Why fish are better at breathing than you are - Dan Kwartler

532,098 views ใƒป 2024-07-09

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
In 2019, Eliud Kipchoge finished a Vienna marathon
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019, ืกื™ื™ื ืืœื™ื•ื“ ืงื™ืคืฆโ€™ื•ื’ื” ืืช ืžืจืชื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื ื”
00:11
in one hour, 59 minutes, and 40 seconds.
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ืชื•ืš ืฉืขื”, 59 ื“ืงื•ืช ื• -40 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
00:16
This staggering time broke the two-hour barrier
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ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืจ ืืช ืžื—ืกื•ื ื”ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื
00:19
that most runners previously deemed impossible.
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ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืฆื™ื ืจืื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื›ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
00:23
However, some researchers weren't as surprised.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ืคืชืขื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš.
00:26
Recent studies investigating if humans could maintain such a high pace
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื—ืงืจื• ืื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงืฆื‘ ื›ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”
00:31
for the length of a marathon had found that elite runners
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ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืจืชื•ืŸ ืžืฆืื• ืฉืจืฆื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจื™ื
00:35
can take in twice as much oxygen as non-runners.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžืืฉืจ ืืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื ืจืฆื™ื.
00:39
And itโ€™s likely that this superhuman ability played a role in Eliudโ€™s victory.
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ื•ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืขืœ ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื–ื• ืฉื™ื—ืงื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื•ื“.
00:44
But when it comes to breathing efficiently,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื™ืขื™ืœื”,
00:47
not even the best runners in the world can compete with the average fish.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ื’ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
00:52
Thatโ€™s rightโ€” youโ€™re looking at some of the best breathers on Earth;
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ - ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ;
00:57
which actually makes sense when you consider how little oxygen there is
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ื•ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžืขื˜ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื™ืฉ
01:02
in their aquatic environments.
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
01:04
Fish can breathe in a variety of ways,
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ื“ื’ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืฉื•ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื,
01:07
but the most common is through the use of gills.
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ืืš ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื–ื™ืžื™ื.
01:10
These branching organs typically come in four pairs,
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ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกืชืขืคื™ื ืืœื” ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช,
01:14
all enclosed in gill chambers.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ ื–ื™ืžื™ื.
01:17
These chambers are protected by opercle, or gill covers,
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ืชืื™ื ืืœื” ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืคืจืงืœ, ืื• ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืžื™ื,
01:22
which are just as essential to underwater breathing as the gills themselves.
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ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืžื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืขืฆืžื.
01:27
When most fish take a breath,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื,
01:29
they first close these covers and take a gulp of water.
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ื”ื ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืœื’ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื.
01:33
Then, they open their opercle,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจืงืœ ืฉืœื”ื
01:35
creating a pressure differential that pulls water through the gills,
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืคืจืฉ ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืžื•ืฉืš ืžื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื™ืžื™ื,
01:40
which are composed of thread-like filaments spaced evenly along a gill arch.
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ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ืงืฉืช ื–ื™ืžื™ื.
01:46
These filaments are covered in countless small blood vessels called capillaries,
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ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ืืœื” ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ื ื™ืžื™ื,
01:52
in addition to tiny extensions known as gill lamellae
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื“ืงื•ืช
01:56
which further increase the gillโ€™s surface area.
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ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื™ ื”ื–ื™ืžื™ื.
02:00
When water passes over these capillaries,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขืœ ื ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื”,
02:02
the membrane is thin enough for the fishโ€™s red blood cells
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ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ื“ืงื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื’
02:07
to pull dissolved oxygen from the water into the bloodstream.
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ื™ืžืฉื›ื• ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžื•ืžืก ืžื”ืžื™ื ืœื–ืจื ื”ื“ื.
02:11
And just like when we breathe with our lungs,
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ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืขื ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
02:14
this process releases carbon dioxide,
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™,
02:17
which passes out into the water through the open gill cover.
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืžื™ื ื“ืจืš ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืคืชื•ื—.
