
one that doesn't show up in a cloud of dark smog,
23
68605
2759
ืื—ืช ืฉืœื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื›ืขื ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืจืคื™ื— ื›ื”ื”,
01:11
but in rising seas,
24
71364
1410
ืืœื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคื ื™ ื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื,
01:12
floods,
25
72774
842
ืฉื˜ืคื•ื ื•ืช,
01:13
and heat waves.
26
73616
1349
ื•ื’ืœื™ ื—ื•ื.
01:14
It's global climate change,
27
74965
1667
ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™,
01:16
and again, the main culprit is coal.
28
76632
2980
ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืคื—ื.
01:19
It's responsible for 44% of global carbon dioxide emissions,
29
79612
4561
ื”ื•ื ืื—ืจืื™ ืœ 44% ืžืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
01:24
which trap the sun's heat in the Earth's atmosphere,
30
84173
2738
ืฉืœื•ื›ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื•ื ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
01:26
instead of letting it escape.
31
86911
1630
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืชืช ืœื• ืœื‘ืจื•ื—.
01:28
So now the question is how do we remove that bad stuff as well?
32
88541
4383
ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื’ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืจืข ื”ื–ื”?
01:32
That's the idea behind cleaner coal.
33
92924
2705
ื–ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืคื—ื ื ืงื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:35
Creating cleaner coal is really about trying to contain its ill effects
34
95629
4147
ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืคื—ื ื ืงื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื•
01:39
with the help of special technologies that make the end product more acceptable.
35
99776
5134
ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืงื‘ืœ.
01:44
Just like the most intriguing superheroes
36
104910
2509
ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
01:47
often have their own dark powers to overcome,
37
107419
2667
ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื,
01:50
so we can try and keep coal's negative forces in check.
38
110086
3597
ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื—ื ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื—.
01:53
But why don't we just exterminate coal
39
113683
2370
ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ืฉืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื›ื—ื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืคื—ื
01:56
if it takes that much effort to clean it up?
40
116053
2728
ืื ื–ื” ืžืืžืฅ ื›ื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ืงื•ืช ืื•ืชื•?
01:58
Simply, coal is extremely valuable to us, and it's easy to come by.
41
118781
4398
ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืคื—ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•, ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื•ืชื•.
02:03
Compressed underground for ages,
42
123179
2094
ื“ื—ื•ืก ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขื™ื“ื ื™ื,
02:05
coal holds chemical energy from plants
43
125273
2531
ื”ืคื—ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืžืฆืžื—ื™ื
02:07
that were fed from by the sun hundreds of millions of years ago,
44
127804
3306
ืฉื ื™ื–ื•ื ื• ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
02:11
long before humans evolved.
45
131110
2310
ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ืชืคืชื—.
02:13
That makes coal energy dense, meaning it can be burned 'round the clock.
46
133420
4949
ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืคื—ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืก ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืจืฃ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืขื•ืŸ.
02:18
It's also cheap, if you ignore the pollution costs,
47
138369
3344
ื–ื” ื’ื ื–ื•ืœ, ืื ืืชื ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื,
02:21
and should last us through the end of the 21st century.
48
141713
3563
ื•ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืกืคื™ืง ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื” 21.
02:25
We've already got all the infrastructure in place for harnessing its power,
49
145276
4009
ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ื–ื”,
02:29
and globally,
50
149285
860
ื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
02:30
although countries are making a move
51
150145
1818
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช
02:31
towards energy from cleaner and more renewable sources,
52
151963
3104
ื›ืœืคื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:35
there's no sign yet that coal use is slowing down.
53
155067
3943
ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคื—ื ืžืื˜.
02:39
In fact, as of 2012,
54
159010
1778
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืื– 2012,
02:40
over 1000 new coal plants have been proposed,
55
160788
3325
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 1000 ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ืคื—ืžื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆืขื•,
02:44
mostly in China and India.
56
164113
2092
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื•.
02:46
Since for the time being coal is here to stay,
57
166205
2986
ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืคื—ื ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืืจ,
02:49
experts say that if we want to reduce its emissions' impact on the atmosphere,
58
169191
4040
ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื ื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
02:53
and slow down climate change,
59
173231
1672
ื•ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
02:54
we'll have to think of creative ways of reducing coal's destructive power.
60
174903
4756
ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื”ืจืกื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื—ื.
02:59
To do that, we need to strip it of its foul forces,
61
179659
3659
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื™ื,
03:03
all that toxic carbon dioxide that causes havoc in the atmosphere.
62
183318
4337
ื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื”ืจืขื™ืœ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
03:07
Then, we need to store the CO2 somewhere else.
63
187655
2987
ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
03:10
This mission is called carbon capture and sequestration,
64
190642
3661
ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ื ืงืจืืช ืœื›ื™ื“ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืคืงืขื”,
03:14
or CCS.
65
194303
1442
ืื• CCS.
03:15
And as if carbon dioxide were some evil genie we didn't want to escape,
66
195745
4779
ื•ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืคื“"ื— ื”ื™ื” ืฉื“ ืžืจื•ืฉืข ืฉืœื ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื‘ืจื—,
03:20
once it has been separated from coal,
67
200524
2090
ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืจื“ ืžื”ืคื—ื,
03:22
we've devised ways to banish it underground.
68
202614
3333
ื”ืขืœื ื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืกืœืง ืื•ืชื• ืืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื”.
