How one piece of legislation divided a nation - Ben Labaree, Jr.

2,986,775 views ใƒป 2014-02-11

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
Today when people complain about the state
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืœื•ื ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘
00:09
of American politics,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช,
00:10
they often mention the dominance of
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ
00:12
the Democratic and Republican Parties,
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ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ืช,
00:13
or the sharp split between red and blue states.
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ืื• ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช.
00:18
But while it may seem like both of these things
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
00:20
have been around forever,
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“,
00:21
the situation looked quite different in 1850,
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื ืจืื” ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ 1850,
00:25
with the Republican Party not yet existing,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ืช ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ,
00:27
and support for the dominant Democrats and Whigs
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ื•ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื•ื™ื’ื™ื
00:30
cutting across geographic divides.
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ืขื‘ืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื.
00:33
The collapse of this Second Party System
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ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
00:35
was at the center of increasing regional tensions
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืชื’ื‘ืจืช
00:38
that would lead to the birth of the Republican Party,
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ืฉืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืœื™ื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ืช,
00:40
the rise of Abraham Lincoln as its leader,
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ื”ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื”,
00:43
and a civil war that would claim over half a million lives.
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ื•ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืชื™ืงื— ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื..
00:47
And if this collapse could be blamed
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ื•ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ืกื” ื”ื–ื•
00:49
on a single event,
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00:49
it would be the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854.
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ืขืœ ืืจื•ืข ื™ื—ื™ื“,
ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืง ืงื ื–ืก-ื ื‘ืจืกืงื” ืฉืœ 1854.
00:54
The story starts with the Missouri Compromise of 1820.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืคืฉืจืช ืžื™ื–ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ 1820.
00:58
To balance the number of slave states
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื–ืŸ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช
01:00
and free states in the Union,
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ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ื“,
01:02
it allowed slavery in the newly admitted
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ืื™ืคืฉืจื• ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืจืง ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื”
01:04
state of Missouri, while making it off limits
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ืžื™ื–ื•ืจื™, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช
01:07
in the remaining federally administered Louisiana Territory.
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ื‘ืฉืืจื™ืช ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืœื•ืื™ื–ื™ืื ื” ื”ืžื ื•ื”ืœืช ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช.
01:10
But compromises tend to last
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ืื‘ืœ ืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืืจ
01:12
only as long as they're convenient,
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ืจืง ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืŸ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช,
01:13
and by the early 1850s,
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ื•ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช 1850,
01:16
a tenacious Democratic Senator from Illionis
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ืกื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืขืงืฉืŸ ืžืื™ืœื™ื ื•ื™
01:18
named Stephen A. Douglas
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ืฉื ืงืจื ืกื˜ืคืŸ ื. ื“ื’ืœืืก
01:20
found its terms very inconvenient.
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ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ื ื•ื—ื™ื.
01:22
As an advocate of western expansion,
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ื›ืžื˜ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื‘,
01:25
he promoted constructing a transcontinental
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ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื“ื ื”ืงืžืช ืžืกื™ืœืช ืจื›ื‘ืช
01:27
railroad across the Northern Plains
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ื˜ืจืื ืก ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื
01:30
with an eastern terminus in Chicago,
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ืขื ื˜ืจืžื™ื ืœ ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื•,
01:32
where he happened to own real estate.
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ืฉื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื™ื• ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื•.
01:34
For his proposal to succeed,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืœื• ืชืฆืœื™ื—,
01:36
Douglas felt that the territories
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ื“ื’ืœืืก ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช
01:37
through which the railroad passed,
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ื“ืจื›ืŸ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ,
01:40
would have to be formally organized,
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช,
01:42
which required the support of Southern politicians.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืžื”ื“ืจื•ื.
01:45
He was also a believer in popular sovereignty,
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช,
01:48
arguing that the status of slavery in a territory
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ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
01:50
should be decided by its residents rather than Congress.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก.
01:54
So Douglas introduced a bill
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ืื– ื“ื’ืœืืก ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื—ื•ืง
01:56
designed to kill two birds with one stone.
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ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืฉืชื™ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื” ืื—ืช.
