The weirdest (and coolest) tongues in the animal kingdom - Cella Wright

233,394 views ใƒป 2024-07-16

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
Could it be a succulent, pink, wiggling worm?
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ื”ืื ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืœืขืช ืขืกื™ืกื™ืช, ื•ืจื•ื“ื” ื•ืžืชื ื“ื ื“ืช?
00:10
No, it was actually this alligator snapping turtle's
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ืœื, ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชื•ืกืคืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ืกื” ื‘ื“ื
00:13
blood-engorged tongue appendage acting as a lure.
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ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ ืืœื™ื’ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื›ืคื™ืชื•ื™.
00:17
It's far from the only animal doing tongue trickery.
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ื”ื•ื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืชืขืœื•ืœื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ.
00:21
Fish attracted to prey-like ripples at the water's surface
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ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืœืื“ื•ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืจืฃ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื
00:24
might find themselves in the jaws of water snakes
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืœืกืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื—ืฉื™ ืžื™ื
00:27
who used their tongues to put those ripples there.
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ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ื•ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉื.
00:30
Snowy egrets do the same thing.
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ืื ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืœื’ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
00:33
And puff adders lingually mimic insect movements to snag amphibians.
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ื•ืื“ืจ ื ื•ืฉืฃ ืžื—ืงื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื—ืจืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคื•ืก ื“ื•-ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:38
Tongues are getting all kinds of busy across the animal kingdomโ€”
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ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืกื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช -
00:42
for many different reasons.
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ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
00:44
Some are used as murderous missiles in ambush attacks.
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ื—ืœืงืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื›ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืจืฆื—ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืžืืจื‘.
00:48
Within the chameleon's mouth,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ืงื™ืช,
00:50
a tongue muscle squeezes a series of concentric sheaths
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ืฉืจื™ืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืœื•ื—ืฅ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื“ื ื™ื ืงื•ื ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื
00:53
around a cartilaginous rod, storing elastic energy.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื•ื˜ ืกื—ื•ืก, ืื•ื’ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืœืกื˜ื™ืช.
00:57
As the muscle further contracts,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:59
the tongue tissues slip over the tip of the rod,
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ืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžื—ืœื™ืงื•ืช ืžืขืœ ืงืฆื” ื”ืžื•ื˜,
01:02
releasing their stored energy and accelerating the tongue forward.
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ืžืฉื—ืจืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ืกื ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื•ืžืื™ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
01:06
With a suction-cup-like-tip and saliva 400 times thickerโ€”
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ืขื ืงืฆื” ื“ืžื•ื™ ื›ื•ืก ื™ื ื™ืงื” ื•ืจื•ืง ืขื‘ื” ืคื™ 400 -
01:10
and therefore much stickierโ€” than our own,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื‘ื™ืง - ืžืฉืœื ื•,
01:13
the chameleon's tongue shoots out at almost 5 meters per second
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ืœืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ืงื™ืช ื™ื•ืจื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 5 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื”
01:17
and ensnares its target.
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ื•ืœื•ื›ื“ืช ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื”.
01:19
The rosette-nosed pygmy chameleon can shoot its tongue 2.5 times its body length
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ื”ื–ื™ืงื™ืช ื”ืคื™ื’ืžื™ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืืฃ ืจื•ื–ื˜ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื” ืคื™ 2.5 ืžืื•ืจืš ื’ื•ืคื”
01:24
at speeds equivalent to a car going from 0 to 96 kilometers per hour
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืž-0 ืœ -96 ืงืžโ€œืฉ
01:29
in a hundredth of a second.
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ื‘ืžืื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
01:31
It might take the cake when it comes to the animal kingdom's fastest tongueโ€”
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ื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืžื ืฆื—ืช ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช -
01:36
and the one that stretches the longest relative to body size.
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ื•ื–ื• ืฉื ืžืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
01:39
Except the cake is obviously a bug.
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ืืœื ืฉื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื—ืจืง.