03:25
We can do this by injecting it deep into the Earth,
69
205947
2835
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ืจืงืชื• ืขืžื•ืง ืœืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
03:28
or by placing it deep under the ocean's surface.
70
208782
3655
ืื• ื‘ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขืžื•ืง ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
03:32
Stripping away coal's negative elements can happen in three ways.
71
212437
3851
ื”ืกืจื” ืฉืœ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืคื—ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
03:36
First, and most commonly,
72
216288
1795
ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฆื”,
03:38
as coal burns,
73
218083
1077
ื›ืฉืคื—ื ื ืฉืจืฃ,
03:39
the exhaust gas can be mixed with a compound called monoethanolamine.
74
219160
4556
ื’ื–ื™ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ืขื ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ืžื•ื ื•ืืชื ื•ืœืžื™ืŸ.
03:43
Like a forceful power-stripping magnet, this compound bonds to the CO2,
75
223716
5456
ื›ืžื• ืžื’ื ื˜ ื”ืกืจื” ื—ื–ืง, ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื ืงืฉืจ ืœืคื“"ื—,
03:49
yanking it out of the gas stream
76
229172
1764
ืžื•ืฉืš ืื•ืชื• ืžื–ืจื ื”ื’ื–
03:50
so it can be stored separately underground.
77
230936
3011
ื›ืš ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืื’ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื”.
03:53
Another method is to relieve coal of its CO2
78
233947
3080
ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืคื—ื ืžื”ืคื“"ื— ืฉืœื•
03:57
before it even has a chance to be released as exhaust.
79
237027
4377
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ื›ื’ื– ืคืœื™ื˜ื”.
04:01
In this process, steam and oxygen swoop in to the rescue
80
241404
3944
ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื”
04:05
to convert coal into a special product called syngas,
81
245348
3752
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืคื—ื ืœืžื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื ืงืจื ืกื™ื ื’ื–,
04:09
made up of carbon monoxide and hydrogen and some CO2.
82
249100
4275
ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืคื—ืžืŸ ื—ื“ ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื•ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ืงืฆืช ืคื“"ื—.
04:13
Zap that with some water vapor,
83
253375
1826
ืชืฉืคืจื™ืฆื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืื“ื™ ืžื™ื,
04:15
and the carbon monoxide gets converted into carbon dioxide,
84
255201
4057
ื•ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื“ ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืžื•ืžืจ ืœืคื“"ื—,
04:19
which can be isolated.
85
259258
1627
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“.
04:20
The leftover hydrogen gas is then used as energy to generate electricity,
86
260885
4084
ื”ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืื– ื›ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ,
04:24
so there's an added bonus.
87
264969
1985
ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ื ื•ืก ื ื•ืกืฃ.
04:26
A third technique exposes coal to pure oxygen,
88
266954
3764
ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืคื—ื ืœื—ืžืฆืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ,
04:30
instead of burning it in air.
89
270718
2011
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ.
04:32
This creates exhaust gas with higher concentrations of carbon dioxide,
90
272729
4148
ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื’ื–ื™ ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ืขื ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืคื“"ื—,
04:36
which makes it easy to isolate and to banish to the chasms below.
91
276877
4039
ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืœืกื™ืœื•ืง ืœืื“ืžื” ืฉืชื—ืชื™ื ื•.
04:40
All this can reduce emissions at a power plant by up to 90%,
92
280916
4721
ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืขื“ 90%,
04:45
but as with any superhero struggling with their destructive powers,
93
285637
3315
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื• ืขื ื›ืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื ืื‘ืง ืขื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ื™ื,
04:48
it takes a lot of effort to switch over from the dark side.
94
288952
3524
ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืืžืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื ืชืง ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืืคืœ.
04:52
So these positive pollution-busting forces,
95
292476
2436
ืื– ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื,
04:54
although they're available,
96
294912
1581
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื,
04:56
have barely been used in commercial power plants
97
296493
2794
ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช
04:59
because they cost a lot.
98
299287
2084
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื”.
05:01
But ultimately, the bigger problem is that in most parts of the world,
99
301371
4116
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
05:05
it's still too easy and much cheaper to keep emitting carbon dioxide,
100
305487
5136
ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœ ืžื“ื™ ื•ื–ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืคืœื•ื˜ ืคื“"ื—,
05:10
and that makes it tempting to completely ignore coal's dark side.
101
310623
4307
ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืคืชื” ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืืคืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื—ื.
05:14
In this case, the most powerful force for good is regulation,
102
314930
4065
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื”,
05:18
the rules that can restrict the amount of carbon dioxide
103
318995
2988
ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื“"ื—
05:21
emitted from power plants,
104
321983
1618
ืฉื ืคืœื˜ื™ื ืžืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื—,
05:23
and make energy companies around the world
105
323601
2079
ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื
05:25
wary of what they put into the air.
106
325680
2787
ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ืœืื•ื™ืจ.
05:28
Until then,
107
328467
1039
ืขื“ ืื–,
05:29
every time you turn on a screen or flick a light switch,
108
329506
2938
ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืืชื ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืš ืื• ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืจ,
05:32
coal is lurking in the background,
109
332444
2060
ืคื—ื ืื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืจืงืข,
05:34
carrying its dark powers with it wherever it goes.
110
334504
3080
ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื• ืื™ืชื• ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7