01:59
It would divide the large chunk of incorporated land
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ืœืง ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื” ืœื ืžืฉื•ื™ื™ื›ืช
02:02
into two new organized territories: Nebraska and Kansas,
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ืœืฉืชื™ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช: ื ื‘ืจืกืงื” ื•ืงื ื–ืก,
02:06
each of which would be open to slavery
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœืขื‘ื“ื•ืช
02:08
if the population voted to allow it.
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ืื ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืชืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืื•ืชื”.
02:11
While Douglas and his Southern supporters
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื“ื’ืœืืก ื•ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื• ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื
02:13
tried to frame the bill as protecting
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ื ื™ืกื• ืœืžืกื’ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื›ืžื’ืŸ
02:15
the political rights of settlers,
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ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื,
02:16
horrified Northerners recognized it as
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ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ื—ืจื“ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ื•
02:19
repealing the 34-year-old Missouri Compromise
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ื›ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ืคืฉืจืช ืžื™ื–ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืช 34 ื”ืฉื ื™ื
02:22
and feared that its supporters' ultimate goal
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ื•ืคื—ื“ื• ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ืฉืœื”
02:24
was to extend slavery to the entire nation.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืžื”.
02:28
Congress was able to pass the Kansas-Nebraska Act,
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ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื ื‘ืจืกืงื”-ืงื ื–ืก,
02:30
but at the huge cost of bitterly dividing the nation,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื”,
02:34
with 91% of the opposition coming from Northerners.
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ืขื 91% ืžื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื.
02:37
In the House of Representatives,
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื,
02:39
politicians traded insults and brandished weapons
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ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืขืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœืคื• ื ืฉืงื™ื
02:42
until a Sargent at Arms restored order.
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ืขื“ ืฉืจืก"ืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจ.
02:45
President Pierce signed the bill into law
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืคื™ืจืก ื—ืชื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืœื—ื•ืง
02:47
amidst a storm of protest,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืขืจื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืื”,
02:49
while Georgia's Alexander Stephens,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืกื˜ืคื ืก ืžื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื”,
02:51
future Confederate Vice President,
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ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืงื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื”,
02:53
hailed the Act's passage as,
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ืงืจื ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืง,
02:55
"Glory enough for one day."
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"ืชื”ื™ืœื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ืœื™ื•ื ืื—ื“."
02:57
The New York Tribune reported,
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ื”ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—,
02:58
"The unanimous sentiment of the North is indignant resistance."
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"ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืจืžืจืช."
03:02
Douglas even admitted that he could travel
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ื“ืื’ืœืก ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข
03:04
from Washington D.C. to Chicago
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ืžื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืงื’ื•
03:06
by the light of his own burning effigies.
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ืขื ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืจืคื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
03:09
The political consequences
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ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช
03:11
of the Kansas-Nebraska Act were stunning.
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ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื ื‘ืจืกืงื”-ืงื ื–ืก ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช.
03:13
Previously, both Whigs and Democrats had included
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ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ื’ื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื’ืก ื•ื’ื ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ื›ืœืœื•
03:16
Northern and Southern lawmakers united around
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ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘
03:19
various issues, but now slavery became
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ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื”
03:22
a dividing factor that could not be ignored.
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ืœื’ื•ืจื ืžืคืœื’ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžื ื•.
03:25
Congressmen from both parties
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ืื ืฉื™ ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช
03:26
spoke out against the act,
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืง,
03:28
including an Illinois Whig named Abraham Lincoln,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื•ื•ื™ื’ ืžืื™ืœื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ,
03:31
denouncing "the monstrous injustice of slavery"
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ืฉื”ื•ืงื™ืข ืืช "ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ืžืคืœืฆืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช"
03:34
in an 1854 speech.
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ื‘ื ืื•ืžื• ื‘ 1854.
03:36
By this time the Whigs had all but ceased to exist,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื•ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื,
03:39
irreparably split between
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ืžืคื•ืฆืœื™ื ืœืœื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ
03:40
their Northern and Southern factions.
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ื”ืคืœื’ื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
03:43
In the same year, the new Republican Party
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
03:45
was founded by the anti-slavery elements
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ื ื•ืกื“ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช
03:47
from both existing parties.
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ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
03:50
Although Lincoln still ran for Senate as a Whig in 1854,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืฅ ืœืกื ืื˜ ื›ื•ื•ื™ื’ ื‘ 1854,
03:53
he was an early supporter of the new party,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”,
03:56
and helped to recruit others to its cause.