01:42
A giant palm salamander's spring-loaded tongue, meanwhile,
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ืœืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืขืžื•ืกื” ื‘ืงืคื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ืกืœืžื ื“ืจืช ื“ืงืœ ืขื ืงื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื
01:46
packs its punch from two long muscles that stretch past its front legs.
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ืื•ื—ื–ืช ืืช ืื’ืจื•ืคื” ืžืฉื ื™ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืจื’ืœื™ื” ื”ืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช.
01:51
Once contracted, they compress the arms of the cartilaginous skeleton
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ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช, ื”ื ื“ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืืช ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื“ ื”ืกื—ื•ืกื™
01:55
at the base of the salamander's tongue,
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ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืกืœืžื ื“ืจื”,
01:57
which then launches out with the rest of its tongue tissues.
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ืืฉืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžืฉื’ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืขื ืฉืืจ ืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•.
02:01
From this elastic energy release,
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ืžืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืœืกื˜ื™ ื–ื”,
02:03
the salamander achieves more instantaneous power per kilogram of muscle
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ื”ืกืœืžื ื“ืจื” ืžืฉื™ื’ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ื— ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจื ืฉืจื™ืจ
02:07
than any vertebrate on record, affording it whip-quick captures.
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ืžื›ืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ืชืŸ ืฉื ืจืฉื, ืžื” ืฉืžืงื ื” ืœื” ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
02:12
Certain amphibians have their tongues routed to the front of their mouths.
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ื“ื•-ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœืฉื•ื ื ืžื ื•ืชื‘ืช ืœืงื“ืžืช ืคื™ื”ื.
02:16
With the drop of its lower jaw,
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ืขื ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื”ืœืกืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”,
02:18
the northern leopard frog's tongue flips out.
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ืœืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืคืจื“ืข ื”ื ืžืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืžืชื”ืคื›ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
02:21
And because frog tongues are super softโ€” up to 10 times softer than our ownโ€”
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ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ - ืขื“ ืคื™ 10 ืจื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื ื• -
02:26
they stretch to cover a wide surface area.
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ื”ืŸ ื ืžืชื—ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื™ื ืจื—ื‘.
02:29
They're also covered in glands that secrete sticky saliva
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ื”ืŸ ืžื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืจื•ืง ื“ื‘ื™ืง
02:33
to maximize those areas of contact.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื’ืข ื”ืืœื”.
02:35
Then, because the leopard frog's tongue is positioned so far forward,
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ื•ืื–, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆืคืจื“ืข ื”ื ืžืจ ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื—ื•ืง ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
02:39
it can retract its eyes to help push the prey down its throat.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจืฃ ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื’ืจื•ื ื”.
02:44
Blue-tongued skinks, meanwhile,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื—ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื
02:46
seem to display their extraordinary tongues defensively,
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ืืช ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื’ื ืชื™,
02:50
dazing predators and robbing their aerial attacks of momentum.
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ืžื˜ืจื™ืคื™ื ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืžื ื˜ื•ื ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
02:54
For other animals, it's all about lingual length.
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ืืฆืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื›ืœ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ืœืฉื•ื ื™.
02:57
When red-bellied woodpeckers' extended, barbed tongues
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ื•ืงืจื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืงืจื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ ื‘ื˜ืŸ
03:01
aren't probing for protein-rich comestibles,
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ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื—ืคืฉื•ืช ืื—ืจ ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ,
03:04
they're wrapped around their skulls.
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ื”ืŸ ืขื˜ื•ืคื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืชื™ื”ืŸ.
03:06
And giant anteaters evoke the question,
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ื•ืื•ื›ืœื™ ื ืžืœื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”,
03:09
"why have teeth or a mouth you can open any considerable amount
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โ€œืœืžื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืคื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื•ื— ื›ืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื ื™ื›ืจืช
03:12
when you could have a 60-centimeter-long tongue
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืจืš 60 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื
03:15
clad in backward-facing spines and adhesive saliva
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ืขื˜ื•ืคื” ื‘ืงื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื•ืจื•ืง ื“ื‘ื™ืง
03:18
that catches up to 30,000 termites and ants a day?"