02:21
This technique only works underwaterโ€”
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ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ืคื•ืขืœืช ืจืง ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื -
02:24
on the surface, the pressure differential created by opening and closing gill covers
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ื”ืคืจืฉ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื•ืกื’ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืžื™ื
02:29
isnโ€™t strong enough to pull in sufficient air.
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ืื™ื ื• ื—ื–ืง ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
02:32
But under the surface, itโ€™s remarkably efficient.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ื–ื” ื™ืขื™ืœ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
02:35
Inside the lamellae, blood flows in the opposite direction to the water,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืœืžืœื•ืช, ื”ื“ื ื–ื•ืจื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื™ื,
02:40
creating a counter-current system that optimizes gas exchange.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ืจื ื ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืžื™ื™ืขืœืช ืืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื”ื’ื–ื™ื.
02:45
In fact, gills can absorb roughly 75% of the oxygen passing through them;
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคื•ื’ ื‘ืขืจืš 75% ืžื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจื›ื;
02:52
thatโ€™s twice the percentage of oxygen our lungs extract from a breath of air.
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ื–ื” ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืื—ื•ื– ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
02:58
Fish also breathe much more frequently than we do.
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ื“ื’ื™ื ื’ื ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
03:02
The average adult human breathes 12 to 18 times a minute,
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ื”ืื“ื ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื ื•ืฉื 12 ืขื“ 18 ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืงื”,
03:06
while most fish pull water over their gills
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืžื™ื ืžืขืœ ื”ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
03:09
anywhere from 20 to 80 times a minute.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 20 ืœ-80 ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืงื”.
03:12
Those numbers would raise even a marathonerโ€™s eyebrows.
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ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืจื™ืžื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจืชื•ื ื™ืกื˜.
03:16
Thanks to this fast, frequent, and efficient breathing
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ืžื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”, ืชื›ื•ืคื” ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื–ื•,
03:20
fish process far more oxygen than we do.
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ื“ื’ื™ื ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
03:23
It's also why some species can live at great depths.
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ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
03:27
Bodies of water get most of their oxygen from the surface,
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ื’ื•ืคื™ ืžื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
03:31
where O2 dissolves into the water and begins circulating.
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ืฉื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžืชืžื•ืกืก ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘.
03:36
But further down, there are oxygen minimum zones,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ืฉื ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
03:39
with concentrations as low as 0.5 milligrams of oxygen per liter.
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ืขื ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืขื“ 0.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื’ืจื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœืœื™ื˜ืจ.
03:45
To get the oxygen they need,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื”ื,
03:47
fish living at these depths rely on increased gill ventilation
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ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืžืงื™ื ืืœื” ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ื•ืจื•ืจ ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ
03:51
and hearts that pump high volumes of oxygenated blood throughout the body.
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ื•ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื ืžื—ื•ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
03:57
Even with these tricks, sometimes there's still not enough oxygen to go around,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื”ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘,
04:03
forcing fish to adapt more extreme solutions.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืœืฅ ื“ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:06
For example, the Australian lungfish lives in a habitat
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื“ื’ ื”ืจื™ืื” ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ ื—ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ
04:10
where the water level drops precipitously in August and September,
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ื‘ื• ืžืคืœืก ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื•ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ,
04:15
making it almost impossible to survive with gills alone.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืขื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
04:19
Fortunately, these fish have gills and lungs.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืœื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ืื•ืช.
04:23
Using their long, thin limbs,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื’ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
04:25
they can lift their mouths above the surface and take deep breaths of air,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ืคื™ื”ื ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื•ืœืงื—ืช ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
04:31
allowing them to survive out of the water for several days.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื.
04:35
And other species of lungfish can survive above ground even longer
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ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ ืจื™ืื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืžืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ
04:40
in cocoons of mud and mucus.
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ื‘ืคืงืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ืจื™ืจ.
04:43
Fortunately, for most fish these extreme adaptations arenโ€™t necessary.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื”.
04:48
After all, 71% of Earth is covered in H2O,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, 71% ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘- H2O,
04:53
giving these aquatic animals plenty of room to flaunt their gillsโ€™ skills.
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ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชื”ื“ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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