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ื•ืขื–ืจ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื”.
03:59
Meanwhile the Democratic Party was shaken
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื ื•ืขืจื”
04:01
when events in the newly formed Kansas Territory
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ื›ืฉืืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืงื ื–ืก ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
04:03
revealed the violent consequences of popular sovereignty.
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ื’ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™.
04:07
Advertisements appeared across the North
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ืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ
04:09
imploring people to emigrate to Kansas
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ื•ืงืจืื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื’ืจ ืœืงื ื–ืก
04:12
to stem the advance of slavery.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช.
04:14
The South answered with Border Ruffians,
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ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืขื ื” ืขื ืคื•ืจืขื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ,
04:16
pro-slavery Missourians who crossed state lines
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ืื ืฉื™ ืžื™ื–ื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
04:19
to vote in fraudulent elections
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ืคื•ืช
04:21
and raid anti-slavery settlements.
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ื•ืœืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช.
04:23
One northern abolitionist, John Brown,
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ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืื—ื“, ื’'ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ,
04:26
became notorious following the
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ื”ืคืš ืœื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืฉืžืฆื” ืœืื—ืจ
04:27
Pottawatomie Massacre of 1856
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ื˜ื‘ื— ืคื•ื˜ืื•ื•ืชื•ืžื™ ื‘ 1856
04:30
when he and his sons hacked to death
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ื”ื™ื›ื• ืœืžื•ื•ืช
04:33
five pro-slavery farmers with broad swords.
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ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช.
04:36
In the end, more than 50 people
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 50 ืื ืฉื™ื
04:38
died in Bleeding Kansas.
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ืžืชื• ื‘ืงื ื–ืก ื”ืžื“ืžืžืช.
04:40
While nominally still a national party,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืคืœื’ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
04:43
Douglas's Democrats were increasingly divided
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ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืื’ืœืก ื”ื™ื• ื—ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:45
along sectional lines,
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ืœืื•ืจืš ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืžื—ืœืงื™ื,
04:47
and many Northern members left
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขื–ื‘ื•
04:48
to join the Republicans.
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ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ื.
04:50
Abraham Lincoln finally took up
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ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ืœืงื— ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ
04:52
the Republican Party banner in 1856
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ืืช ื“ื’ืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ 1856
04:55
and never looked back.
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ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืื—ื•ืจื”.
04:56
That year, John C. Fremont,
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื”ื™ื, ื’'ื•ืŸ ืก. ืคื™ื™ืจืžื•ื ื˜,
04:58
the first Republican presidential candidate,
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ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช,
05:00
lost to Democrat, James Buchanan,
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ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜, ื’ื™ื™ืžืก ื‘ื™ื•ืงืื ืŸ,
05:03
but garnered 33% of the popular vote
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื’ 33% ืžื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช
05:05
all from Northern states.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
05:08
Two years later, Lincoln challenged Douglas
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ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ืื™ืชื’ืจ ืืช ื“ืื’ืœืก
05:10
for his Illinois Senate seat,
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ืœื›ื™ืกื ื”ืกื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืžืื™ืœื™ื ื•ื™,
05:12
and although he lost that contest,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื,
05:14
it elevated his status among Republicans.
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ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืžืžื” ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ื.
05:17
Lincoln would finally be vindicated in 1860,
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ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ 1860,
05:20
when he was elected President of the United States,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
05:22
defeating in his own home state,
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืก ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืชื• ืฉืœื•,
05:24
a certain Northern Democrat,
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ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
05:26
who was finally undone by the disastrous
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ืฉื”ื•ื›ืจืข ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™
05:28
aftermath of the law he had masterminded.
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื”.
05:31
Americans today continue to debate
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ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ื•ืŸ
05:33
whether the Civil War was inevitable,
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ืื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขืช,
05:35
but there is no doubt that the
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง
05:37
Kansas-Nebraska Act made the ghastly conflict
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ืฉื—ื•ืง ืงื ื–ืก-ื ื‘ืจืกืงื” ื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื”ื ื•ืจืื™
05:39
much more likely.
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ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ.
05:41
And for that reason,
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ื•ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•,
05:42
it should be remembered as one of the most
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ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื–ื›ืจ ื›ืื—ื“
05:43
consequential pieces of legislation
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ืžื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืชื•ืฆืืชื™ื™ื
05:45
in American history.
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ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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