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ืฉืชื•ืคืก ืขื“ 30,000 ื˜ืจืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื ืžืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื?โ€
03:22
To which evolution answered, "you actually have a really good point."
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ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”, โ€œืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.โ€
03:26
Tube-lipped nectar bats' food sources are less animated.
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ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื˜ืœืคื™ ืฆื•ืฃ ืขื ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื ืคืฉื•ืช.
03:29
But still, to reach bellflower nectar,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฆื•ืฃ ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ืช,
03:32
their tongues are 50% longer than their bodiesโ€”
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ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘-50% ืžื’ื•ืคื -
03:35
the longest relative to body size among mammals.
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ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื.
03:38
Tongue textures also vary widely.
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ืžืจืงืžื™ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื’ื ื”ื ืžืื•ื“.
03:41
Tiny structures called papillae cover tongues,
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ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืคืคื™ืœื•ืช ืžื›ืกื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
03:44
facilitating touch and taste sensitivity and more.
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ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืžื’ืข ื˜ืขื ื•ืขื•ื“.
03:49
Rainbow lorikeet papillae bloom into feathery projections that sop up nectar.
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ืคืคื™ืœื•ืช ืœื•ืจื™ืงื™ื˜ ืงืฉืช ืคื•ืจื—ื•ืช ืœื”ืงืจื ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืกื•ืคื’ื•ืช ืฆื•ืฃ.
03:54
And penguins press their backward-facing, centimeter-long, spiny tongue
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ื•ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืืช ืœืฉื•ื ื ื”ืงื•ืฆื ื™ืช ื”ืคื•ื ื•ืช ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ,
03:59
and palate papillae together to secure their slippery catch
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ื•ืคืคื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ืš ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืฉืœืœ ื”ื—ืœืงืœืง ืฉืœื”ื
04:03
and direct it into their gullet.
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ื•ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืœื•ืข ืฉืœื”ื.
04:04
Meanwhile, sandpapery feline papillae are thought to retain saliva
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืคืคื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื ื™ื™ืจ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื›ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืจื•ืง
04:09
during self-grooming,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืขืฆืžื™,
04:11
helping cats cool, detangle, and distribute scents.
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ื•ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืจืจ, ืœืคืจื•ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืจื™ื—ื•ืช.
04:14
And, of course, some reptilian tongues reach a fork in their roads.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ืžื” ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชืขืคื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื”ืŸ.
04:20
Snakes spread their tongue tips apart near the ground
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ื ื—ืฉื™ื ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ืืช ืงืฆื•ืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื—ืฆื™ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืื“ืžื”
04:23
and whip them up and down in the air,
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ื•ืžืงืคื™ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืœืžื˜ื” ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
04:25
sending odor molecules back into their vomeronasal organs.
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ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืจื™ื— ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื•ืžืจื•ื ืื–ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
04:29
Like having two ears, each tongue tip delivers a slightly different
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืชื™ ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืœ ืงืฆื” ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืง ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ื”
04:33
odor sampling from the environment,
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ืฉืœ ืจื™ื— ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
04:35
helping establish a more comprehensive stereo scent map.
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ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืคืช ืจื™ื— ืกื˜ืจื™ืื• ืžืงื™ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:39
This way, snakes can determine where an odor cue is strongest
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•, ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืจืžื– ืจื™ื— ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:43
and stay on the trails of prey and mates.
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ื•ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื˜ืจืฃ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’.
04:46
And that is just a taste of the fascinating things you'll find
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ื•ื–ื• ืจืง ื˜ืขื™ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจืชืงื™ื ืฉืชืžืฆืื•
04:50
when the animal kingdom opens wide and sticks its tongue out at you.
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ื›ืฉืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื ืคืชื—ืช ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืช ืœืฉื•ื ื” ืืœื™ื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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